中国对虾幼体和仔虾消化酶活力及氨基酸组成的研究

于1987年5月初在山东日照市涛雒对虾育苗场采集中国对虾虾苗;成虾于1986年春、秋两季取自青岛胶州湾水域的网捕成虾。以酶学分析方法作试验。结果表明,1.虾苗酶活力结果为:类胰蛋白酶及胃蛋白酶的活性有差异,溞状幼体期<糠虾幼体期<仔虾期;酶活性随着生长发育而增高,类咦蛋白酶活性比胃蛋白酶高4倍左右。淀粉酶的活性是溞状幼体期>糠虾幼体期>仔虾期;纤维素酶活力极微;淀粉酶活性是纤维素酶的6—13倍左右。育苗期几种消化酶的活性均远远低于成虾。2,育苗期幼虾的氨基酸含量,随着生长发育而增高,在各期,氨基酸总和的差别是:溞状幼体期<糠虾幼体期<仔虾期。     

凡纳滨对虾幼体不同生长发育时期应答氨氮胁迫的敏感性研究

凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)是世界上最重要的对虾养殖品种之一。为比较凡纳滨对虾不同生长发育时期应答氨氮胁迫的敏感性差异,作者对其不同生长发育时期24 h半数致死浓度(LC_(50))进行测定,并分析其胁迫效应。结果表明,24 h LC_(50)值在虾的不同生长发育时期差异显著(P0.05),不同时期凡纳滨对虾的LC90与LC_(50)变化趋势相同。在溞状幼体Ⅱ期(Z2)LC_(50)值最低,为17.811 mg/L,在仔虾第V期(P5)时,LC_(50)值最高,为44.808 mg/L。根据LC_(50)和LC90的变化趋势可以看出,仔虾比幼体期的耐受性强。本试验结果不仅为凡纳滨对虾不同生长发育时期的苗种培育提供了重要的基础数据,而且为凡纳滨对虾耐氨氮品系选育提供了重要指导。     

中国对虾幼体期视觉器官的发育

于１９９４年３－５月，以中国对虾无节幼体６个亚期，蚤状幼体３个亚期，糖虾幼体３个亚期及仔虾各时期的幼体为材料，用日产Ｏｌｙｍｐｕｓ万能研究显微镜观察研究各期幼体单眼及复眼的发育。结果表明：在中国对虾无节幼体Ｎ１－Ｎ６６个亚期，单眼的两侧均有复眼的原基组织。     

坚强芽孢杆菌对凡纳滨对虾幼体变态的影响

研究比较了坚强芽孢杆菌Bacillus firmusZOU4菌株对数期细胞和孢子在不同加菌量、次数及不同幼体期加菌对凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannam ei幼体无节Ⅲ期到溞状Ⅱ期变态的影响。结果表明,多次加入高数量对数期细胞或孢子对无节Ⅲ期到溞状Ⅱ期幼体变态具有极显著(p<0.01)促进作用,且对数期细胞效果明显高于孢子,溞状Ⅰ期之前比其后加菌效果更显著(p<0.05),但对无节Ⅲ期变态到溞状Ⅰ期影响不明显(p>0.05)。     

重金属离子对中国对虾幼体的影响及其消除方法比较

为了建立新的防治重金属离子对中国对虾(Penaeus chinensis)人工育苗阶段危害的方法和进一步明确防治时机,本文研究了铜、锌、铅、镉离子对中国对虾各期幼体变态的影响,并比较了两种消除方法的效果.结果表明,与原海水对照,铜、锌、铅、镉4种离子的加入浓度各为15μg/dm3时,无节幼体的变态率显著(0.0250.1);糠虾幼体的变态率反而显著提高(P<0.005).幼体对重金属离子的敏感性为无节幼体>溞状幼体>糠虾幼体>仔虾.植物饵料对重金属离子有络合作用,可降低其毒性.采用EDTA螯合法和高分子吸附剂去除法均可消除其影响,两者之间无显著差异.高浓度的EDTA有害于幼体,10μg/cm3以下为安全浓度.初步观察到低浓度的铜、锌离子似乎对溞状幼体阶段有益.建议在一般海域进行对虾育苗,在溞状幼体以后阶段,不必采取消除重金属离子影响的措施.     

凡纳滨对虾幼体胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力的研究

以酶学分析方法测定了凡纳滨对虾(LitopenaeusvannameiBoone)状幼体(Z2)、糠虾幼体(M2)和仔虾(P1)胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力的变化。结果表明,在凡纳滨对虾幼体发育过程中,胃蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶活力逐渐增大,表现为Z2相似文献   

光照对凡纳滨对虾幼体变态发育的影响

为了解光照对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼体发育和存活率的影响,作者在研究中设定了4种单色光(红、黄、蓝、绿光)及不同光照强度(0、1 500、5 500、12 000 lx)进行实验并就光照对幼体产生的影响进行分析。实验表明:4种单色光对幼体发育变态时间和成活率都有较大影响。幼体从ZⅠ变态发育至仔虾P1,蓝光的幼体发育时间最长,为262.83 h,比对照组多28 h;黄光存活率最低,只有14.49%,比对照组低25.00%,差异显著(P0.05)。同时,凡纳滨对虾幼体在不同的发育阶段对不同光色的敏感度不同,红光和黄光只对溞状幼体变态有较明显的抑制作用,但对糠虾幼体的发育却有促进作用;蓝光和绿光对整个发育阶段都有影响。光照强度对幼体的存活和变态影响差异显著(P0.05)。幼体从ZⅠ发育至P1,12 000 lx光照下幼体变态发育耗时最长(257.33 h),存活率最低(1.63%)。在溞状幼体期,光照大于1 500 lx时,幼体的变态时间增加,存活率下降。糠虾幼体期可适应光照在5 500 lx以下的环境,而仔虾期则可适应120 000 lx的光照。建议根据不同发育阶段调整光照强度,当幼体在ZⅠ时,光强应控制在1 500 lx以下,之后可逐渐增强。本实验结果可为凡纳滨对虾育苗期间的光照管理提供基础数据和理论依据。     

中国对虾幼虫眼发育的细胞学研究

从显微和超微水平研究了中国对虾幼虫眼的发育。结果表明,幼虫眼在膜内无节体期已具备。发育成熟的幼虫眼至少由３个眼单位组成。电镜下,每个眼单位由晶体细胞、网虫眼的最外围。至糠虾体第１期幼虫眼开始退化,表现在网膜细胞内的细胞器减少,色素颗粒致密度降低。糠虾幼体第２,３期,仅可见色素颗料存在;至仔虾期单眼完全消失。     

氨对长毛对虾幼体的毒性

氨对长对虾各期幼体的毒性试验表明：蚤状幼体对氨最每天敏感，而仔虾幼体对氨的耐受性最强，在盐度３２，ＰＨ８．２０，水温２９．０℃时，无节幼体Ⅱ期，蚤状幼体Ⅰ期，仔虾第五天２４ｈ的ＬＣ５０值分别为１３．２０（１．１５）、９．９７（０．８７）、２６．９９（２．３５）和６０．８１ｍｇ／ｄｍ＾３ΣＮＨ＾＋４（ＮＨ３）－Ｎ＾１（５．３０ｇｍ／ｄｍ＾３ＮＨ３－Ｎ）．Ｚ１，Ｍ１，Ｐ５的４８ｈ的ＬＣ５０值分别为５．     

日本沼虾幼体摄食量及生长的研究

于1990年6月—7月,用南京丰年虫无节幼体作饵料,在培养皿中对日本沼虾溞状幼体作单只培养,测定了各期溞状幼体(Z_1—Z_9)的日摄食量及总摄食量,并观察了饥饿条件下溞状幼体的生长与成活情况。实验表明,Z_1,Z_2阶段,不投饵并不影响其变态和成活率;但自Z_1孵出连续饥饿5d后,即使投饵,溞状幼体也不能正常蜕壳和成活;Z_3阶段是摄食量增加的突变期。南京丰年虫无节幼体是日本沼虾幼体的适口饵料,P_1育成率可达70％。     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,