玻璃钛吸附剂的研制及其吸铀性能研究

本文报道一种机械强度高、吸铀性能较好的玻璃钛吸附剂的研制及吸铀性能研究。室内通水吸附剂回收率达99.4%,优于湿法制备的强度较好的水合氧化钛吸附剂。在铀浓度为lμg/ml时,铀的回收率平均为74.7%。铀在玻璃钛上的吸附是个吸热过程,吸附等温线显示两个平台,属分级交换模式。X射线衍射分析表明玻璃钛主要为无定形成分。     

水合氧化钛的结构及其在海水中的提铀性能

海水提铀的研究已将近有二十年的历史.由于海水体系复杂、且其中含铀量甚微(～3μg/l),致使其研究工作难度较大,目前,仍处在实验性阶段.水合氧化钛(或称“钛胶”)是一种提铀性能较好的,目前被普遍采用的无机提铀吸附剂(或称无机离子交换剂).它对海水中铀的吸附机制,无疑是个重要的,因而也是个为人们所重视的研究课题.这个问题的研究一般要从下述三方面着手:吸附剂的结构及其提铀性能;铀在海水中的存在形式及其影响因素,以及其吸附动力学和机理问题.本文先就前一个问题进行探讨,其它问题准备以后另文讨论.     

碱式碳酸锌吸附剂对天然海水中铀的吸附

本文实验结果表明:1.吸附剂中的铀浓度与所使用的天然海水的含铀量存在如下关系:C=8.51×10-1(u*)0.49.2.当吸附剂的用量基本保持不变时,随着通过吸附柱海水量的增加,吸附剂的吸铀量、吸附剂中的铀浓度以及吸铀后天然海水中剩余的铀浓度不断增加;而铀的回收率不断减少;分配系数随着通过吸附柱海水量的增加而减少至一定值之后,又稍有回升.     

东海大陆架海水中铀的分布

铀和铀系元素在海洋地球化学,海洋地质学以及资源利用的研究中占有十分重要的位置。许多国家很早就开始了海洋铀化学的研究。四十年代,主要的任务是寻找适宜的化学测试方法;五十年代之后侧重于调查和研究其分布规律和存在形态,筛选各种提铀的吸附剂以及发展先进的物理测试技术和方法——中子活化技术、α谱仪和同位素稀释方法等。目前,在化学分离方法和核子测试手段发展的基础上,一方面精确地测定了不同海     

用螯合吸附剂预富集测定海水中的铀

由于海水中铀的浓度很低(3×10~(-6)克/升),必须预先富集铀。现有的提取铀的方法——用金属氢氧化物和难溶盐共沉淀、萃取和浮选,都要求预先制备样品:酸化,煮沸,将U还原到U(Ⅳ)等,这些步骤增加了分析时间。 本文研究应用纤维螯合吸附剂富集海水中的铀,然后试验用偶氮肿Ⅲ光度法测定铀的可能性。我们采用的吸附剂是用改性的纤维素重氮化并结合上偶氮胂工,其含有以下官能团:     

海水中铀的测定

江河湖水资源调查,水源污染控制以及海水提铀工作的开展,都促使人们开展对微量铀分析的研究.天然水中微量铀的分析大体上由二步组成,一是从大体积水样中浓集铀,二是浓集物中铀的分离和测定.人们广泛采用的富集方法之一是吸附共沉淀法(作为吸附剂有Al(OH)₃[1]、Fe(OH)₃[2]、活性炭[3]、AlPO₄[4]等)、胶体吸附浮选法以及有机共沉淀法等.     

海水提铀水合氧化铁吸附剂的研究——HTO表面的研究

本文作为海水提铀水合氧化钛吸附剂研究,采用化学分析电子能谱(ESCA)、表面羟基测定、红外光谱(FTIR)、电子顺磁共振(EPR)、电感偶合等离子发射光谱(ICP)等方法对水合氧化钛(HTO)吸附剂进行研究,着重探讨其表面,并对吸附作用微观机理适当讨论。     

具有偕胺肟基的螯合树脂从海水中提取铀

海水中蕴藏着总量为42亿吨的铀,海水提铀的研究是人们普遍关注的一个课题,海水提铀的关键是从铀含量3.34微克/升的海水中富集铀,使用吸附法富集铀时,首要的问题是吸附剂的研制,由于螯合树脂(或纤维)类有机吸附剂的选择性强,容易成形,物理机械性能好等优点,正日益受到人们的重视。     

日本的海水化学资源提取技术研究

海水化学资源例如铀、锂提取技术已进入海水现场小规模试验。以纤维状偕胺肟类化合物为吸附材料 ,每公斤吸附剂的提铀量为 1 g。添加质量分数为 2 0 %聚氯乙烯的尖晶石型锰氧化物粒状海水提锂吸附剂 ,每克吸附剂的提铀量为 1 8mg。浮体式吸铀装置可用于深海作业。流动床或船舶提锂系统 ,可规模化海水提锂。吸锂剂的脱附以及脱锂液的浓缩分离已初步达到小型生产的程度。用吸附法从海水中提取的碳酸锂纯度达 99%以上 ,海水锂回收率为 2 7%。     

水合氧化钛对海水中一些元素的富集

从海水中富集铀有多种方法,其中,水合氧化钛对铀的吸附容量大且选择性好,认为是最好的吸附剂。 水合氧化钛的制备方法和吸附条件不同,其富集的元素及富集系数也有差异,这是正常的现象。本文所用水合氧化钛是在本实验条件下制备和通水的,测定了两组水合氧化钛吸附     

Porous Structure of Tailings of Marine Manganese Nodules and Crusts as Deduced from the Adsorption of Nitrogen

Tailings of marine manganese nodules and crusts have many useful properties. One property in particular which could be of great significance is their high gas adsorption capacity. This capacity has a direct relationship with the pore structure of the tailings. The present investigation deals with the size, volume, surface area, and distribution of pores in the tailings via nitrogen adsorption-desorption techniques. The results show that the pore diameter of these tailings varies between 1.203 and 243.6 nm. The most frequent diameter of pores is 2 to 50 nm. These are classified as mesopores. The Barrett-Joyner-Halenda adsorption pore diameter is 1.203 to 14.078 nm. The small pores give the largest contribution to pore surface area. The large pores give the biggest contribution to pore volume. The pores could be derived from several sources. These include: (a) the amorphous fraction of the tailings which has been calcined, (b) the accumulative clearances between nanometer grains or crystals, and (c) the original porosity of the marine minerals.     

Measurement of fluid flow in pipe and porous media by high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging

The objective of this study is to understand the process of fluid flow in pipe and porous media with different pore structures.High-resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)technique was used to visualize the pore structure and measure fluid flow.The porous media was formed by packed bed of glass beads.Flow measurement was carried out by a modified spin echo sequence.The results show that the velocity distribution in pipe is annular and the linear relation between MRI velocity and actual velocity is found in pipe flow measurement.The flow distribution in porous media is rather heterogeneous,and it is consistent with heterogeneous pore structure.The flow through pores with the high volume flow rate is determined largely by geometrical effects such as pore size and cross-sectional area.     

波浪作用下斜坡上单桩周围海床孔隙水压力响应特性试验研究

单桩基础周围斜坡海床中的波致孔隙水压力响应与纯斜坡海床存在较大差异。为了解不同波高、波周期条件下,单桩基础周围波浪传播变形及其对斜坡海床孔压振荡响应的影响,在波浪水槽末端铺设了长6 m、坡度1∶16的斜坡砂床进行试验。通过改变桩身位置和波浪参数,测量斜坡段各处波面形态,采集单桩周围孔隙水压力,分析了桩身位置及波浪参数对斜坡海床孔压响应的影响。结果表明：相同入射波条件下,随距坡脚水平距离增加,波高、近底流速和桩周孔隙水压力幅值都随之增大;桩周孔隙水压力幅值分布规律为：桩前孔压幅值明显大于桩侧与桩后孔压幅值。当Keulegan-Carpenter数大于6时,随着波高和波周期增大,马蹄涡产生的负压区使得桩侧海床孔隙水压力与纯斜坡海床孔隙水压力差值迅速增加。     

Pore characteristic analysis of a lacustrine shale: A case study in the Ordos Basin,NW China

Organic shales deposited in a continental environment are well developed in the Ordos Basin, NW China, which is rich in hydrocarbons. However, previous research concerning shales has predominantly focused on marine shales and barely on continental shales. In this study, geochemical and mineralogical analyses, high-pressure mercury intrusion and low-pressure adsorption were performed on 18 continental shale samples obtained from a currently active shale gas play, the Chang 7 member of Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin. A comparison of all these techniques is provided for characterizing the complex pore structure of continental shales.Geochemical analysis reveals total organic carbon (TOC) values ranging from 0.47% to 11.44%, indicating that there is abundant organic matter (OM) in the study area. Kerogen analysis shows vitrinite reflectance (Ro) of 0.68%–1.02%, indicating that kerogen is at a mature oil generation stage. X-ray diffraction mineralogy (XRD) analysis indicates that the dominant mineral constituents of shale samples are clay minerals (which mainly consist of illite, chlorite, kaolinite, and negligible amounts of montmorillonite), quartz and feldspar, followed by low carbonate content. All-scale pore size analysis indicates that the pore size distribution (PSD) of shale pores is mainly from 0.3 to 60 nm. Note that accuracy of all-scale PSD analysis decreases for pores less than 0.3 nm and more than 10 μm. Experimental analysis indicates that mesopores (2–50 nm) are dominant in continental shales, followed by micropores (<2 nm) and macropores (50 nm–10 μm). Mesopores have the largest contribution to pore volume (PV) and specific surface area (SSA). In addition, plate- and sheet-shaped pores are dominant with poor connectivity, followed by hybrid pores. Results of research on factors controlling pore structure development show that it is principally controlled by clay mineral contents and Ro, and this is different from marine systems. This study has important significance in gaining a comprehensive understanding of continental shale pore structure and the shale gas storage–seepage mechanism.     

长江口邻近海域沉积物和间隙水中硅的研究

以2011年6月和8月在长江口邻近海域采集的沉积物和间隙水样品为研究对象,讨论了沉积物中生物硅（BSi）和间隙水中溶解硅（DSi）的分布情况和影响因素,并初步探讨了生物硅的循环和保存。结果表明,表层沉积物中BSi的含量较低,且均小于1%。柱状沉积物中BSi的含量范围为0.34%~0.52%。C3、D1站位柱状沉积物中BSi的记录主要是由早期成岩过程控制,33#站位的分布特征主要是由水动力等变化控制。沉积物间隙水中DSi的浓度范围为101.6~263.9 μmol/L,低于纯BSi的溶解度;间隙水的pH值越大,沉积物的含水率越低,还原性越强,间隙水中DSi的含量越高。3站位生物硅的埋藏效率均较高,表明长江口邻近海域是潜在的硅的汇。沉积通量的分布与沉积速率和埋藏效率的分布一致,均有近岸高于远海的趋势。     

Pore structure characteristics of tight sandstones in the northern Songliao Basin,China

Understanding the pore structure characteristics of tight gas sandstones is the primary purpose of reservoir evaluation and efforts to characterize tight gas transport and storage mechanisms and their controls. Due to the various pore types and multi-scale pore sizes in tight reservoirs, it is essential to combine several techniques to characterize pore structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), nitrogen gas adsorption (N₂GA), mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were conducted on tight sandstones from the Lower Cretaceous Shahezi Formation in the northern Songliao Basin to investigate pore structure characteristics systematically (e.g., type and size distribution of pores) and to establish how significant porosity and permeability are for different pore types. The studied tight sandstones are composed of intergranular pores, dissolution pores and intercrystalline pores. The integration of N₂GA and NMR can be used as an efficient method to uncover full pore size distribution (PSD) of tight sandstones, with pore sizes ranging from 2 nm to dozens of microns. The full PSDs indicate that the pore sizes of tight sandstones are primarily distributed within 1.0 μm. With an increase in porosity and permeability, pores with larger sizes contribute more to porosity. Intercrystalline pores and intergranular/dissolution pores can be clearly distinguished on the basis of mercury intrusion and surface fractal. The relative contribution of intercrystalline pores to porosity ranges from 58.43% to 91.74% with an average of 79.74%. The intercrystalline pores are the primary contributor to pore space, whereas intergranular/dissolution pores make a considerably greater contribution to permeability. A specific quantity of intergranular/dissolution pores is the key to producing high porosity and permeability in tight sandstone reservoirs. The new two permeability estimation models show an applicable estimation of permeability with R² values of 0.955 and 0.962 for models using D_max (pore diameter corresponding to displacement pressure) and D_f (pore diameter at inflection point), respectively. These results indicate that both D_max and D_f are key factors in determining permeability.     

Permeability in Rotliegend gas sandstones to gas and brine as predicted from NMR,mercury injection and image analysis

Permeability characterisation of low permeability, clay-rich gas sandstones is part of production forecasting and reservoir management. The physically based Kozeny (1927) equation linking permeability with porosity and pore size is derived for a porous medium with a homogeneous pore size, whereas the pore sizes in tight sandstones can range from nm to μm. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) transverse relaxation was used to estimate a pore size distribution for 63 samples of Rotliegend sandstone. The surface relaxation parameter required to relate NMR to pore size is estimated by combination of NMR and mercury injection data. To estimate which pores control permeability to gas, gas permeability was calculated for each pore size increment by using the Kozeny equation. Permeability to brine is modelled by assuming a bound water layer on the mineral pore interface. The measured brine permeabilities are lower than predicted based on bound water alone for these illite rich samples. Based on the fibrous textures of illite as visible in electron microscopy we speculate that these may contribute to a lower brine permeability.     

The influence of the structural distribution and hardness of mineral phases on the size and shape of rock drilling particles

Abstract

Rock drilling is a significant activity widely used in the exploration of marine mineral resources and offshore civil engineering such as marine mining, petroleum and deep-water drilling. The characteristics of size and shape of particles produced during rock drilling influence drilling efficiency and energy consumption. We report a series of drilling experiments on sandstone, limestone and shale to systematically examine particle size distribution and shape and correlate these with original rock structure and composition. Correlations are established via metrics of particle size distribution, average circularity and specific surface area. Impact breakage and contact abrasion of individual particles during rock drilling are the main mechanisms controlling particle size and shape. Impact breakage is controlled by the structural distribution of mineral phases, while contact abrasion is principally related to the hardness of mineral phases. The particle size distribution is affected by the structural distribution of mineral phases. The average circularity of the drilling particles is mainly controlled by the hardness of mineral phases. The specific surface area of rock drilling particles is determined by both structural distribution and hardness of mineral phases – with homogeneous structure and low average hardness of the phases reducing the resulting specific surface area of the drilling products.     

不同破碎波对沙质海床作用的实验研究

破碎波对近海海岸地形以及海岸建筑物影响强烈,通过物理模型实验对孤立波、规则波作用下破碎带的床面形态以及孔隙水压力进行分析。破碎波冲击海床,破碎处床面上形成沙坝和沙坑,与规则波相比,孤立波破碎时对床面的冲刷更加剧烈,床面形成的沙坝和沙坑尺度更大,且土体内孔隙水压力幅值也较大。同时研究了波面变化对孔隙水压力的影响,发现波面变化历时曲线与孔隙水压力历时曲线相似,与孔隙水压力梯度历时曲线更为相似,说明波面变化更能反映海床内部孔隙水压力梯度的变化。通过探讨波浪与海床之间相互耦合作用,发现破碎带地形变化使得波浪出现不同破碎类型,分析得出卷破波比崩破波作用下孔隙水压力幅值大。