滇东南强对流天气雷达回波特征分析

通过对强对流天气典型个例的分析,得到滇东南强对流天气的一些雷达回波特征。冰雹、雷雨大风天气过程强回波高度高,达6~8Km,而暴雨、大暴雨天气过程强回波高度仅3~4Km;冰雹、雷雨大风强对流天气的雷达回波移动速度快,而局地暴雨、大暴雨的雷达回波移动速度缓慢或停滞。冰雹、雷雨大风和暴雨天气的产生与多普勒径向速度场上的逆风区或辐合流场的发生发展密切相关。     

滇西北高原冰雹、短时强降水的多普勒雷达回波特征比较

选取位于滇西北高原丽江市2006-2009年出现的4次冰雹天气过程和4次短时强降水过程,分析冰雹和短时强降水两类强对流天气的多普勒雷达回波特征.结果表明:冰雹云回波强中心值、强回波核(45～65 dBz回波)高度均高于短时强降水回波,强冰雹过程有时会出现三体散射现象;冰雹云回波基本径向速度场上出现了辐合、逆风区及弱中气...     

甘南地区一次强对流天气的多普勒雷达特征分析

针对甘南地区2006年7月12日出现的冰雹天气过程,利用兰州CINRAD/CC多普勒雷达回波资料以及MICAPS资料对此次强对流天气过程进行了初步的分析,分析了冰雹天气过程中雷达回波的形态特征、结构和动态特征,发现在此次强对流天气是雷达回波具有明显的超级单体风暴特征,且呈现出三体散射、有界弱回波、钩状回波等特征;雷达回波强度值55dB;回波顶16km;径向速度图上出现较强的气旋性辐合,在中高层辐合中还存在着中尺度气旋;此外,降雹过程前后垂直液态水含量(VIL)变化较大。     

一次冰雹强对流天气过程的潜势条件和中尺度特征分析

基于常规观测资料、NCEP(2.5°×2.5°)再分析资料、FY-2G卫星云图资料和多普勒雷达等资料对2018年6月10日发生在甘肃省平凉市的冰雹等强对流天气过程进行分析,得出以下结论：(1)此次强对流天气过程属于典型的西北气流型,高空强冷平流、强对流发生区明显的切变线和地面辐合线以及高层气流引导地面辐合线附近生成的中尺度对流系统MCS,是造成此次强天气的主要影响系统。(2)中尺度辐合线和干线为此次强对流天气提供较好的触发机制；强对流发生区螺旋度的异常增大为雹暴系统的发展增强提供了强有力的环境场条件；强垂直风切变可促使不稳定能量释放形成冰雹等天气,和湿斜压作用共同形成MCS发生发展的有利条件；冰雹发生区0℃层、-20℃层高度及二者之间的厚度均有利于大冰雹的形成。(3)卫星云图中MCS发展明显,容易给局地强对流输送能量,利于强对流的维持发展,且强对流区主要位于云顶亮温TBB低值区的后部和南部,多普勒雷达资料显示,引发强对流天气的回波单体附近,悬垂回波、弱回波区、钩状回波等特征明显,对应径向速度图有明显的中气旋、中层径向辐合及风暴顶辐散等特征配合,对此次冰雹等强对流天气有很好的指示作用。     

武汉一次强冰雹天气过程分析

利用多种资料对2006年8月3日武汉出现的罕见冰雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明:武汉处于不稳定大气层结中,干冷空气的侵入和"派比安"台风外围暖湿气流强烈辐合是冰雹天气的触发机制。中-β系统直接导致了冰雹天气过程,多普勒雷达回波上具有典型的后右侧V型槽口回波、弱回波区(WER)、弓形回波和悬挂回波等特征,并且强回波区与多普勒雷达速度场上的逆风区、大风区相关。     

文山州两次强冰雹天气的环流背景和雷达产品对比分析

该文通过对2012年8月5日和2012年8月12日2次强冰雹天气的天气背景及多普勒雷达回波强度、径向速度、垂直液态水含量、冰雹指数等雷达产品的对比分析,总结出在大范围水汽条件不是很有利的环流背景下,文山州8月冰雹天气在多普勒雷达产品上的表现特征和一些定量指标:回波强度≥55 dBz、≥50dBz的强回波垂直伸展高度≥6 km,垂直液态水含量VIL≥25 kg/m2时,容易产生冰雹天气,注意发布强对流天气预警;强对流降雹天气与逆风区和风的辐合有关,超级单体所在区域均对应着逆风区或是辐合线;冰雹指数产品对冰雹预报有很好的指示作用,降雹概率和强降雹概率达到100%时发布冰雹预警,但是冰雹最大直径与实况偏大,只能作为参考。     

一次低涡型冰雹天气的环境条件和中尺度特征分析

利用常规天气观测、多普勒天气雷达、自动气象站和NCEP1o×1o格点再分析资料,研究在绍兴发生的一次典型低涡型冰雹天气过程环境场和中尺度特征,结果表明:此次冰雹天气出现在西北冷涡的右前方,中高层的干侵入激发了对流不稳定;中尺度辐合线出现在对流风暴的前沿,是由冷池出流与外界暖湿气流交汇而形成,为强对流的发展提供了近地面辐合抬升条件;本次过程先后有三个明显的强单体风暴产生,回波核心区高度均扩展到-20℃层以上,符合弱回波区、悬垂回波和中低层径向辐合的强对流风暴结构,还具有标志大冰雹的三体散射特征(TBSS)。在降雹前最大反射率因子(DBZM)及其所在高度(DBZM HT)的突降和垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)的突增可作为判断降雹的指标。     

2017年早春濮阳市一次冰雹过程诊断分析

利用常规地面、高空气象资料,郑州站探空订正资料,濮阳气象站实况资料,濮阳和郑州新一代多普勒雷达资料等,对2017年4月13日下午发生在濮阳市的雷暴大风、冰雹等强对流天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明:(1)本次强对流天气是在中低层低槽东移,地面辐合线南压等大尺度系统影响下产生的;冰雹发生在低空西南暖湿气流大风速带左侧边缘、高空80m/s偏西风急流核出口区左侧、地面辐合线附近。(2)强对流发生前,华北地区850hPa为暖温度脊,500hPa为冷温度槽,形成有利于强对流天气发生的不稳定层结;850、700hPa干湿区错位叠加及露点锋的存在,说明低层在水平和垂直方向上干湿分布极不均匀。(3)郑州站探空订正资料显示,中等以上强度的垂直风切变,有利于强对流风暴的组织发展,深层的垂直风切变构成了冰雹产生的有利环境条件。(4)多普勒雷达组合反射率因子图上对流单体中心强度达65dBz,有超级单体生成;剖面图上有弱回波区、回波悬垂出现;速度图上有低空和超低空急流、27m/s的风速大值区及低层径向辐合、弱中气旋等;垂直积分液态含水量达63kg/m^2,最大回波顶高13km以上。     

黔西南州春季强对流天气回波分析

利用多普勒雷达对2008—03—18—19发生在黔西南州的春季强对流天气进行了跟踪探测,并对此次过程中出现的“V”形状、逆风区、有界弱回波区特征及相应的雷达产品做初步分析,得出降雹天气的回波特征和雷达产品指标,以提高利用多普勒雷达资料预报冰雹天气的能力。     

山东两次强对流天气雷达特征及环境场对比

利用常规地面和高空观测资料、加密自动站资料和多普勒雷达资料,对2016年6月山东两次强对流天气的雷达特征、环境条件等进行了对比分析,结果表明:6月14日强对流天气主要是横槽转竖引导冷空气南下引起,6月30日强对流天气发生在高空槽前、山东高低层受一致西南气流影响的环流形势下,地面辐合线是两次过程的触发机制。6月14日垂直风切变和风暴承载层平均风均比30日大很多,致使14日的超级单体风暴持续时间更长、强度更强。风暴相对螺旋度的大小对强对流天气强弱程度有指示意义。两次过程都在地面辐合线附近生成,都具有中气旋、高悬的强回波、有界弱回波区、回波悬垂、风暴顶辐散等雷达特征,不同的是14日具有倒V形缺口、中层径向辐合、冰雹散射和钩状回波等特征,30日具有窄带回波、径向速度大值区等特征。两次过程都出现了弱旋转对应地面都带来小冰雹天气,这在预报业务中值得注意。两次降雹与风暴单体高度及强度、垂直累积液态水含量及密度、中气旋厚度、最大切变和持续时间密切相关。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences