大理苍山—洱海局地环流的数值模拟

利用耦合了湖泊模型的WRF_CLM模式模拟了秋季大理苍山—洱海地区的局地环流特征。结果表明:模式对近地面温度、风向、风速的模拟与观测基本一致,模拟结果能较好地再现该地区山谷风和湖陆风相互作用的局地环流特征。在秋季,大理苍山的谷风起止时间为08:00~17:00(北京时,下同),湖风起止时间为09:00~19:00。局地环流受高山地形及洱海湖面影响明显,山谷风形成早于湖陆风1 h,夜间山风、陆风强盛于白天谷风、湖风。白天苍山谷风与洱海湖风的叠加作用会驱动谷风到达2600 m的高度,而傍晚最先形成的苍山山风则会减弱洱海的湖风环流。夜间盆地南部在两侧山风、陆风的共同作用下,形成稳定而持续的气旋式环流。日出以后,对流边界层迅速发展,边界层高度逐渐增高。陆地17:00温度达到最高,边界层高度也达到峰值2000 m,之后逐渐降低。日落后形成稳定边界层,边界层高度在夜间基本保持在100 m。相对于陆地,湖面白天边界层高度低300 m,夜间边界层高度高100 m。     

2022北京冬季奥运会冬季两项赛场山谷风现象初探

基于2019年1—3月张家口站探空资料与张家口市崇礼区B1638、B1640区域自动站的每小时2分钟平均风向、2分钟平均风速、整点气温及系留气艇探空资料分析第24届冬奥会冬季两项赛场的山谷风特征，为冬奥会天气预报提供参考。结果表明：环境风场较弱时，冬季两项赛场中存在山谷风现象，白天多上坡风及上谷风，夜间多下坡风及下谷风；山谷风系统一天具有两次风向的转变，下谷风转上谷风一般在日出后，而上谷风转下谷风一般在日落后；山谷风系统强度较弱，具有明显日变化，白天偏大而夜间偏小，并且受盛行西风影响明显；风向转变时，会伴随剧烈的气温升降，其原因与冷湖结构密切相关；对山谷风的预报需要综合考虑环境风场强弱、风向的转换时间、风速的分布、风向转换时气温的变化等。     

湛江东海岛二月海陆风环流特征研究

利用2011年2月湛江东海岛风廓线雷达资料,系统分析了湛江东海岛2月平均风场特征及海陆风特征,结果表明:2月湛江东海岛150 m高度处以东偏北出现频率最大,在E、ENE和NE三个方位的风向出现频率之和为66.6%,偏西七个方位的风向出现频率之和仅为1%。以SSW方位为界,偏东风与偏西风的出现频率差异明显。各整点的月平均风速1:00—15:00变化较小,均在1 m/s左右波动;15:00—20:00风速及风速波动都较大,最大值出现在16:00时,为2.1 m/s。2011年2月中只有2日与14日两日符合海陆风日条件,两日共同海风时段为13:00—20:00,持续7 h;陆风时段为2:00—7:00,持续5 h。海风平均风速为2.1 m/s,陆风平均风速为0.8 m/s,海风平均风速明显大于陆风风速。海风与陆风环流垂直高度相差甚小,约1.2 km,风速随高度变化趋势均为先增后减;海风最大风速出现在750 m高度处,陆风出现在500 m高度处,500～750 m高度区间海风环流强度明显强于陆风环流。2 km之上为均匀一致的系统性西风环流。     

延庆-张家口地区复杂地形冬季山谷风特征分析

基于2016年12月—2017年2月和2017年12月—2018年2月两年冬季的近地面自动气象站逐时观测数据以及张家口探空数据分析延庆-张家口一带（包括张家口崇礼、赤城、海坨、小五台山区,延怀、怀涿、洋河、蔚县盆地以及北京延庆、昌平、怀柔部分平原地区）复杂地形的风场精细化时、空分布特征,揭示不同复杂地形下局地风场的时、空变化规律,加深对复杂地形动力、热力作用对近地面风场影响的认识,为冬季山区风场预报以及复杂地形数值模式改进提供参考。结果表明:晴朗小风天风持续性作为矢量平均风速和标量平均风速的比值,可以作为研究风场变化规律的重要参数。根据风持续性的日变化特征,可以将研究区域内所有站点分为10种类型,分别代表不同局地地形特征的影响,风持续与风向变化的相关也很强。研究区域主要有3种类型的地形风:斜坡风、峡谷风以及较大尺度的山区平原风。不同地形特征下的风场、风持续性存在明显不同的日变化特征,山风和谷风相互转化的时间也不同,山区最早,盆地次之,平原区最晚;山风时段持续时间较谷风时段长,风速小;晴朗小风天实测风反映了实际风场的特征,而排除环境背景风场,弱化地形动力作用后整个冬季的局地风作为理论山谷风,更能反映热力作用下的山谷风特征。      

祁连山南麓夏季地形云特征及山谷风影响分析

利用门源、祁连气象站2004—2013年6—8月逐时常规观测资料,分析了地形云的日变化特征,结果表明:两站夏季总、低云量的日变化呈现双峰型特征;层积云和积雨云的日变化呈反相特征。层积云出现频率最高在清晨,积雨云在午后至傍晚出现频率最高;门源站层积云出现频率高于祁连站,而祁连站积雨云出现频率高于门源站。两站山谷风环流特征明显,风速最大值出现在午后,最小值出现在清晨;门源站谷风控制时间长于山风,祁连站山风控制时间长于谷风。两站积雨云出现时间与山谷风风速最大值出现时间之间具有对应关系;有天气系统影响时形成的积雨云,持续时间较长,降水较多;仅由地形风及热力、湍流作用形成的积雨云,持续时间较短,降水较少。层积云的形成有3种类型:第1种由高层云演变而来;第2种由积雨云对流发展受到抑制而形成;第3种由局地山谷风环流形成,云的形成与山谷风环流以及边界层日变化特征相关。     

珠峰地区雨季对流层大气的特征分析

利用2007年7月中国科学院珠穆朗玛峰综合观测站的边界层塔、无线电探空和风温廓线仪观测资料,分析了珠穆朗玛峰地区雨季低层大气风温湿等特征.珠峰地区雨季近地层风速、风向、温度等有明显的日变化.近地层风的日变化有两个很明显的阶段,00:00～14:30受谷风的影响而刮偏北风,14:30～24:00受冰川风的影响以偏南风为主.白天的冰川风比夜间的谷风要强些.中午13:30在600m以下存在强水平风速垂直切变,这可能是珠峰地区发生降雨的重要原因之一.低空急流在夏季比较常见.对流层平均降温率为0.685K/100m.低层大气的相对湿度一般有两个峰值高度,最大值在4000m以下,第二峰值高度不固定,到16000m以后相对湿度超不过10%.各层大气的风速风向差别较大.     

天山北坡四工河流域6月山谷风特征分析

通过使用小气候自动观测仪对天山北坡四工河流域进行的对比观测分析,得出以下结论:山风平均风速大于谷风1ms/以上;谷风周期要明显长于山风周期;山谷风的转换期风向紊乱,风速较小,甚至表现为零;山谷风在强天气系统的背景下表现微乎其微;山谷风环流对保持山区的热量平衡具有重要的作用。     

基于地基与星载激光雷达技术的武夷山山谷风环流研究分析北大核心CSCD

山谷风是一种热力驱动产生的局地环流,武夷山市三面环山,中部为丘陵地带,使得该地常年盛行山谷风。基于地面气象观测站、边界层测风激光雷达及激光雷达卫星Aeolus数据研究了武夷山山谷风环流特征。结果表明,夏季出现山谷风日天数最多,山谷风日出现时大气日变化特征显著,表现为山风出现的时间段,以偏北风为主,风速较小,低空激光雷达回波信号较强,气流运动以下沉为主,垂直方向上形成环流圈;谷风阶段,以偏南风为主,较山风阶段风速有所增强,低空激光雷达回波信号减弱,以上升气流为主;激光雷达数据融合的风廓线可见,武夷山非山谷风日常出现在对流层中低层盛行偏南风的天气形势下,偏南风将水汽输送至当地,使得当地低空被较厚云层覆盖或出现降水过程,从而削弱了山地与谷地的热力差异,局地环流被打破,山谷风环流无法形成。     

延安市冬季边界层风、温场特征分布

本文利用1985年12月25日—1986年1月9日的实测资料,分析了延安市冬季边界层风、温场特征。结果表明:延安市冬季低层逆温持续时间长、强度大,逆温持续期近地面几十米表现为混合层结构。边界层风场十分复杂,时空变化大,地面常为小风状态,风向、风速沿垂直方向有明显切变,低层流场有显著渠道效应,山谷风明显。     

珠穆朗玛峰地区气象要素特征观测研究

利用中央气象台奥运火炬传递珠峰气象保障队获取的第一手资料,对2007年4月12日-5月8日珠穆朗玛峰(简称珠峰)大本营地面自动站和79次探空实测资料进行分析,揭示了珠峰地区气象要素变化的观测事实。结果表明:受珠峰北坡绒布冰川沉降风影响,珠峰大本营盛行南风;风速和气温日变化呈单峰分布,风速极小值和日最低气温出现在08:00(北京时,下同),而极大值出现在15:00前后;相对湿度峰值出现在07:00和23:00,正午前后相对湿度最小。6200 m高度以下几乎昼夜恒吹下山风,偏南风在22:00至次日00:00最强;7200-9000 m高度风向主要以偏西风为主,风速随高度也明显增加。5200-8000 m各高度上,日最低气温始终出现在08:00,最高气温出现在16:00,8200 m以上气温呈现出多波动起伏。在6700-9700 m高度能维持相对湿度的高值中心,大值区主要位于6500-8800 m高度。高空西风锋区位于12000-15000 m,对流层顶高度大约在18200 m左右。     

Inland and Offshore Propagation Speeds of a Sea Breeze from Simulations and Measurements

The inland and offshore propagation speeds of a sea breeze circulation cell are simulated using a three-dimensional hydrostatic model within a terrain-following coordinate system. The model includes a third-order semi-Lagrangian advection scheme, which compares well in a one-dimensional stand-alone test with the more complex Bott and Smolarkiewicz advection schemes. Two turbulence schemes are available: a local scheme by Louis (1979) and a modified non-local scheme based on Zhang and Anthes (1982). Both compare well with higher-order closure schemes using the Wangara data set for Day 33–34 (Clark et al., 1971).Two-dimensional cross-sections derived from airborne sea breeze measurements (Finkele et al. 1995) constitute the basis for comparison with two-dimensional numerical model results. The offshore sea breeze propagation speed is defined as the speed at which the seaward extent of the sea breeze grows offshore. On a study day, the offshore sea breeze propagation speed, from both measurements and model, is -3.4 m s^-1. The measured inland propagation speed of the sea breeze decreased somewhat during the day. The model results show a fairly uniform inland propagation speed of 1.6 m s^-1 which corresponds to the average measured value. The offshore sea breeze propagation speed is about twice the inland propagation speed for this particular case study, from both the model and measurements.The influence of the offshore geostrophic wind on the sea breeze evolution, offshore extent and inland penetration are investigated. For moderate offshore geostrophic winds (-5.0 m s^-1), the offshore and inland propagation speeds are non-uniform. The offshore extent in moderate geostrophic wind conditions is similar to the offshore extent in light wind conditions (-2.5 m s^-1). The inland extent is greater in light offshore geostrophic winds than in moderate ones. This suggests that the offshore extent of the sea breeze is less sensitive to the offshore geostrophic wind than its inland extent. However, these results hold only if it is possible to define an inland propagation speed. For stronger offshore geostrophic winds (-7.5 m s^-1), the sea breeze is completely offshore and the inland propagation speed is ill-defined.     

云贵高原洱海湖泊效应的数值模拟

采用耦合湖泊模型的WRF_CLM模式模拟山谷盆地中洱海的湖泊效应,并利用陆面(农田)和湖面的站点观测资料对模式进行了验证和校验。基于数值模式的模拟结果,分析了季风和非季风期间,洱海存在与否对山谷盆地局地环流及大气边界层结构的影响。发现非季风期湖泊对局地环流及大气边界层影响显著。相对于陆地,湖泊白天湍流通量输送少,湍流发展弱,大气边界层高度低。如果湖泊不存在,白天苍山山谷风只能上升至约200 m的高度,没有明显的山谷风环流形成;夜间则山风较强,两侧山风共同作用在山谷,环流高度约600 m。季风期,受降水天气影响,局地环流发展不充分。白天湖面辐散以及夜间湖泊南部的气旋式环流弱,湖泊作用没有非季风期明显。云的形成导致边界层高度较低。夜间,湖泊增强释放潜热、感热作用明显;此时湍流发展,夜间边界层反而比白天高。     

Inland penetration of the sea breeze over the suburban area of Tokyo

Observational results of the structure of the sea breeze over the urban and suburban areas of Tokyo for four summer days are presented.On two of these days, the inland penetration of the sea breeze front could be clearly traced. In one case, the sea breeze was first observed along the shores of Tokyo Bay around 0900 JST, and propagated in three hours through the Tokyo City area, the width of which is about 20 km. It then advanced inland at a rate of 16 km h^–1. Prior to the arrival of the sea breeze at the suburban site, the mixing height had remained at about 600 m for four hours. With the arrival of the sea breeze front, accompanied by an abrupt change in wind speed and direction, the mixing height increased sharply to 1700 m. It is suggested that this behavior and the structure of the front are intensified due to the urban effect, or the difference in the thermal characteristics between the urban and rural areas.On the days without a sea breeze front, the land breeze system during the early morning was less intense, allowing the sea breeze to develop simultaneously with the inland valley wind and easily form a large-scale local wind system during the morning hours. In both cases, the vertical motion accompanying the local wind system works as a feedback mechanism to control the local winds by modifying the thermal and pressure fields.     

Simulation of a Summer Urban Breeze Over Paris

Numerical simulations for an anticyclonic summer episode in the Paris area have been performed at the meso- scale for a 48-hour period, and compared to observations from a dense operational observational network. The meteorological stations have been classified, according to the extent of urbanization of their surroundings, into four classes (central Paris, urban, suburban, and rural). The atmospheric model, coupled with an urban surface scheme, correctly reproduces the temperature (within 1 K from the observations) and humidity. The intense urban heat island during the night is also well represented.Following the validation, the model is used to quantify atmospheric effects of Paris on the boundary layer, through a comparison with a purely rural simulation. At night, the model simulates a neutral or even slightly unstable boundary layer to a depth of 200 m over the city. In contrast, a very stable layer formed in the countryside. During the day, the boundary layer was more turbulent and 500 m deeper over Paris; vertical velocities of up to 1 m s^-1 were created over the city. This leads to an urban breeze with convergence at low levels (with winds around 5 to 7 m s^-1), and divergence at the boundary-layer top (with similar wind speeds). The horizontal extent of the breeze reaches for more than 50 km from the city centre, and could have an important impact on pollutant diffusion in the area for calm days.Finally, three other spring cases are presented briefly. These show that an urban breeze develops if the synoptic wind is weak enough or disorganized; an urban plume develops otherwise.     

山东沿海风能资源分布特征及评估

利用山东省沿海测风塔70 m高度完整1 a的观测资料计算分析风能资源参数特征.结果表明：山东沿海地区平均风速与有效风功率密度分布特征相似,烟台沿海区域平均风速及有效风功率密度最大分别达到6.7 m/s、463.5 W/m²,沿海北部地区风能资源最为丰富,日照地区最少;受海陆风作用,春季风能资源最好,其次是冬季,夏季最差,风速最大值基本出现在14-16时;年有效风能时数及百分率分别为7 440 h、85%;风能密度分布基本以偏北或偏南方位较大.沿海区域风能资源分布特征与长年代评估结果及数值模拟结果基本一致.     

Interaction of the sea breeze with a river breeze in an area of complex coastal heating

A three-dimensional finite-element mesoscale model is used to study the interaction of two different but related mesoscale phenomena in an area having a complex pattern of surface heating. The model simulations have been compared with temperature and wind fields observed on a typical fall day during the Kennedy Space Center Atmospheric Boundary Layer Experiment on the east coast of Florida.Numerical results and observations both show that the meso- scale flow field is significantly modified from the conventional coastal-flow patterns by the smaller meso- scale irregular geographic features in this area. A local river breeze is observed to develop around the Indian River almost the same time as the Atlantic sea breeze. A comparison of the sea and the river breezes shows a large difference in their horizontal circulations but only slight differences in their vertical scales. The sea breeze intensifies more rapidly than the river breeze, so that a lag of 1 to 1.5 h exists between their most developed stages. The river breeze is relatively stationary, whereas the sea breeze propagates inland, with an eventual merger of the two circulations occurring about 6–8 h after their onset.Different synoptic wind regimes create different flow structures. Well-defined sea- and river-breeze circulations become established under calm, weak offshore, and weak alongshore synoptic-wind conditions. Maximum vertical velocities occur in the sea-breeze front (river-breeze front) in the cases of calm (offshore winds). The sea breeze and the river breeze are weaker when the synoptic winds are stronger.Finally, the results from numerical experiments designed to isolate the rivers' effect indicate that the convergence in the sea-breeze front is suppressed when it passes over the cooler surface of the rivers.Journal Paper No. J-14150 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa, Project No. 2779     

多云天气下海南岛海风环流结构的数值模拟

利用WRF-Noah耦合中尺度模式对海南岛2012年7月5日的多云海风个例进行三维高分辨率数值模拟,重点分析多云天气条件下复杂地形区域的海风环流结构及其演变特征。通过观测资料与模拟结果的对比发现,WRF模式能够合理地模拟出岛屿四周的海风演变特征。与少云海风日相似,多云海风日中全岛海风于12时开始形成,15时海风发展最为强盛,影响范围最广,18时全岛海风的辐合程度最强,海风辐合区是主要的潜在降水区域。对比山区与平坦地区的海风环流发现,山区海风环流强盛期为13—18时,而平坦地区海风环流强盛期为15—18时。复杂的山地对海风环流结构有直接和间接的影响:一方面在山地地形动力阻挡和抬升作用下,海风环流变得更加清晰完整,间接延长了海风环流的维持时间;另一方面局地地形热力作用形成的谷风环流与海风几乎同时产生和消亡,两者汇合后,谷风的瞬间加强会引起海风锋锋消,瞬间减弱会引起海风锋锋生;两者同相叠加会使得海风环流结构更加完整。相比之下,平坦地区的海风受到的地形动力和热力作用小,海风水平分布比较规则,海风环流垂直结构的变化主要取决于不同方向海风之间的相互作用。     

Nocturnal Airflow from Urban Parks-Implications for City Ventilation

Summary The spatial and temporal pattern of nocturnal airflow in and around two urban parks in Scandinavia were analysed. The results, based on 724 field measurements during 21 case studies, showed that both parks generated a local airflow during clear and calm weather conditions. The spatial pattern was characterised by calm in the middle of the park and a steady airflow towards the surrounding built-up areas at the park borders. The airflow from the park started one to two hours after sunset and continued during a period of four to eight hours. The wind speed was low (< 0.5 ms⁻¹) and the local air flow reached a short distance from the park border. In the flat park in K?benhavn, Denmark, the air flow from the park was attributed solely to the development of a thermally induced park breeze. The park breeze development was also predominant in the park in G?teborg, Sweden, but the influence of topography could not be totally excluded. The origin of the airflow from the park and its importance for urban air quality were discussed. Received April 15, 1999Revised December 2, 1999