Sterols as markers of sewage contamination in a tropical urban estuary (Guanabara Bay, Brazil): space–time variations

Guanabara Bay, located adjacent to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, is highly contaminated by substances derived from domestic and industrial effluents as well as from agricultural runoff. In the present work, sedimentary coprostanol and other faecal sterols were used to investigate historical trends in sewage contamination. Sediment cores were collected from eight different (and characterized) locations in the bay and were sectioned into dated segments. Organic carbon was determined by dry combustion and sterols were separated and quantified by GC/MS. The space-distribution of organic carbon and faecal sterol concentrations generally coincided with the presence of known pollution sources. Concentrations of coprostanol as high as 40 μg g⁻¹ were found, indicating areas of severe sewage contamination. Faecal sterol ratios, commonly used as tools to investigate contamination in temperate environments, however, were found to have limited applicability to this tropical estuarine system, probably due to the influence of intensive primary production and microbial processes.     

Cimetidine,acetaminophen, and 1,7-dimethylxanthine,as indicators of wastewater pollution in marine sediments from Masan Bay,Korea

Concerns have emerged regarding the presence of human-use pharmaceuticals in aquatic environments. We investigated the status of contamination by 29 human-use pharmaceuticals as well as wastewater indicator compounds, fecal sterols and the synthetic endocrine disruptor nonylphenol, in marine sediments from Masan Bay, one of the most contaminated bays in Korea as a result of untreated and/or treated sewage. Among the 29 pharmaceuticals determined, 10 including antacid, analgesic, antibiotic, and antipruritic compounds, and metabolites of caffeine and nicotine were detected in all sediment samples. Cimetidine, acetaminophen, and 1,7-dimethylxanthine were the most frequently detected pharmaceuticals (frequency > 50%), and at high concentrations. The highest concentrations and detection frequencies were at stations located close to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) outfalls and at the river mouth. The spatial distributions of pharmaceutical were significantly correlated with those of wastewater compounds. These results indicate that occurrence of the pharmaceuticals in marine environments is likely associated with direct sewage inputs, such as WWTP effluents and with other sewage-influenced sources, such as river discharge.     

Coprostanol in a Sediment Core from the Anoxic Tan-Shui Estuary, Taiwan

A short sediment core with a length of approximately 40 cm taken from the anoxic Tan-Shui estuary, Taiwan, was analysed for extractable and bound coprostanol (5β-cholestan-3β-ol), cholestanol (5α-cholestan-3β-ol) and cholesterol (cholest-5-en-3β-ol). Extractable Σcoprostanol and cholestanol concentrations exhibit an abrupt change at a depth of about 20 cm, which supposedly marks the time when a sewage treatment plant became operational in the estuary in 1980. The Σcoprostanol/cholesterol and cholestanol/cholesterol ratios are comparatively higher in sediment than in the sewage effluent, implying some degree of diagenesis in the extractable phase. Anoxicity must have played a crucial role in the preservation and diagenesis of the sterols. In the upper layer (c. top 20 cm), the concentrations of extractable Σcoprostanol, normalized to total organic carbon (TOC), increase down the core. Extractable cholestanol exhibits the same trend, but extractable cholesterol shows the opposite trend. This indicates cholesterol reduction to these two stanols. In addition, both bound Σcoprostanol/TOC and cholestanol/TOC display a decreasing trend with core depth and no pronounced concentration change at 20 cm depth. The averages of percent bound sterols are in the following order: cholesterol > coprostanol>cholestanol.     

Coprostanol levels and organic enrichment in sediments of the Bilbao estuary (north of Spain)

An assessment was made of the distribution of the faecal sterol coprostanol (COP) in sediments in the Bilbao estuary. Concentrations of COP ranged from 135.15 to 10.77 μg g⁻¹ dry weight, from the inner to the open estuary, with a mean value of 51.43 μg g⁻¹; the highest concentrations were found near the mouths of several tribularies flowing into the estuary. Comparisons with other published values indicate that sediments from the Bilbao estuary are affected by sewage pollution in a similar degree to that reported for other estuaries in the world. Organic enrichment and anaerobic sediment conditions prevail in three-fourths of its watercourse bed. Since the spatial distribution of several organic sedimentary parameters could be clearly correlated with COP levels, we can conclude the existence of major pollution by the addition of untreated sewage, coming from mainly domestic sources. The implementation of a sewerage treatment plan by the local water authority needs the monitoring of reliable sewage tracers, such as faccal sterols, to assess the effectiveness of the plan in reducing the effects of pollution.     

A seasonal survey of the sterol composition of the cockle cerastoderma edule: A comparison of polluted and non-polluted environments

The sterol composition of a cockle population from an unpolluted environment in South Wales was monitored by monthly sampling over a 12-month period. In spite of the likely variation in dietary sterols during this period, the component sterols of the cockles showed no significant seasonal variation, indicating that the cockle was able to exhibit a high degree of control over the composition of its functional sterols.Dramatic differences were observed in the sterol compositions of a nearby cockle population from a highly polluted environment, near a sewage outfall; only three out of the ten sterols present were common to the unpolluted cockles. Forty-five per cent of the sterols from the ‘polluted’ samples contained fully reduced systems and included three new alkylated C-29, C-30 and C-31 stanols. It is considered possible that these structural changes may affect the stereochemistry of the functional sterols and hence alter the permeability of the animal's membranes. This may reflect a biochemical response to the polluted environment.     

Sterols of the suspended matters in sea water

The present study deals with the content and composition of sterols of the marine-suspended matter in the surface sea water of Kagoshima-Bay. The suspended matters were separated into 3 fractions by filtration with the glass and millipore filters. The sterols in each fraction were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography on 1.5 % SE-30. The results obtained are as follows: 1) The sterol contents ranged from 2.3 to 20.5g/liter of sea water. 2) Cholesterol was usually present as a predominant sterol in both suspended and dissolved matters. 3) A relatively large amount of other sterols such as 22-dehydro-cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol,-sitosterol, and fucosterol were occasionally detected.     

Nutrient chemistry and hydrology of interstitial water in brackish tidal marshes of Chesapeake Bay

Nutrient concentrations in interstitial water were measured throughout the year in two brackish tidal marshes differing in elevation and vegetation. At all sites, sulfate to chloride ratios were lowest during the fall. In contrast, dissolved ammonia, phosphate, organic nitrogen, and organic phosphorus concentrations did not vary seasonally but differed among sample sites. These nutrients were generally enriched in interstitial water relative to tidal water and those that were most enriched declined in concentration with increasing proximity to creeks. In the low elevation marsh, flow of interstitial water towards creek banks was traced with Rhodamine WT dye. Consequent seepage of interstitial water into the creek of the low marsh was estimated from continuous monitoring of water table heights and from measurements of hydraulic conductivity. The estimated seepage could account for a portion, probably less than half, of the tidal export of dissolved nutrients from the low marsh.     

Dissolved copper and copper-organic complexes in the Narragansett Bay estuary

The geochemistry of dissolved copper-organic complexes was investigated in the estuarine waters of Narragansett Bay. A transect survey was conducted in August 1980, while one mid-bay station was monitored from March through August of that year. The transect data indicated that most of the copper-organic complexes enter the bay via sewage effluent which is discharged into the Providence River at the head of the bay. Organic copper concentrations in the estuary ranged from 0.12 to 2.30 μg kg^?1 and comprised from 14 to 70% of the total dissolved copper. The concentration of copper-organic complexes was not directly related to the amount of dissolved organic matter; and recently generated organic material from phytoplankton production within the bay had a negligible influence on the fraction of dissolved copper which was organically bound.The major source of total copper to the bay is anthropogenic inputs from sewage effluents. Particulate and dissolved copper concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 2.42 and 0.23 to 16.4 μg kg^?1, respectively, giving average values of about 40% particulate and 60% dissolved copper. Particulate copper concentrations decreased rapidly from the upper to the lower bay as a result of both removal and dilution. About 75% of the dissolved copper entering the bay is rapidly removed in the Providence River and upper bay, and the remaining portion (which is largely organic copper) follows conservative mixing in the mid to lower bay. The data suggest that copper binding by dissolved organic matter may be an important control on the riverine flux of dissolved copper through estuaries into coastal and oceanic waters.     

崇明岛东滩潮沟体系及其沉积动力学

崇明岛东滩潮沟系在盐沼带内特别发育,其形成与潮滩围垦工程和盐沼带的宽度密切相关。泥滩上潮沟的发育和演化与盐沼带潮盆大小、潮时(大小潮)和降雨量等相关,潮沟体系规模小,涨潮流不受其控制,退潮时潮沟成为主要泄水通道,未沉降的细悬浮颗粒和浮泥层在重力作用下向潮沟汇集,使潮沟内沉积物比滩面细。崇明岛东滩潮沟体系形成、演化及沉积物分布,完全不同于目前研究非常详细的欧美河口湾/港湾型潮道-潮沟体系,后者潮道以涨潮流占优势,沉积物明显比滩面粗。崇明岛东滩潮沟体系是发育在快速淤长的三角洲类型海岸上,通过与其他类型的对比研究,可以更全面地认识潮道-潮沟体系对泥滩和盐沼发育、演化所起的作用。     

Biogeochemistry of sterols in plankton, settling particles and recent sediments in a cold ocean ecosystem (Trinity Bay, Newfoundland)

In the context of a multidisciplinary study to determine current and past ecosystem health and the relative contributions of sources of organic matter (marine vs. terrestrial and natural vs. anthropogenic input), sterols were determined in plankton, settling particles and sediments from Trinity Bay, Newfoundland, a sub-polar Atlantic Ocean ecosystem. The centric diatoms Chaetoceros spp., Thalassiosira spp. and Leptocylindrus danicus were all prominent in the plankton samples, and centric diatoms predominated in the settling particles. Plankton samples contained 0.4±0.4 mg/g dw (1995) or 1.4±1.3 mg/g dw (1996) total sterols, with cholesta-5,24-dien-3β-ol (mean 26% of total sterols), cholest-5-en-3β-ol (24%) and cholesta-5,22(E)-dien-3β-ol (13%) chief among these, denoting diatom and zooplankton sources. In settling particles, the prominence of cholesta-5,24-dien-3β-ol (24%), cholest-5-en-3β-ol (24%), cholesta-5,22(E)-dien-3β-ol (13%) and 24-methylcholesta-5,22(E)-dien-3β-ol (9%) again suggested mainly marine sources. The sterol composition of plankton and settling particles from different sampling periods showed a high degree of consistency. Higher plant C₂₉ sterols (notably 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol, 9–26%) were prominent in sediments from both inshore and offshore sites. No decreasing trend in total or individual sterols was observed down the 30-cm sediment cores, suggesting good overall preservation. No 5β-stanols such as 5β-cholestan-3β-ol (coprostanol) were detected in offshore sediments, plankton or settling particles, with only low levels (5β-cholestan-3β-ol max. 4.4%, 5β-cholestan-3α-ol max. 5.1%) in certain inshore sediments. This suggests that raw sewage discharges in rural Newfoundland are being efficiently degraded or dispersed, or that inputs are highly localized. Source apportionation of organic matter in the sediment samples based on sterol composition was attempted. This highlighted the large terrestrial contribution to the sterols in marine sediments (up to 58% of sterols inshore, 24% offshore) and suggests either degradation or effective recycling of marine sterols.     

Anthropogenic organic contaminants in the effluent of a combined sewer overflow: impact on Boston Harbor

Effluent from a large combined sewer overflow (CSO) in Boston and receiving waters near the CSO outfall were sampled during dry and wet weather conditions. Surficial sediments were also collected from the vicinity of the CSO and at nearby sites. The samples were analyzed for a variety of organic constituents including organic carbon and nitrogen, linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), coprostanol and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). As judged by the presence of waste-specific markers (LABs, coprostanol), the CSO effluent contains sewage under both dry and wet weather conditions. When rainfall occurs, the concentration of suspended solids and all organic constituents in the particulate phase increase, ultimately approaching those characteristic of untreated sewage. The concentrations of LABs and PCBs in the effluent are strongly correlated, indicating that PCBs in the CSO are derived from sewage inputs. During heavy rainfall, the vast majority (> 90%) of the hydrophobic organic substances are associated with suspended particulate matter, whereas during dry weather, a significant fraction resides in the operationally defined 'dissolved' phase. Estimates of the mass emission rates of CSO constituents show that > 70% of the suspended particles and > 90% of the particulate organic carbon, hydrocarbons and trace organics are discharged during wet weather. Particles in the receiving water appear to be strongly influenced by the CSO effluent during wet weather. Concentrations of PCBs in surficial sediments near the CSO are correlated with those of coprostanol and the LABs, indicating that these compounds are derived from similar sources. Based on the observed correlations, approximately 60-80% of the sedimentary PCBs originate from sewage. Comparison of sigma LAB/coprostanol ratios of effluent particles, surficial sediments and sewage sludges suggest that the vast majority of the marker compounds and the PCBs in sediments are not from the CSO, but are derived from one of two sewage treatment plants that discharged sludge into the harbor until 1991. The sludge-derived contaminants were probably carried by tidal currents into Dorchester Bay and deposited in shallow, quiescent embayments where sedimentation is favored. These results illustrate the potential importance of long-range transport of waste-derived contaminants in urban harbors and their rapid accumulation in localized depocenters.     

胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境现状及影响因素

为了解胶州湾水体和表层沉积物营养环境状况及其主要影响因素,于2019年8月在胶州湾30个站位点采集了海水和表层沉积物样品,并于2021年5月在胶州湾沿岸采集了18个站位点的水样,对水体溶解无机态营养盐浓度和组成以及表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷及生物硅含量和碳、氮稳定同位素（δ13C、δ15N）进行了分析。结果表明,胶州湾内水体和沿岸水体中溶解无机氮、溶解无机磷和溶解硅酸盐浓度空间分布相近,高值均位于湾东北部,主要受到河流输入和沿岸污水排放的影响,低值主要出现在湾中部和湾口处。结合近30年来的历史数据分析发现,胶州湾夏季营养盐浓度在1990?2008年期间呈持续上升的趋势,政府实施的污染物总量控制措施以及河流径流量下降使得2006年以来营养盐浓度呈现下降的趋势,该变化在空间上主要体现为大沽河氮、磷输入量的减少及其对应的湾西部营养盐高值的消失。胶州湾氮、磷营养盐输入的不平衡使得“磷限制”在2000年后逐渐加剧。胶州湾表层沉积物中总有机碳、总氮、总磷含量高值均集中于东北部和东部沿岸,结合生物硅和水体营养盐含量分析显示,这主要是河流与排污输入及其带来的高初级生产力造成的,沉积物生源要素与水体营养盐在空间分布上存在较好的耦合关系。沉积物粒度较粗对有机质保存的不利影响以及湾口较强的水动力作用共同导致了湾西部、中部以及湾口的生源要素含量较低。δ13C以及二端元混合模型显示,胶州湾表层沉积物有机质来源总体以海源为主,平均占比为64%,东部沿岸受陆源输入影响较明显。δ15N的空间分布显示,胶州湾表层沉积物中氮元素受到了海水养殖与污水排放的共同影响。水体和沉积物营养环境现状共同表明,对东北部河流和沿岸污水排放的控制是后期胶州湾污染治理的关键。     

江苏中部海岸潮沟形态对滩涂围垦的响应

根据2001-2013年江苏中部海岸的遥感影像和野外观测数据,对滩涂围垦影响下潮沟的形态演变过程进行分析。结果显示,研究区潮沟在大规模滩涂围垦影响下整体有明显的退化和消亡趋势,潮沟集水面积由2001年的293.94 km2逐渐降低到2013年的103.40 km2,潮沟长度随着其集水面积的缩减呈幂函数减小(R2=0.98),而潮沟宽度随着潮沟长度和集水面积的变小呈指数方式变窄(R2分别为0.87、0.93),总体上研究区每围垦1 km2滩涂,潮沟长度和宽度分别减小约2.60 km和0.67 m,在整个滩涂围垦过程中,落潮后期潮滩的主要排水方式逐渐由潮沟排水向滩面排水方式转变。江苏中部海岸潮沟形态在统计上具有多尺度分形结构,总体上研究区分纬值从大到小依次为潮沟分维值、各潮沟系统分维值、单支潮沟分维值。研究区潮沟的分维值(无标度区间25~210内)在滩涂围垦影响下呈波动性降低,由2001年的1.26逐渐降低到2013年的1.13,各潮沟系统的分维值随着其分汊个数减少呈线性降低(R2=0.89),各单支潮沟的分维值随着其蜿蜒性减小呈线性降低(R2=0.86)。根据潮沟的退化和消亡过程反推潮沟的起源和发育过程,本研究认为研究区最早出现的一类潮沟可能是陆源水流侵蚀型潮沟,而滩面水流冲刷型和潮流辐聚侵蚀型潮沟是随着潮滩淤积变宽过程逐渐发育的,其最初的发育形态可能是潮滩下部的冲刷凹地。     

Distribution gradients of ichthyoplankton in an East African mangrove creek

As part of an investigation into the role of East African mangrove creeks as fish spawning and nursery areas, nocturnal ichthyoplankton sampling was carried out at five stations in Tudor Creek, Mombasa, Kenya, from September to November 1985. Throughout the creek, the salinity was close to that of seawater at about 35‰, but from the mouth to the upper creek there were gradients of increasing temperature and turbidity, and decreasing depth and dissolved oxygen concentration. Pelagic eggs and larvae of fish considered to be creek residents and creek non-residents were distinguished. Gradients of decreasing egg and larval abundance (particularly of non-residents), and of decreasing diversity of recognized types, were apparent from the mouth towards the upper creek. Such a distribution suggests that the mangrove system is not an important spawning or development area for the earliest life-history stages of non-resident species. The existence of the gradients also has implications both for sampling at fixed stations in tidal waters, and for investigating the existence of circatidal and semilunar spawning cycles in fish.     

Chemical properties of colored dissolved organic matter in the sea-surface microlayer and subsurface water of Jiaozhou Bay, China in autumn and winter

The distribution and chemical properties of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the Jiaozhou Bay, China were examined during four cruises in 2010-2011. The influence of freshwater and industrial and municipal sewage along the eastern coast of the bay was clearly evident as CDOM levels (defined as a 305 ), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations were well correlated with salinity during all the cruises. Moreover, DOC concentrations were significantly correlated with chlorophyll a concentrations in the surface microlayer as well as in the subsurface water. The concentrations of DOC and CDOM displayed a gradually decreasing trend from the northwestern and eastern coast to the central bay, and the values and gradients of their concentrations on the eastern coast were generally higher than those on the western coast. In addition, CDOM and DOC levels were generally higher in the surface microlayer than in the subsurface water. In comparison with DOC, CDOM exhibited a greater extent of enrichment in the microlayer in each cruise, with average enrichment factor (E F ) values of 1.38 and 1.84, respectively. Four fluorescent components were identified from the surface microlayer and subsurface water samples and could be distinguished as peak A, peak T, peak B and peak M. For all the cruises, peak A levels were higher in the surface microlayer than in the subsurface water. This pattern of variation might be attributed to the terrestrial input.     

Transport and retention of a conservative tracer in an isolated creek–marsh system

A study of tracer transport and retention in a small tidal creek and marsh system located in the southeastern US was conducted using a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model and data from a dye tracer release. The model simulated tidally driven flow, including inundation and drying out of the marshes and the dispersal of the dye tracer. Flow measurements in the tidal creek showed that the simulations appeared to generally duplicate the tidally driven flow into and out of the tidal creeks and marshes. The dye tracer experiment was conducted to test the hydrodynamic model's ability to simulate dispersal of a point release of pollutants into the creek during an incoming tide. The simulations reproduced much of the experimental measurements, but bathymetric errors and lack of resolution of the smallest arms of the tidal creeks affected the ability to faithfully reproduce the initial peak in measured dye tracer concentrations at a sampling location far from the boundary. The lack of the smallest tidal creeks led to some trapping of water and dye in the marshes. Two independent estimates of flushing time yielded values between 1.6 and 2.4 days. An uncertainty analysis indicates that model simulations are sensitive to variations in parameters such as water depth and marsh grass density. On the other hand, omission of the smallest tidal creeks in simulations may be partially offset by decreasing marsh grass density. Further improvements must rely on more accurate and detailed bathymetric data that resolves the smaller arms of the tidal creeks and includes quantitative information about the density and distribution of marsh grass.     

Are vegetated areas of mangroves attractive to juvenile and small fish? The case of Dongzhaigang Bay,Hainan Island,China

Well-developed aerial roots of mangroves make it difficult to study how fish utilize the mangrove forest as a habitat. In the present study, we compared the differences in fish assemblages in three major types of habitats of mangrove estuary (vegetated area, treeless mudflat, and creek) of a mangrove bay in Hainan Island, China, at different seasons during two consecutive years. Three types of gears, centipede net, gill net and cast net, were used in the different habitats of mangrove estuary and sampling efficiencies among gears were evaluated. Centipede nets were used in all the three types of habitats and cast nets and gill nets in treeless mudflats and creeks. Fish assemblages were dependent on gears used. Centipede net could efficiently catch fish occurring both inside and outside of vegetated areas efficiently. A total of 115 fish species in 51 families were collected. In terms of numbers of species per family, Gobiidae was the most diverse (17 species), followed by Mugilidae (5 species). Almost all of the fish were juvenile or small fish and few predators were recorded, implying low predation pressure in the bay. ANOVA analysis showed that significant seasonal and spatial variation existed in species richness, abundance, and biomass, which were less in the vegetated areas than those of treeless mudflats and creeks. The attraction of vegetated areas to fish was less than that of creeks and mudflats. Many species were specific to a particular habitat type, 4 species occurring exclusively in the creeks, 45 species occurring exclusively in the treeless mudflats, and 5 species occurring exclusively in the vegetated areas. The results indicated that mangrove estuaries were potentially attractive habitats for juvenile and small fish, but this attraction was accomplished by a connection of vegetated areas, treeless mudflats and creeks, not only by vegetated areas.     

A high-resolution geophysical investigation of sediment distribution controlled by catchment size and tides in a multi-basin turbid outwash fjord: Simpson Bay,Prince William Sound,Alaska

Surficial sediment distribution within Simpson Bay is a function of antecedent bedrock and recently deposited glacial geology, as well as active physical processes both within Simpson Bay and Prince William Sound (PWS). Simpson Bay is a turbid, outwash fjord located in northeastern PWS, Alaska. Freshwater from heavy precipitation, and the melting of high alpine glaciers enter the bay through bay head rivers and small shoreline creeks. The catchment has a high watershed/basin surface area ratio (∼8:1), and easily erodible bedrock that contribute to high sediment loads. The system can be divided into three discrete basins, each with specific morphologic and circulatory characters. Side scan sonar, swath bathymetry, and seismic profiles reveal that bathymetric highs are areas of outcropping glacial surfaces. High backscatter coupled with surface grab samples reveal these surfaces to be composed of coarse sediment and bedrock outcrops. Bathymetric lows are areas of low backscatter, and grab samples reveal these areas to be ponded deposits of organic-rich estuarine muds. The data provide evidence of terminal morainal bank systems, and glacial grounding line deposits at the mouth of the bay and rocky outcrops were identified as subsurface extensions of aerial rocky promontories. Radioisotope analyses of short cores reveal that the bay has an average accumulation rate of approx. 0.5 cm year⁻¹, but that this varies in function of the watershed/basin surface area ratios of the different basins. The interaction of tidal currents and sediment source drives sediment distribution in Simpson Bay. Hydrographic data reveal high spatial variability in surface and bottom currents throughout the bay. Subsurface currents are tide dominated, but generally weak (5–20 cm s⁻¹), while faster currents are found along shorelines, outcrops, and bathymetric highs. Bathymetric data reveal steep slopes with little to no modern sediment throughout the bay, suggesting lack of deposition due to tidal currents.     

潮沟系统水沙输运研究——以长江口崇明东滩为例

本研究以崇明东滩2015年4月实测潮间带水沙数据为基础,分析了潮沟、盐沼及光滩的水沙特征,重点研究了潮沟系统及邻近潮滩潮周期内悬沙通量情况。结果表明:（1）潮沟表层沉积物比潮滩细,二者平均中值粒径分别为21.7 μm和33.0 μm,悬沙粒径由海向陆逐渐变小;（2）大、小潮沟潮周期内潮流均以往复流为主,垂向平均流速分别为15.4 cm/s和34.6 cm/s;盐沼界和光滩则以旋转流为主,平均流速分别为11.3 cm/s和28.9 cm/s;（3）潮沟中的高悬沙浓度出现在涨潮初期,最大可达7.5 kg/m3,而潮滩高悬沙浓度则出现在潮落潮中期和高水位时刻;大、小潮沟和盐沼界站涨潮阶段平均悬沙浓度大于落潮阶段,光滩站则相反。潮沟悬沙主要来自邻近水域,而潮滩悬沙则与滩面表层沉积物密切相关;（4）潮沟在潮周期内净输沙方向均指向滩地,大潮沟潮周期单宽净输沙量可达4.0 t/m;盐沼界处垂直岸线和沿岸输沙强度相近,净输沙由海向陆,潮周期离岸输沙强度为1.0 t/m;光滩沿岸输沙强度远大于垂直岸线输沙,光滩净输沙由陆向海。研究揭示了潮间带潮沟系统的强供沙能力以及研究区域光滩冲蚀,盐沼植被带淤积的动力地貌过程。     

Peculiar features of the thermohaline and hydrochemical water structure in the southeastern Laptev Sea

The thermohaline and hydrochemical characteristics of the Lena River’s estuarine zone were investigated in the Buor-Khaya Bay and the southeastern Laptev Sea in September of 2005. A tongue of river water with high nutrient content and increased turbidity was identified in the bay. It is shown that the two-layer structure in the bay is disturbed by warm freshwater lenses. The strong vertical stratification in the shelf zone results in sharply contrasting characteristics of the surface and bottom waters. It is established that the concentrations of biogenic elements regularly change depending on the thermohaline characteristics of the waters and their stratification degree. Stagnant bottom waters with low dissolved oxygen contents and high concentrations of phosphates, nitrates, and ammonium are recorded in the eastern part of the bay. The bottom waters have different hydrochemical characteristics due to their different origin.