冬季气温对潍坊市四类疾病的影响初探

用潍坊市近 5 0年的气象资料 ,揭示了在全球变暖的气候背景下潍坊出现的暖冬现象 ;用近 1 0年的潍坊市人民医院住院处病历资料 ,初步探讨了四类疾病的变化趋势与冬季气温的关系。指出暖冬现象对某些疾病的多发有一定的影响     

近46年山西冬季气温变化特征

通过对山西省92个测站1961年～2006年冬季气温资料分析,发现暖冬和异常暖冬以20世纪90年代为界限,之前频次较小,其后剧增,且2006年冬为历史最暖冬季;平均气温倾向率远高于我国近百年上升水平;经M-K检验可知,冬季在1980年代后期有一明显增温趋势,突变点在1986年,反映了20世纪90年代后暖冬及异常暖冬出现频次增多的事实;随着暖冬特别是异常暖冬出现频次上升,对工农业生产及人们的日常生活影响日益严峻。     

上海奉贤1960—2019年冷暖冬气候特征分析

利用奉贤1960—2019年气温、降水、日照等地面观测资料，分析奉贤地区冬季气温、冷暖冬事件的变化特征及冷暖冬对气象要素的响应。结果表明：奉贤地区60年冬季及冬季各月平均气温呈升温趋势，其中2月增温最明显，气候变暖导致奉贤地区出现暖冬频率及强度均有所增加，最低气温对冬季变暖贡献较大；奉贤冬季以20世纪90年代为界，由冷冬为主转为暖冬为主，1987年以来未出现强冷冬，1999年强暖冬开始出现并趋多；冬季气温与年平均气温及当年的年降水量、汛期降水量呈显著正相关，冷冬年汛期降水量以正常至偏少为主，暖冬年汛期降水量以偏多至正常为主。     

气候变暖背景下清远气温变化特征

根据1957—2007年清远站的年和月平均气温资料,采用线性倾向的最小二乘法估计分析季及年平均气温的变化趋势。结果表明:在气候变暖背景下,近50 a清远年平均气温存在与全球、中国及广东省同步的增暖趋势,增暖幅度(平均气温线性增暖速率为0.17℃/10 a)高于近50 a全球平均线性增暖速率,低于近50 a中国及广东省平均线性增暖速率。四季及年平均气温在变暖趋势上基本同步,只有冬季稍落后。且在气候变暖背景下,清远异常冷、暖冬事件出现频繁,暖冬明显。应用Mann-Kendall法检测气候的突变性,表明清远冬季平均气温于1968年前后存在由低向高的突变。     

南京地区50年冬夏气温特征分析和演变趋势

通过对南京 50年夏季和冬季气温特征的分析 ,得出南京盛夏酷暑高温年 ,在 80年代到 90年代正在减少 ;而冬季 ,暖冬年则频频出现。表明世界性气候变暖 ,反映在南京 ,则是冬季的冷冬年出现机率的显著下降和气温的明显升高。但其变暖的程度尚未打破 50年代前期曾出现过暖冬年的月平均气温距平极值。     

冬季负积温变化特征及其对冬小麦的影响

利用唐山地区11个气象站1961~2005年冬季日平均气温资料,应用统计方法对唐山地区冬季负积温变化规律进行分析研究,得出以下结论:①唐山地区冬季负积温空间分布为北多、南次之、中部最少。②冬季负积温的年际变化呈现3个时段,20世纪60年中期到70年代初为冷冬时段,70年代中期到80年代末为冷冬与暖冬交替出现的过渡时段,90年代后至今为暖冬时段。③冬季变暖趋势北部最明显,南部次之,中部最不明显。针对冬季负积温变化特征,提出了对冬小麦生长的潜在影响。     

南京地区50年冬季夏气温特征分析和演变趋势

通过对南京５０年夏季和冬季气温特征的分析,得出南京盛夏酷暑高温年,在８０年代到９０年代正在减少;而冬季,暖冬年则频频出现。表明世界性气候变暖,反映在南京,则是冬季的冷冬年出现机率的显著下降和气温的明显升高。但其变暖的程度尚未打破５０年代前期曾出现过暖冬年的月平均气温距平极值。     

1961—2020年辽宁省暖冬现象气候特征分析

利用1961—2020年辽宁省56个气象站冬季逐日气温数据,根据国家标准《暖冬等级》,以1990—2020年为气候值作为参考,综合采用气候倾向率、IDW、滑动t检验突变分析以及小波分析等方法,分析辽宁省近60 a冬季平均气温的时空变化趋势,单站暖冬及区域暖冬事件的气候变化特征。结果表明：近60 a来辽宁省冬季平均气温以0.3℃/10 a的速率升高,辽宁中部和东部地区变暖趋势最为显著;20世纪90年代前的30 a属于偏冷时段,但增温效应强于后30 a,冬季平均气温在1987年前后出现了明显的由冷转暖的突变,1971年出现了相对较弱的冷暖转变;1988年后逐年单站暖冬事件的发生整体比1961—1987年出现单站暖冬事件明显增多。发生频次较高的地区分布在辽宁中部和东南部地区,为16—20次;近60 a来共有16次区域暖冬事件,21世纪后的20 a内共出现9次区域暖冬事件,占总数的60%;区域暖冬事件以准22 a和2—3 a为振荡周期。     

朔州市近45 a气温变化及对农业生产的影响

利用1961～2005年朔州市6个气象观测站的气温资料,用气候倾向率、滑动平均等方法,对朔州市近45a气温变化特征作了统计分析。结果表明:45a来,朔州市的年平均气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温自20世纪70年代中期以来呈上升趋势,平均气温以0.43℃/10a的速度上升;平均最低气温升温幅度明显高于平均最高气温;进入20世纪90年代后,这种趋势有所加快,尤其以冬季升温最为明显。1987年以来朔州相继出现了15个暖冬,较强的暖冬年份出现在1995年以后。气候变暖对农业生产互有利弊。如何趋利避害,确保当地农业高产优产是需要进一步研究的问题。     

1956-2005年中国暖冬和冬季温度变化

利用全国565个台站1956-2005年冬季平均温度资料,将多年温度变化划分为偏暖、偏冷和正常三类等概率气候事件,由此给出了一个新的暖冬指数和暖冬的定义。结果表明：暖冬指数与中国冬季温度的变暖趋势相一致,并表现出显著的年代际变化特征,其变率分别为10%/10 a和0.4℃/10 a。近50 a暖冬事件共计发生13次,其中近85%的暖冬发生在1986年以后。受年际尺度变化的影响,2004/2005年和2005/2006年暖冬主要发生在青藏高原和华南南部,而东北、内蒙古及中部大部分地区为冷冬或正常。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.