全极化SAR图像中溢油极化特征研究

相比于单极化SAR图像,全极化SAR图像不仅能体现海面目标的几何特征、后向散射特征,还能体现目标的极化特征。因此,在溢油检测方面,极化SAR更具优势。特征提取作为溢油检测的关键步骤,直接影响到溢油检测的精度。在本文中,我们分析了全极化SAR图像中海面溢油的极化特征,如极化散射熵、平均散射角等。并提出了新的极化特征P,该特征参数能够反映海面目标电磁散射过程中布拉格散射机制和镜面散射机制的比例。为了研究极化特征溢油检测的能力,本文基于SIR-C/X-SAR和Radarsat-2全极化SAR图像开展了相关实验,并对比分析了溢油的多种极化特征。实验结果显示,在中低风速情况下,C波段溢油探测效果优于L波段;本文提出的极化特征P对海面散射机制敏感;基准高度和特征参数P在C波段比其他极化特征更适于溢油检测。     

极化滤波

极化滤波是基于波的偏振特性的空间滤波方法，是波偏振研究和多波资料解释的基本工作之一。本文论及四种极化滤波方法，其中前两种滤波方法是以采样点为单位，从一对采样值中获得偏振参数，从而完成极化滤波的方法，具有精度高的特点。     

自旋极化对Kondo系统基态的影响

Anderson模型中的自旋极化效应是一个普遍存在的问题.本文从Anderson杂质模型出发,利用变分及对角化方法分析了自旋极化所引起的系统基态性质的改变,分别研究了自旋极化对Kondo单态以及高温超导两分量模型中Zhang-Rice单态稳定性的影响问题.     

基于极化散射特征的极化合成孔径雷达海冰分类方法研究:以渤海海冰分类为例

海冰监视监测的关键是提取海冰类型,准确提取海冰类型对于评估海冰冰情、保证航海及海洋作业安全具有重要的意义。利全极化合成孔径雷达影像(SAR)的优势,提取海冰的极化散射特征;在此基础上结合二叉树分类思想,开展极化SAR海冰类型的分类算法研究,提高SAR海冰分类精度;与传统的海冰分类方法相比较,验证了本方法的有效性。     

基于SERD与SPAN的全极化SAR数据海岸线分类

基于Wishart分类器的全极化SAR图像H/α分类方法应用于海岸线分类,可区分不同海岸线类型。在聚类过程中,传统H/α-Wishart方法时常将各类聚类中心对应的散射机理混淆,使得同为单次面散射的淤泥质与砂质海岸线类别难以区分。针对此问题,提出了改进型的辅助分层分类方法。算法运用单次反射特征值相对差异度与极化总功率系数构成的二维特征空间,结合支持向量机得到最优分界判据,以分离初始分类结果中混淆的淤泥质与砂质海岸线。实验表明,改进方法能够有效区分淤泥质与砂质岸线,分类混淆矩阵对应kappa系数由0.794提升至0.853,分类识别率得到显著提高。     

一种新的用于极化SAR图像船只检测的散射相似性测度

本文提出了一种新的用于极化合成孔径雷达（SAR）海上船只目标检测的测度。首先利用散射相似性参数研究船只与海杂波散射机制的差异。基于这些差异，提出了一种新的船只检测测度，该测度能够有效区分船只目标和海杂波。然后提出了利用核密度估计（KDE）方法对该测度进行建模的方法。基于统计模型，实现了自适应恒虚警率（CFAR）的检测方案。本文利用多景C波段RADARSAT-2极化SAR（Pol-SAR）数据上进行实验，系统分析了所提出测度的海杂波拟合性能与船只检测性能，并与两个经典的极化测度进行了比较，实验和比较结果证明了所提的测度的可行性。     

利用极化SAR数据进行土地覆盖分类研究

基于相关矩阵特征向量的目标分解将地物回波复杂的散射过程分解成相互独立的三种单一散射分量:单向散射、双向散射和交叉散射,分别对应各自的目标相关矩阵。目标分解技术降低了散射回波之间的相关性,有利于分析地物散射机理,有助于提高分类精度。对荷兰F levoland地区全极化数据进行分解,经过试验和相关性分析,选用7种数据形成多参数数据组合,对其进行最大似然监督分类,同时进行常规三种极化加相位差的分类和基于复W ishart分布的最大似然分类,逐像元计算混淆矩阵,分析对比三种分类结果的精度,试验表明:相对于常规数据组合分类,基于复W ishart分布的监督分类可以小幅度提高分类精度,而利用目标分解得到多参数组合数据进行分类则有大幅度的提高。     

高分辨率全极化SAR水上桥梁参数反演

高分辨率SAR中,桥梁的各次反射回波表现为条带状,这给桥梁参数的反演带来了困难。本文提出了一种适用于高分辨率全极化SAR的水上桥梁参数反演方法。首先,通过极化散射特征区分出桥梁的单次、二次和三次反射回波目标。然后,结合微波反射和折射的原理,分析了高分辨SAR图像中桥梁的各次反射回波成条带状的原因,在此基础上提出了各次回波目标的提取方法和桥梁参数反演方法。最后,利用获取的AIRSAR数据反演了桥梁的上下桥高、桥厚、桥宽、桥长及桥塔高度等参数,通过与实测数据对比,结果表明,本文的方法能较准确地反演桥梁的各项参数,其中桥高误差仅为1.3%,结果也表明了在高分辨率条件下,C和L波段的桥梁参数反演能力相当。     

不同风区海面雷达后向散射的极化特征对比分析

通过对海南省南保港附近海面ＳＩＲ－Ｃ／Ｘ－ＳＡＲ全极化数据的定量研究,对比研究了该海面不同风区海面的全极化信息特征,定量分析了海面散射的极化信息和极化状态的空间结构情况：用散射矩阵的迹解释了不同海区的散射强度对应关系：对比海面散射极化响应可以确定不同成长类型的粗糙海面类型;用极化响应图的对称特点界定“长尺度”和“短尺度”海面;建立全极化海面散射模型。讨论了海面电磁散射的贡献与雷达系统参数之间的定量     

海洋钢结构阴极保护初始极化问题及解决途径

针对海洋钢结构阴极保护中的初期极化问题,介绍了一种新的解决方法,并通过建立模型,与传统方法进行了对比分析。结果表明,这种方法既可保证防护效果,又可节约大量阳极材料,具有非常广阔的应用前景。     

High resolution polarimetric radar scattering measurements of lowgrazing angle sea clutter

This paper presents fully polarimetric radar scattering measurements of low grazing angle sea clutter. The measurements were obtained at a three degree grazing angle using a high range resolution (1.5 m) X-Band polarimetric radar operated from a shore site overlooking the Chesapeake Bay. The radar employs pulse-to-pulse switching between orthogonal transmitted polarizations and simultaneously measures two orthogonally polarized components of the backscattered wave to obtain full polarimetric information about the scattering process. The complete Stokes matrix, computed by averaging successive realizations of the polarization scattering matrix, is used to obtain polarization signatures and to determine the polarization dependence of the clutter. Sea spike echoes are shown to be weakly polarized and to exhibit polarization signatures indicative of multiple independent scattering mechanisms. Clutter echoes in the absence of sea spikes are shown to be highly polarized and to exhibit polarization signatures indicative of a single dominant scattering mechanism     

Polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface with a two-scale scattering model

The relationships among an ocean wave spectrum,a fully polarimetric coherence matrix,and radar parameters are deduced with an electromagnetic wave theory.Furthermore,the relationship between the polarimetric entropy and ocean wave spectrum is established based on the definition of entropy and a twoscale scattering model of the ocean surface.It is the first time that the polarimetric entropy of the ocean surface is presented in theory.Meanwhile,the relationships among the fully polarimetric entropy and the parameters related to radar and ocean are discussed.The study is the basis of further monitoring targets on the ocean surface and deriving oceanic information with the entropy from the ocean surface.The contrast enhancement between human-made targets and the ocean surface with the entropy is presented with quad-pol airborne synthetic aperture radar（AIRSAR） data.     

Polarimetric analysis and modeling of multifrequency SAR signaturesfrom Gulf Stream fronts

Using airborne synthetic aperture radar data from the 1990 Gulf Stream Experiment, this paper investigates the polarization and wavelength dependence of radar signatures for narrow fronts with converging flows occurring within the Gulf Stream. The signal-to-background ratios of the cross-polarization backscatter return from a convergent front were found much higher than those of copolarization returns, when the flight path is crossing the front. However, a second convergent front, imaged at 45°, showed that the signal-to-background ratios are nearly equal for co- and cross-polarizations. A polarimetric procedure, which has been successfully used to measure terrain slopes and to generate elevation maps, is applied to the convergent front to explain the polarization and imaging geometry dependence of these radar responses. A theoretical modeling of radar modulation using an ocean wave model and a composite-Bragg scattering model, which incorporates the effect of breaking waves, was developed. Calculations with the model agree reasonably well with the radar measurements at various polarizations for three radar frequencies: P-band (68 cm in wavelength), L-band (24 cm), and C-band (5.7 cm)     

Aircraft measurements of the microwave scattering signature of the ocean

Microwave scattering signatures of the ocean have been measured over a range of surface wind speeds from 3 m/s to 23.6 m/s using the AAFE RADSCAT scatterometer in an aircraft. Normalized scattering coefficients are presented for vertical and horizontal polarizations as a function of incidence angle (nadir to55deg) and radar azimuth angle (0degto360deg) relative to surface wind direction. For a given radar polarization, incidence angle, and azimuth angle relative to the wind direction, these scattering data exhibit a power law dependence on surface wind speed. The relation of the scattering coefficient to azimuth angle obtained during aircraft circles (antenna conical scans) is anisotropic and suggests that microwave scatterometers can be used to infer both wind speed and direction. These results have been used for the design of the Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) to be flown in 1978 on this first NASA oceanographic satellite.     

海上溢油极化特征及其探测研究

The SAR(Synthetic Aperture Radar) has the capabilities for all-weather day and night use. In the case of determining the effects of oil spill dumping, the oil spills areas are shown as dark spots in the SAR images.Therefore, using SAR data to detect oil spills is becoming progressively popular in operational monitoring, which is useful for oceanic environmental protection and hazard reduction. Research has been conducted on the polarization decomposition and scattering characteristics of oil spills from a scattering matrix using allpolarization of the SAR data, calculation of the polarization parameters, and utilization of the CPD(Co-polarized Phase Difference) of the oil and the sea, in order to extract the oil spill information. This method proves to be effective by combining polarization parameters with the characteristics of oil spill. The results show that when using Bragg, the oil spill backscattering machine with Enopy and a mean scatter α parameter. The oil spill can be successfully identified. However, the parameter mechanism of the oil spill remains unclear. The use of CPD can easily extract oil spill information from the ocean, and the polarization research provides a base for oil spill remote sensing detection.     

Bistatic quasi-mirror radar of the sea surface

The main features of a bistatic quasi-mirror radar of the sea surface are considered in an approximation of quasi-mirror scattering from isotropic surface waves. Surface-wave scattering plots determining the energetics and width of the view area of airspace radars are constructed under horizontal polarization and surface-radiating ray fall angles that are away from the nadir. We consider the factors determining the form of the “flare track”: projections of the difference-wave vector in the lateral and transversal directions; the rates of tilt of the wind waves; and the finite radius of the Earth’s curvature, which is important for ocean sounding from space. The resolution with respect to an axis of horizontal length is the worst at the mirror point; however, in most of the wide viewing area, this resolution is only a few times lower than the resolution of a conventional (monostatic) radar for the same width of the signal spectrum. We also consider the conditions for synthesizing the directional diagrams of a receiving antenna when there are two viewing areas that are not separated with respect to the slant range, as well as the influence that surface nonstationarity has on the synthetic aperture radar focusing.     

基于Pauli分解散射参数特性的潮沟信息提取

以长江口九段沙为研究对象,利用2015-04-05全极化Radarsat-2影像数据,首先进行了多视处理和精极化Lee滤波;然后通过Pauli极化分解提取出九段沙水体、潮沟、低矮植被和芦苇的奇次散射系数、45°二面角散射系数和二面角散射系数,并且对4种地物类型(潮沟、水体、低矮植被和芦苇)的3种参数的散射强度分别进行了统计分析;最后选择二面角散射系数作为潮沟信息提取的判别标准,采用区域生长法提取了潮沟信息,并利用数学形态学对区域生长法中的断裂潮沟进行了连接和非潮沟信息的消除。研究结果表明,潮沟和水体的奇次散射强度值分别为0.040和0.038,二者的45°二面角散射系数值为0.001和0.002;潮沟的二面角散射强度值为0.007,低矮植被和芦苇的二面角散射强度值分别为0.783和0.104。     

GNSS海面散射信号的海面风场遥感

首先介绍了GNSS-R海洋遥感的发展过程,简要叙述了利用GNSS信号进行海洋动力学遥感测量的基本原理;然后分析了接收机天线的部分参数对GNSS信号可见数量的影响;最后详细阐述了GNSS海面散射信号的理论模型,该模型是利用几何光学限制的基尔霍夫近似建立起来的,并根据理论模型进行了数值仿真试验。结果证实了通过散射信号功率波形来反演海面风场理论上的可行性。     

Polarimetric radars and polarimetric SAR data in tasks of detection and identification of marine oil pollution

Detecting and distinguishing different kinds of oil pollution, including spills of crude oil on the sea surface, is one important problem of modern remote sensing. The wide use of imaging radars is not always effective. In this review paper, the main principles and methods of polarization radar imaging and radar data processing are discussed based on present theoretical and experimental approaches and ideas. The efficiency of polarimetric methods for oil-spill detection and accurate identification on the sea surface is demonstrated as well. As is shown, modern methods of multipolarimetric radar-signal processing is a powerful means for improving oil-pollution detection and discrimination algorithms.