气候变化对栾川工农业生产的影响

20世纪90年代以来,栾川县降水持续偏少,蒸发量增大,湿度减小,干旱发生的频率明显增多,强度加强.干旱导致的水资源紧缺,严重影响工业生产,造成粮食减产、农业生产成本加大、森林病虫害蔓延和森林火灾频发.加大植树造林、退耕还林的力度,调整农业产业结构,实施人工增雨,开发空中水资源,是应对气候变化的有效措施.     

罗甸县春旱特征及成因浅析

根据2006年新颁布实施的《贵州省干旱标准》,利用罗甸县相关气候资料、春旱旱情资料和该县石漠化现状调查、森林资源调查等成果进行综合统计分析。结果表明:春旱是罗甸县发生最为频繁的气象灾害,重级和特重级春旱频率高、前春干旱重于后春干旱、跨季节连旱频繁是其基本特征。该县干旱的成因是该县地理位置、地形地貌、大气环流与生态环境等综合作用的结果,其石漠化较重、森林覆盖率低的北部乡镇春旱要重于石漠化程度较低、森林覆盖率较高的中南部乡镇。     

韶关市水资源分析及应对水资源短缺的措施

通过对降水、蒸发、径流、客水等要素的时空分析,认为韶关水资源总量充沛,但时空分布不均,洪涝和干旱灾害频繁。目前总体来说水量供需基本平衡,随着气候变化和社会发展对水资源需求的增长,极可能出现水资源短缺。开发利用空中水资源、加强水利工程建设、科学调度和用水、推广节水技术、加大污水处理等是韶关市应对水资源短缺的措施。     

下垫面自然性质的变化与沙尘暴

人类活动改变了下垫面的自然性质；森林覆盖面积减小，坡地、干旱地植被遭破坏，海洋被石油污染，下垫面自然性质被破坏的直接结果，是气候变干旱，土地沙漠化加剧，风沙尘暴增多。     

卫星遥感资料在森林火灾监测中的应用

1引言 大兴安岭林区是我国重要的林业基地，近几年，由于气候干旱和火灾造成的损失越来越严重，气象卫星监测林火在森林防火工作中发挥了重要的作用，但卫星资料在森林保护工作中应用还存在一定的局限性，通过介绍卫星遥感技术应用同时，旨在拓宽思路，为大兴安岭森林生态系统的建设提供更完善的卫星遥感应用服务。     

丽水雷击森林火灾天气分析

丽水地处浙西南丘陵地带,属于南岭山脉的余脉,是华东地区唯一的全国生态示范区,森林覆盖率达79%以上。该地森林火灾多发于冬春干燥季节,且人为因素居多,但近年来由于异常干旱,雷击引起相当比例的森林火灾。文章主要应用天气形势分析和物理量分析的方法,从地表状况和天气条件两方面分析了2003和2004年发生在丽水境内4次比较典型的引起森林火灾的雷击天气过程,从中归纳出一些有利于引发雷击森林火灾的地表条件和气象条件,为森林火险的预报和防灾救灾提供参考。     

春季东北冷涡背景下的人工增雨作业条件研究

<正>1引言黑龙江省是全国重要的商品粮生产基地,同时也是我国森林资源最丰富的省份。但近些年受全球气候变暖影响,黑龙江省平均气温不断升高,降水减少,干旱频率增大,尤其是黑龙江省西部地区水资源严重短缺,春、秋季节常有干旱情况发生。干旱会直接造成农作物的大量减产,同时也增加了森林火灾发生的危险性,严重制约社会经济的发展、粮食安全和生态环境建设。因此,在适当的条件下开展人工增雨作业,开发利用空中云水资源,提高大气降水效率,来缓解局部地区的干旱是必要的。     

黑龙江省高、低森林火险气象等级天气形势浅析

林火发生必须具备3个条件，即：森林可燃物、火险天气和火源。在森林可燃物和火源具备的情况下，林火能否发生主要取决于火险天气，一般来说，火险天气也就是有利于发生森林火灾的天气气候条件,如气温高、降水少、相对湿度小、风大、长期干旱等。造成不同森林火险气象等级的天气气候条件(各种气象因子）是十分复杂的。从天气形势分型的角度探索了造成高、低森林火险气象等级的典型环流特征,为实际预报业务提供参考。     

潮州市森林火险预警信号发布条件

2006年10月底～11月中旬和2007年1月底,潮州市出现了长时间干旱少雨,全市发布了不同级别的森林火险预警信号,这是自《广东省突发气象灾害预警信号发布规定》颁布实施以来潮州首次发布森林火险预警信号,通过对两次实际操作的分析,结合历史统计资料归纳出本地发布森林火险预警信号的气象参考指标。     

2007年春季大兴安岭森林火灾的遥感监测及气候背景分析

利用AVHRR资料对2007年春季大兴安岭松岭区罕诺河林场的森林火灾进行了遥感监测,并对火灾发生的气候背景进行了分析。火灾发生地松岭区2007年1～4月降水总量为36mm,比历年同期少1mm,2007年1～4月平均温度为-9.6℃,比历年同期高2.5℃,高温和干旱是此次森林火灾发生的主要气候背景。     

Uncertainties in historical changes and future projections of drought. Part II: model-simulated historical and future drought changes

While most models project large increases in agricultural drought frequency and severity in the 21st century, significant uncertainties exist in these projections. Here, we compare the model-simulated changes with observation-based estimates since 1900 and examine model projections from both the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) and Phase 5 (CMIP5). We use the self-calibrated Palmer Drought Severity Index with the Penman-Monteith potential evapotranspiration (PET) (sc_PDSI_pm) as a measure of agricultural drought. Results show that estimated long-term changes in global and hemispheric drought areas from 1900 to 2014 are consistent with the CMIP3 and CMIP5 model-simulated response to historical greenhouse gases and other external forcing, with the short-term variations within the model spread of internal variability, despite that regional changes are still dominated by internal variability. Both the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models project continued increases (by 50–200 % in a relative sense) in the 21st century in global agricultural drought frequency and area even under low-moderate emissions scenarios, resulting from a decrease in the mean and flattening of the probability distribution functions (PDFs) of the sc_PDSI_pm. This flattening is especially pronounced over the Northern Hemisphere land, leading to increased drought frequency even over areas with increasing sc_PDSI_pm. Large differences exist in the CMIP3 and CMIP5 model-projected precipitation and drought changes over the Sahel and northern Australia due to uncertainties in simulating the African Inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) and the subsidence zone over northern Australia, while the wetting trend over East Africa reflects a robust response of the Indian Ocean ITCZ seen in both the CMIP3 and CMIP5 models. While warming-induced PET increases over all latitudes and precipitation decreases over subtropical land are responsible for mean sc_PDSI_pm decreases, the exact cause of its PDF flattening needs further investigation.     

The carbon cost of agricultural production in the global land rush

Increases in the number of large-scale land transactions (LSLTs), commonly known as ‘land grabbing’ or ‘global land rush,’ have occurred throughout the lower- and middle-income world over the past two decades. Despite substantial and continuing concerns about the negative socio-environmental impacts of LSLTs, trade-off analysis on boosting crop yield and minimizing climate-related effects remains limited. Our study makes use of a global dataset on LSLTs for agricultural production to estimate potential carbon emissions based on different scenarios of land cover change and fertilizer use, as well as potential value of agricultural production on transacted land. We show that, if fully implemented on ∼ 38 M ha of transacted land, 2.51 GtC will be emitted during land conversion, with another 24.2 MtC/year emitted from fertilizer use, assuming farming technology of investors’ origin is adopted on transacted land. Comparison of different combinations of forest protection policies and agricultural intensification levels reveals that enforcing strict deforestation regulation while promoting fertilizer use rate improves the carbon efficiency of agricultural production. Additionally, positive spillovers of investors’ farming technology on existing arable lands of host countries can potentially double their crop yield. Our analyses thus suggest that fostering agricultural intensification and technology spillovers under strict regulation on land allocation to investors to protect forests would allow for boosting agricultural yield while minimizing carbon emissions.     

华北地区农业干旱预测模型及其应用研究

对华北地区冬小麦进行了水分胁迫实验，确定了冬小麦光合作用速率对水分胁迫的响应曲线，提出了农业干旱指数和农业干旱预警指数两个基本概念，在此基础上建立了具有明确生物学机理的华北农业干旱预测数值模式。对北京、石家庄、郑州和济南1998年至2000年432旬的农业干旱模拟结果表明:农业干旱预警定性准确率为90.7%，定量准确率在87.5%左右；此外，模拟表明模式也可以对区域农业干旱进行准确有效的预测。利用1961~2000年气象资料对北京等地区历年农业干旱进行数值分析，结果表明:不同于大气干旱，在自然气象条件下，北京等地区作物生长期内几乎每年都存在农业干旱现象，特别是冬小麦灌浆至成熟期每年均存在一次较为严重的农业干旱胁迫过程，但农业干旱胁迫程度年际间存在一定波动，功率谱分析表明其具有3~6年的周期变化规律。对平均气候状况下华北地区农业干旱进行了时空动态分析，结果发现在自然条件下，华北大部分地区冬小麦4月下旬至5月下旬，即大约在冬小麦开花、灌浆至成熟期，农业干旱胁迫指数存在一种自然的逐渐加强的动态过程，这与华北地区的农业生产实践是基本一致的。     

Spatiotemporal analysis of the agricultural drought risk in Heilongjiang Province,China

Droughts are natural disasters that pose significant threats to agricultural production as well as living conditions, and a spatial-temporal difference analysis of agricultural drought risk can help determine the spatial distribution and temporal variation of the drought risk within a region. Moreover, this type of analysis can provide a theoretical basis for the identification, prevention, and mitigation of drought disasters. In this study, the overall dispersion and local aggregation of projection points were based on research by Friedman and Tukey (IEEE Trans on Computer 23:881–890, 1974). In this work, high-dimensional samples were clustered by cluster analysis. The clustering results were represented by the clustering matrix, which determined the local density in the projection index. This method avoids the problem of determining a cutoff radius. An improved projection pursuit model is proposed that combines cluster analysis and the projection pursuit model, which offer advantages for classification and assessment, respectively. The improved model was applied to analyze the agricultural drought risk of 13 cities in Heilongjiang Province over 6 years (2004, 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012, and 2014). The risk of an agricultural drought disaster was characterized by 14 indicators and the following four aspects: hazard, exposure, sensitivity, and resistance capacity. The spatial distribution and temporal variation characteristics of the agricultural drought risk in Heilongjiang Province were analyzed. The spatial distribution results indicated that Suihua, Qigihar, Daqing, Harbin, and Jiamusi are located in high-risk areas, Daxing’anling and Yichun are located in low-risk areas, and the differences among the regions were primarily caused by the aspects exposure and resistance capacity. The temporal variation results indicated that the risk of agricultural drought in most areas presented an initially increasing and then decreasing trend. A higher value for the exposure aspect increased the risk of drought, whereas a higher value for the resistance capacity aspect reduced the risk of drought. Over the long term, the exposure level of the region presented limited increases, whereas the resistance capacity presented considerable increases. Therefore, the risk of agricultural drought in Heilongjiang Province will continue to exhibit a decreasing trend.     

辽宁省农业干旱监测预报业务系统的设计与实现

为了提高农业干旱的监测预测服务能力,减少农业干旱对社会生产生活的影响,通过对干旱信息的采集、存储、加工处理和干旱产品的制作发布等环节进行梳理与完善,构建辽宁省农业干旱监测预报业务系统,实现了对农业干旱的一体化、精细化和定量化监测和预测,实现了干旱产品的标准化、自动化制作和发布。该系统依托农业干旱监测技术、遥感干旱监测技术、农业干旱预报技术等手段,实现了观测数据的收集存储、干旱信息的展示分析和干旱产品的制作发布等功能,并形成了省、市、县一体化干旱服务体系。最终实现对干旱的全方位监测、立体化服务模式,从而提高应对干旱灾害的防灾减灾能力。该系统的业务化应用提高了农业干旱监测预测的定量化、自动化和智能化水平,提升了地面和卫星遥感干旱监测预测的业务能力。该系统构建的省市县一体化服务模式,形成了省级农业气象业务中心统一制作干旱产品,省、市、县3级同时开展精细化干旱指导服务的体系。     

武鸣县旱涝的气候规律及其对农业生产的影响

通过对武鸣县境内出现干旱与洪涝灾害的规律和特点分析,找出了降水特征及旱涝形成的原因其及对农业生产的影响,并根据现代农业生产的特点提出了生产逮议,为使农业生产趋利避害,取得高产稳产打下良好的基础。     

东北地区农业气象灾害定量评估

利用1971—2008年东北地区农业生产资料及主要农业气象灾害资料,计算了干旱、洪涝、风雹和低温冷害的影响权重、成灾率及其变异值。在此基础上,分析了4类灾害对农业生产的影响程度,并进行了综合评估。结果表明：东北地区干旱影响权重最大,并呈增加趋势;黑龙江省各种灾害权重均大于吉林省、辽宁省;东北地区气象灾害以小灾和轻灾为主,但气象灾害对农业生产危害程度越来越严重,特别是2000年以来,重大灾害的发生频率明显升高。     

井冈山森林火灾与气象条件的相关分析

根据江西井冈山森林火灾资料,利用一元回归和逐步回归分析方法,对井冈山1991—2000年森林火灾发生期间的连旱日数、降水量、相对湿度、气温、风速5个主要气象指标进行分析,将各指标分别与火灾发生次数、森林受害面积进行回归计算,建立了利用连旱日数和降水量预测森林火灾受灾面积及发生次数的数学模型。模式运算结果表明,当火灾发生前15 d连旱日数增加时,火灾次数增加;当火灾发生前15 d连旱日数增加、降水量减少时,火灾面积增加。     

Agriculture,irrigation and drought induced international migration: Evidence from Mexico

There is now substantial empirical evidence that climatic variability increases international migration, but relatively little is known about the mechanism driving the association and about adaptations that may reduce it. We use detailed data on migrants from Mexico to the U.S. to provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that drought induced migration from Mexico to the U.S. is mediated by agricultural income shocks. Migration rates increase in drought years, but only in Mexico’s drier regions, and the response is stronger in states and seasons in which agricultural production is also more sensitive to precipitation. Moreover, among the sample, only farmers display a significant increase in migration rates in drought years, and the effect is substantially weaker for households with access to irrigation.     

Subnational institutions and power of landholders drive illegal deforestation in a major commodity production frontier

Deforestation is a main threat to the biosphere due to its contribution to biodiversity loss, carbon emissions, and land degradation. Most deforestation is illegal and continues unabated, representing around half of the total deforestation in the tropics and subtropics. Quantifying illegal deforestation is challenging, let alone assessing the social and institutional processes underlying its occurrence. We tackle this challenge by quantifying the relative influence of individual (i.e., landholders’ power, landholding size) and contextual (i.e., subnational institutions, agricultural suitability) factors on the type and size of illegal deforestation in the Argentine Dry Chaco, a major commodity production frontier and global deforestation hotspot. We build a Bayesian network fed with data of 244 illegal deforestation events, obtained from journalistic articles, grey literature, key informant interviews, and geospatial analyses. The results reveal that more powerful landholders were associated with larger illegal deforestation events. Policy simulations suggest that higher concentration of land in the hands of powerful landholders and more flexible subnational forest regulations would escalate illegal deforestation. This points to the need for a smart policy mix that integrates across economic, agricultural, and environmental sectors to halt illegal deforestation at commodity production frontiers. A land tenure reform can facilitate forest protection, while incentives to land-use diversification and the criminal prosecution of illegal deforestation are critical to shift landholder behavior towards more balanced production and conservation outcomes.