24ka来冲绳海槽北部沉积物来源的高分辨率常量元素记录

为进一步了解冲绳海槽北部24ka来柱状沉积物的常量元素组成特征及其物源和古环境指示意义,对PC-1孔进行了402个常量元素和粒度及344个浮游有孔虫氧同位素的综合分析,其平均样品分辨率高达百年时间尺度。结果表明:沉积物中的主要常量元素含量表现出明显的3段式垂向变化特征,并记录到了7.3和12.7cal.kaBP时的两次火山事件;物源判别图解及R型因子分析则揭示出主要氧化物含量在垂向上的变化主要受控于附近陆源物质输入,而热液活动和海洋生物沉积作用及火山物质的影响较小。特别是不同陆源物质对研究区的影响表现出明显的变化规律,与海平面波动及对马暖流形成演化间具有良好的耦合关系,但期间的典型古气候事件却并未明显改变沉积物中的陆源物质组成,从而为揭示24ka来冲绳海槽北部地区陆源物质输入演化历史,及其主要控制因素提供了新的高分辨率资料。     

海洋沉积环境和物源的元素地球化学记录释读

在海洋沉积环境和物源示踪研究中，元素地球化学方法起着非常重要的作用。保存在沉积物(岩)中的环境和物源信息，可以用多种元素地球化学方法进行释读，如研究元素的组成、相对含量和元素分布，元素间的比值关系，元素的组合、多元图解和配分模式以及研究元素与同位素关系等。充分研究元素在表生环境下的地球化学行为，其多种指标可作为古环境的替代性指标，在示踪古气候、沉积物来源、沉积环境和古海洋学事件等领域显示出有效的指示作用。冲绳海槽沉积物元素地球化学研究表明，冲绳海槽元素地球化学分区与沉积环境和物质来源是紧密对应的，由化学组分判识的物源在该区有陆源、生物源、火山热液源和自生源，第四纪以来冲绳海槽的沉积环境曾发生过很大的变化，是火山活动的高发区。     

冲绳海槽中段末次冰消期以来的元素地层

在对冲绳海槽中段180号岩心进行高分辨率取样的基础上,测定了沉积物中的23个地球化学指标,通过对各元素与Al₂O₃含量的比值在岩心中的垂向变化规律的分析,结合氧同位素、黏土矿物、粒度、AMS14C测年和R型因子分析方法,可将岩心从上至下划分为5层:第1,3,5层具有相似的元素组合特征,第2,4层为明显的异常变化层位,将元素的地球化学行为、元素组合与物质来源联系起来,并与碎屑矿物、古生物资料对比,探讨岩心中元素组合垂向变化的制约因素,据此讨论了冲绳海槽中段末次冰消期以来陆源、火山源及生物源物质的分布规律。结果表明,冲绳海槽中段末次冰消期以来的沉积物来源以陆源物质为主,但在局部层位可因生源组分和火山源组分的强烈影响而发生实质性的变化。     

冲绳海槽中部17 000 a以来沉积物中微量元素的组成特征及其对古环境的指示

基于加速器质谱仪AMS14C高精度定年,以及应用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对S10孔岩芯沉积物进行微量元素测试,对冲绳海槽中部沉积物的微量元素组成及其记录的物源和古环境信息展开研究。研究结果显示,稀土元素、Th、Nb和Ta元素反映陆源碎屑混合矿物的化学组成特征,Zr和Hf元素指示锆石矿物的化学组成,锆石主要为火山来源,Sc元素可能与铁镁物质有关。稀土元素分析表明沉积物主要由陆源和火山源物质组成,陆源物质主要来自长江和黄河,不同时期,各源区物质贡献量不同:16 500~11 600 a,长江、黄河为沉积物的主要物质来源;11 600~7 750 a,长江物质贡献减少,黄河物质为主;7 750~6 450 a,K-Ah火山物质为主,长江、黄河物质供给骤减;6 450~3 900 a,长江、黄河陆源物质输入增加,4 000 a左右受火山作用影响;3 900~1 900 a,长江、黄河陆源物质输入持续增多;1 900 a以来长江、黄河物质仍有增加,且以黄河物质为主。此外,物源判别公式研究显示台湾物质输入量不能有效反映黑潮演变,而长江、黄河物质输入量对17 000 a以来东亚冬季风的强弱变化有很好的指示,可作为东亚冬季风演变的新证据。这些研究结果表明,冲绳海槽中部微量元素研究可得到海槽17 000 a以来物源及东亚冬季风的演化情况,有助于重建全新世以来沉积物物源及古环境的演变历史。     

冲绳海槽近3.5万a来陆源物质沉积通量及其对气候变化的响应

以冲绳海槽DGKS9603孔沉积物为研究对象,利用元素地球化学成分数据因子分析方法把混合源沉积物分离成陆源、火山源和生物源.结合沉积物干样密度和沉积速率对冲绳海槽近3.5万a以来沉积物中陆源物质沉积通量进行了估计,进而揭示陆源物质供应对气候变化的响应规律.研究表明,冲绳海槽的陆源物质主要来源于长江输运的我国大陆物质.在冰期—间冰期时间尺度上,海平面涨落导致的长江与海槽之间距离的伸缩是制约陆源物质通量变化的主要因素;在盛冰期和气候变冷事件(Heinrich事件)期间,东亚冬季风的增强使更多的粉砂级物质进入冲绳海槽,导致陆源物质通量增加.冲绳海槽沉积物记录的Heinrich事件与增强的东亚冬季风密切相关.     

18.5ka以来冲绳海槽中部沉积物碎屑态来源和古环境变化的常量元素记录

为进一步了解冲绳海槽中部18.5ka以来柱状沉积物碎屑态的常量元素组成特征及其古环境指示意义,对KX12-3孔进行了151个样品中碎屑态的提取及其常量元素和粒度综合分析。结果表明:主要常量元素含量表现出明显的两段式垂向变化特征,底部的Z1阶段(492~96cm)形成于末次冰消期及早全新世(18.5~9.6ka),中国大陆河流(长江、黄河)物质输入是沉积物中陆源碎屑物质的主要来源;而顶部的Z2阶段(96~0cm)则形成于早全新世以来(9.6ka),沉积物中的陆源碎屑物质仍以中国大陆来源为主,台湾物质输入也有一定贡献。此外,岩心中还记录到了7.3ka时发生的K-Ah火山事件。常量元素相关性、R型因子及典型常量元素比值分析均表明主要氧化物含量在垂向上的变化主要受控于附近的陆源碎屑物质输入,热液活动和火山物质的影响较小。不同时期陆源碎屑物质对研究区的影响表现出明显的变化规律,并与海平面波动及黑潮的演化具有很好的耦合关系。此外,在5~3.5ka期间,KX12-3孔的Fe_2O_3、MgO、Fe/Ti、Mg/Ti值及粒度减小,这应该是由当时黑潮的减弱或"摆动"出冲绳海槽引起的。     

冲绳海槽中段表层沉积物中稀土元素组成及其物源指示意义

冲绳海槽中段表层沉积物主要是由陆源、火山源和生物源物质按不同比例组成的混合物。研究表明,陆源物质(长江和黄河沉积物)稀土总量最高,轻稀土明显比重稀土富集;火山物质(冲绳海槽火山玻璃)具有较明显的正Eu异常且重稀土相对富集;生物源物质(冲绳海槽有孔虫壳)中稀土富集。3种端员物质的稀土元素组成特征存在显著差异,因此,选择合适的稀土元素特征参数——∑LREE／∑HREE、Eu／Sm及MREE／(LREE HREE)可以分别刻画出冲绳海槽沉积物中陆源、火山源及生物源物质的组成特征。通过与前人对研究区物源定性、定量分区的结果对比,验证了利用稀土元素特征参数刻画冲绳海槽混合沉积物物质来源组成的有效性。     

88ka以来冲绳海槽北部古环境演化:来自元素地球化学的证据

对CSH1岩心全样沉积物样品进行元素地球化学分析,揭示了过去88ka冲绳海槽北部沉积物成分、水动力条件及陆源碎屑物质源区风化历史。冲绳海槽北部碎屑沉积物母岩主要以长英质为主,在MIS 1期沉积物存在大量火山源物质。过去88ka,沉积物源区风化程度较弱,但是自冰消期以来有逐渐增强的趋势。沉积物Zr/Nb比值表明在MIS 1期和MIS 5.1期水动力较为强烈,这与黑潮增强的时间一致,可能是指示黑潮强度的一个指标。冲绳海槽北部陆坡沉积物陆源碎屑贡献在低海平面时期显著增加,而在MIS 1和MIS 5.1期生源贡献显著增加。冲绳海槽北部沉积物成分变化明显受到黑潮和入海径流的调节,实际上受海平面和东亚季风的制约。     

末次盛冰期以来冲绳海槽中段岩心中黏土粒级沉积物地球化学特征及物质来源的阶段性

测定了冲绳海槽DGKS9603孔21个样品中黏土粒级沉积物的常、微量元素组分,利用因子分析的方法,识别出对冲绳海槽中段沉积物物源有重要影响的陆源成因因子、生物成因因子及火山作用和海底热液因子.陆源成因因子的元素组合为Fe₂O₃,Al₂O₃,V等惰性元素及K₂O,MgO等氧化物;生源因子的元素组合为CaO,Sr,Ba,Mn,P;火山和海底热液成因因子的元素组合为Na,Co,Ni.据样品的因子得分将柱样由上而下划分出物源的4个不同阶段:A段生物成因因子得分高,沉积物质主要是本地生物沉积,但也有富含生物成因物质的陆源物质的贡献;B段火山作用所产生的沉积物质特征显著,Na,Co,Ni呈现高含量;C段以陆源物质和生源物质沉积混杂为特征,元素垂向上变化不大;D段主要为陆源物质,其他来源物质相对较少,且可能主要来自在末次冰期最盛期所出露的陆架沉积.提出了冲绳海槽物源具有阶段性的论点.由于末次盛冰期以来全球气候呈现冷暖交替的阶段性变化,本区物源的阶段性变化是这一时期气候和古环境阶段性变化的良好反映.     

冲绳海槽中部表层沉积物的地球化学特征和物原判识

研究样品由“向阳红16”号于1992年6～7月间取自冲绳海槽中部.对表层沉积物的地球化学数据的因子分析和典型化学组分的相关分析结果表明,冲绳海槽中部表层沉积物主要包括陆架来源、生物源和火山热液源组分,且以陆源组分为主;运用修正的富集团子(EF)分析结果表明,沉积物中陆源、生物源、火山热液源组分在不同区域的相对分布是显着不同的.     

Assessing the Validity of Seismo-Acoustic Predictor Equations for Obtaining Seabed and Sub-Surface Sediment Physical Properties

The interdependence between the seismo-acoustic properties of a marine sediment and its geotechnical/physical parameters has been known for many years, and it has been postulated that this should allow the extraction of geotechnical information from seismic data. Though in the literature many correlations have been published for the surficial layer, there is a lack of information for greater sediment depths. In this article, a desktop study on a synthetic seafloor model illustrates how the application of published near-surface prediction equations to subsurface sediments (up to several tens of meters burial depth) can lead to spurious predictions. To test this further, acoustic and geotechnical properties were measured on a number of sediment core samples, some of which were subjected to loading in acoustically-equipped consolidation cells (oedometers) to simulate greater burial depth conditions. For low effective pressures (representing small burial depths extending to around 10 meters subsurface), the general applicability of established relationships was confirmed: the prediction of porosity, bulk density, and mean grain size from acoustic velocity and impedance appears generally possible for the investigated sedimentary environments. As effective pressure increases through, the observed relationships deviate more and more from the established ones for the near-surface area. For the samples tested in this study, in some instances increasing pressure even resulted in decreasing velocities. There are several possible explanations for this abnormal behavior, including the presence of gas, overconsolidation, or bimodal grain size distribution. The results indicate that an appropriate depth correction must be introduced into the published prediction equations in order to obtain reliable estimates of physical sediment properties for greater subsurface depths.     

A Review of Some Environmental Issues Affecting Marine Mining

This article reviews information recently available from existing marine and coastal mining for responses to environmental issues affecting marine mining at different depths. It is particularly but not exclusively concerned with those issues affecting seabed biodiversity impact and recovery. Much information has been gathered in the past 10 years from shallow mining operations for construction aggregate, diamonds, and gold, from coastal mines discharging tailings to shallow and deep water, and from experimental deep mining tests. The responses to issues identified are summarized in a series of eight tables intended to facilitate site-specific consideration. Since impacts can spread widely in the surface mixing layer SML, and can affect the biologically productive euphotic zone, the main issues considered arise from the depth of mining relative to the SML of the sea. Where mining is below the SML, the issue is whether it is environmentally better to bring the extraction products to the surface vessel for processing (and waste discharge), or to process the extraction products as much as possible on the seabed. Responses to the issues need to be sitespecific, and dependent on adequate preoperational environmental impact and recovery prediction. For deep tailings disposal from a surface vessel, there are four important environmental unknowns: (1) the possible growth of "marine snow" (bacterial flocs) utilizing the enormous quantities of fine tailings particles (hundreds or thousands of metric tons per day) as nuclei for growth, (2) the possibility that local keystone plankton and nekton species may migrate diurnally down to and beyond the depth of deep discharge and hence be subjected to tailings impact at depth, (3) the burrow-up capability of deep benthos and their ability to survive high rates of tailings deposition, and (4) the pattern and rate of dispersion of a tailings density current through the deep water column from discharge point to seabed. Actions to obtain relevant information in general and site-specifically are suggested.     

Increased Particle Fluxes at the INDEX Site Attributable to Simulated Benthic Disturbance

Particle fluxes were measured 7 m above the sea bottom during the predisturbance, disturbance, and postdisturbance periods by using time series sediment traps attached to seven deep-sea moorings deployed in the INDEX experiment site in the Central Indian Basin. The predisturbance particle fluxes varied between 22.3 to 55.1 mg m -2 day -1 . Increased and variable particle fluxes were recorded by the sediment traps during the disturbance period. The increase observed was 0.5 to 4 times more than the background predisturbance fluxes. The increases in particle fluxes (~4 times) recorded by the sediment trap located in the southwestern direction (DMS-1) were the greatest, which could be the result of preferential movement of resuspended particles generated during the deep-sea benthic disturbance along the general current direction prevailing in this area during the experimental period. Also, the traps located closer to the disturbance area recorded greater fluxes than did the traps far away, across the Deep Sea Sediment Resuspension System path. This variability in recorded particle fluxes by the traps around the disturbance area clearly indicates that physical characteristics such as grain size and density of the resuspended particles produced during the disturbance had an important effect on particle movement. The postdisturbance measurements during ~5 days showed a reduction in particle fluxes of ~50%, indicating rapid particle settlement.     

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中桩周土强度弱化研究

海上大直径钢管桩打桩过程中,桩周土体受到强烈扰动而发生强度弱化,掌握桩周土体强度弱化规律对于准确预测打桩过程、保证工程安全具有重要意义。为研究土体强度弱化规律,开展了环剪试验模拟打桩对桩周土体的扰动,测试土体强度随剪切速率的变化规律,建立了描述土体强度弱化规律的拟合公式,引入到打桩分析软件中。研究结果表明：土体的强度折减程度不仅与土体本身的性质有关还受到土体的埋深和剪切速率的影响,埋深越深土体强度折减程度越低,剪切速率越高土体强度折减越高,在打桩分析中可采用这里推荐的线性折减方法来模拟不同深度处土体强度的折减规律。     

Determination of In Situ Sediment Shear Strength from Advanced Piston Corer Pullout Forces

The advanced piston corer (APC) has been used by the Ocean Drilling Program since 1985 for recovering soft sediments from the ocean floor. The pullout force measured on extracting the core barrel from the sediment is shown to correlate with the average shear strength of the sediment core measured in the ship's laboratory. A simple rule of thumb is derived relating the shear strength of the sediment to the pullout force. Multiple APC holes at individual sites allow the consistency of the pullout measurements to be assessed. The effects of different operational procedures during APC coring are also explored. Although generally applicable, the correlation between pullout force and laboratory measurements of shear strength breaks down for some APC holes, possibly because of the disturbance of some sediment types during the APC coring process. A better understanding of the physical process of APC coring, and its effect on the properties of the sediment both inside and immediately outside the core barrel, would indicate what confidence can be put on the measurement of pullout force as a way of evaluating the in situ shear strength of deep sea sediments.     

Interannual Sea Level Variations and Annual Tides in the Northwestern Pacific

Specific properties of the interannual sea level variations and annual tides in the Northwestern Pacific were studied. Several tide stations were monitored. The monthly mean sea level for the year of 1995 was analyzed at each tide station. A seismic event in 1995, some tectonic activity around the subject area, and the Kuroshio (the oceanic western boundary current) may possibly contaminate results which would have occurred from the astronomical annual tide alone.     

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Coastal Lagoon Bacterioplankton and Picophytoplankton: Fixation and Storage Effects

The effect of different fixation and storage protocols on the flow cytometric (FCM) simultaneous analysis of bacterioplankton and phytoplankton in coastal seawater samples (Mediterranean coastal lagoons) was investigated. FCM measurements (cell number, fluorescence and scatter characteristics) were obtained through DAPI staining. Three fixatives [glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA) and paraformaldehyde (PFA)] and two storage (3 months duration) methods (5 °C and −196 °C) were tested. Two dominant populations were detected in studied samples: bacteria and eukaryotic picophytoplankton. Adding fixatives (2% final concentration) appears necessary to obtain FCM exhaustive counts of all the bacteria and phytoplanktonic cells. This was related to the permeation effect of fixatives which allowed a better DAPI staining of the cells. Maximum fluorescence, i.e. optimal staining of the cells was obtained with FA or PFA, and significant lower fluorescences with GA. Fixed samples stored at 5 °C induced rapid cell loss. Only storage in liquid nitrogen of samples fixed with FA or PFA, allows mid-term (≥4 months) preservation of bacteria or picophytoplankton cell numbers, and limited evolution of DAPI-induced fluorescence and scatter characteristics.     

《Acta Oceanologica Sinica》Vol. 33(2014) contents

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INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

<正>Acta Oceanologica Sinica(AOS)is a comprehensive academic journal edited by the Editorial Committee of Acta Oceanologica Sinica and is designed to provide a forum for important research papers of the marine scientific community which reflect the information on a worldwide basis.The journal publishes scholarly papers on marine science and technology,including physics,chemistry,biology,