渤海西岸偏东风对天津局地大暴雨的影响分析

利用加密自动气象站、多普勒天气雷达和风廓线雷达等高时空分辨率资料,分析2017年7月6日天津一次局地大暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统发展演变特征,讨论渤海西岸边界层偏东风的垂直结构、温湿特性及其对局地大暴雨的作用。结果表明:局地大暴雨由两个暖区中尺度对流系统和一个低涡切变线系统造成,偏东风作用下的暖区第二个中尺度对流系统主导了局地大暴雨的形成。大暴雨中心两侧的温湿特征均呈“东高西低”分布,偏东气流具有暖湿特性,为暖区对流暴雨的发生发展提供了有利的环境条件。由于海陆地形差异,偏东气流自渤海向内陆推进过程中呈现明显的风速扰动特征,不仅导致水汽辐合,同时有利于上升运动发展。其中,0.6 km以下偏东风的中尺度扰动对局地大暴雨的触发和维持起重要作用,风速辐合强迫产生的上升气流是γ中尺度对流单体的重要触发机制,而强降水冷池出流与不断增强的暖湿偏东人流相互作用形成地面中尺度辐合线,使对流系统得以稳定维持,40 dBz以上强降水回波持续近3 h,平均6 min降水量达6.8 mm。此外,局地大暴雨的雨强变化与东风急流波动关系密切,急流的建立、发展、减弱和消失分别对应降水的陡增、峰值、减弱和陡降四个阶段。     

2017年7月初柳州特大暴雨成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料和柳州多普勒雷达观测资料,采用天气学诊断分析方法,对2017年7月1-2日发生在柳州市的一次特强降水过程进行了分析。结果表明:高原槽、低涡切变以及地面辐合线是此次过程的主要影响系统;副热带高压的稳定维持,使高原槽长时间停滞在黔桂交界一带;地面中尺度辐合线的长久维持为强降水提供了动力抬升的条件,辐合上升运动增强激发出大量的中尺度对流云团,强回波形成列车效应,从而产生大暴雨。     

新疆天山南麓一次冰雹天气成因分析

利用常规观测资料、NCEP 1°×1°的6h再分析资料和地面加密自动气象观测资料,分析了2010年5月15日发生在新疆沙雅县境内的一次强冰雹天气。分析显示,巴尔喀什湖低槽、冰雹区上游的中尺度切变线是冰雹天气的直接影响系统,其水汽源于塔里木盆地西部和中部地区,水汽在低层集中和输送,冰雹区上空的辐合上升运动为冰雹出现提供了水汽和动力条件,强冰雹产生在地面高能区附近,冰雹发生前低层和整层大气存在不稳定能量。此次强冰雹过程中对应地面上有中尺度低压、中尺度辐合线和中尺度涡旋,强冰雹是由γ中尺度对流单体产生的,中尺度辐合线维持5h,中尺度涡旋维持3h,γ中尺度对流单体的生命史为30min左右。     

1211号“海葵”台风登陆后引发两段大暴雨过程的对比分析

利用地面加密自动站观测资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对1211号“海葵”台风登陆后在江苏引发的两段降水对流特征差异明显的大暴雨天气进行对比分析。结果表明:第一段区域性大暴雨天气发生在台风环流中心及北侧偏东风急流附近,此时台风环流完整,中心维持正压结构,环流中心及其北侧偏东急流附近伴有较大范围的水汽辐合和强上升运动,有利于区域性大暴雨天气发生,但降水发生在近乎中性的层结下,降水分布较均匀,发展平缓,降水期间对流活动较弱;第二段大暴雨则发生在远离环流中心的台风倒槽顶部,降水期间暴雨区中高层伴有较明显的冷平流,有利于对流不稳定层结发展,降水发展过程中,地面风场出现中尺度扰动,增强了局地辐合和气旋性涡度,加之地面锋区发展,促进了中尺度对流系统的形成和发展,此段降水中尺度特征显著,发展迅速,雨强大,伴有明显的对流特征,导致出现局地特大暴雨天气。     

豫东北一次春季大暴雨的环境条件与中尺度特征分析

利用常规观测资料以及卫星云图、雷达产品、区域自动站降水量资料与NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°再分析资料,对2018年5月15日豫东北罕见大暴雨过程的降水特征、环境条件与中尺度特征进行了分析.结果表明:(1)副热带高压西侧西南急流输送、对流层中层短波槽影响、低空急流加强发展及北上、高空强辐散等天气系统合理配置,是这次暴雨过程发生的有利环流背景;强低空急流为暴雨的形成提供了充沛的水汽和位势不稳定条件;低层切变线触发、弱冷空气扩散及地面中尺度辐合线抬升是暴雨形成的动力机制.(2)超低空充足的水汽输送及强辐合、对流不稳定能量偏高、大气层结极不稳定是此次暴雨发生的主要环境特征.(3)强降水过程主要由2个β中尺度对流系统造成,暴雨区上空对流云团新生维持(或移入)是强降水维持较长时间的重要原因.(4)雷达观测显示,在极强对流不稳定环境下,位于对流云团前温度大梯度区的豫北多地不断有γ中尺度回波单体生成,其东移加强并在豫东北强烈发展为线(带)状多单体风暴,形成明显的局地强回波"列车效应",导致豫东北局地大暴雨.     

一次梅雨锋特大暴雨过程分析及数值模拟

利用常规观测资料、NCEP、卫星、雷达和地面加密观测等资料,对2010年6月1 7 20日江西北部一次罕见大暴雨过程进行天气动力学诊断分析、中尺度分析和WRF模式模拟分析。结果表明：（1）这次罕见大暴雨是一次典型梅雨锋暴雨,是在极为有利的天气形势下导致的强β中尺度系统强烈发展所致。500hPa东亚大槽槽后冷平流与强盛稳定的副高西北侧西南气流汇合,导致冷暖交汇带在江南北部维持。（2）冷暖交汇带的稳定和西南暖湿气流的异常强盛,使暴雨的水汽、动力、热力条件十分充足,非常有利于触发中小尺度对流系统强烈发展。（3）强盛水汽及辐合上升运动、低层西南急流加强、中层弱冷空气活动、对流不稳定层结加剧、地面辐合线维持少动、β中尺度强低涡形成并维持、高层强辐散等多种因素的共同组合叠加作用导致了特大暴雨发生。（4）数值模拟分析显示,19日08时β中尺度低涡形成与暖湿气流和弱冷空气共同作用有关;该低涡垂直厚度在550～950hPa之间,850和900hPa最强;并在该低涡南侧出现一串近东西向排列的30～60km更小尺度的强对流系统,它们与特大暴雨区相吻合。     

2015年6月3日江西省北部大暴雨过程的中尺度特征分析

利用常规气象资料、天气雷达资料、卫星观测资料及NCEP再分析资料,对2015年6月3日发生在江西省北部的局地特大暴雨天气过程的中尺度特征进行分析。结果表明:短时大暴雨是在中低纬地区纬向环流背景下,西风带低槽、中低层切变线、急流、中尺度辐合线共同作用形成的。地面中尺度辐合线是导致大暴雨形成的触发系统,其生成和发展使地面气流的辐合和底层的上升运动得到增强。中心速度为-1.2 Pa/s的强上升区位于925—700 h Pa高度层,强烈的上升运动将中底层辐合的水汽抬升至200 h Pa高度层,释放了更多的不稳定能量。对流性回波整体移动方向和引导气流方向二者的矢量和为偏东方向,与强回波的分布方向一致,形成了明显的"列车效应"。     

天津一次突发性局地大暴雨中尺度分析

利用加密自动气象站、天津MM5、NCEP1°×1°的6小时再分析资料以及多普勒雷达等资料,对2007年8月26日出现在天津东部地区的局地大暴雨进行了天气学、动力学诊断和中尺度分析.结果表明,暴雨是在大尺度环流形势由经向调整为纬向时期产生的,中低层西风槽、切变线以及地面中尺度辐合线是其主要影响系统;强降水的时空分布有明显的中尺度特征;暴雨区上空形成的斜升气流,有利于强雷暴云的稳定发展;低空东南急流和地面偏东风为暴雨区输送了大量的水汽;地面中尺度辐合线的存在和维持不仅增强了地面的辐合抬升,同时也是造成此次局地大暴雨的中尺度系统和触发条件.多普勒雷达图中明显的列车效应以及强回波伸展的高度与当天0℃层高度的对应关系也是产生强降水的主要原因.     

新疆西部一次大暴雨形成机理的数值模拟初步分析

2016年7月31日至8月1日新疆西部发生了一次罕见的大暴雨过程,利用常规观测资料、FY-2G卫星TBB（Black-Body Temperature）资料和NCEP/NCAR（1°×1°）再分析资料,在天气尺度环流背景和中尺度系统分析的基础上,利用WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）模式对此次大暴雨过程进行了高分辨率数值模拟,利用模拟资料对大暴雨的形成进行了分析。结果表明:此次暴雨发生在稳定维持的"两脊一槽"环流形势下,巴尔喀什湖低槽、高空偏西急流、低空偏东急流和近地面辐合线是造成此次大暴雨过程的主要天气系统。中尺度云团沿近地面的辐合线在天山迎风坡附近不断生成,云团生成后,在向东北方向移动过程中,经过伊犁地区上空时,受天山地形抬升影响不断发展增强,造成伊犁地区出现持续性较强降水。天山迎风坡附近持续较长时间的辐合线是造成此次新疆西部大暴雨的直接中尺度系统,其生成与低层风场辐合、低空急流和地形均有关系。低层辐合引发的垂直运动在地形迎风坡附近加强,风场辐合及地形抬升共同导致强垂直运动发展并维持,类似于"列车效应",不断生成的尺度更小的对流系统沿着辐合线持续移过新疆西部的伊犁地区,是该次暴雨持续的重要原因。     

安徽北部一次局地特大暴雨过程的中尺度特征分析

利用NCEP 0.25°×0.25°再分析资料、自动站加密观测资料、卫星和雷达资料,对2018年6月27—28日安徽北部出现的一次局地特大暴雨过程进行特征分析,结果表明:(1)此次特大暴雨过程发生在冷涡后部的大尺度天气背景中,低槽具有前倾结构,环境场提供了充足的水汽和能量条件;(2)降水具有低质心暖云降水特征,后向传播、低槽移动缓慢和引导气流弱是导致降水长时间维持的主要原因;(3)雷暴高压的地面出流和环境西南风的辐合导致的边界层中尺度辐合线是对流的主要触发、维持和增强机制,与对流风暴主体靠近时边界层中尺度辐合线触发、维持和增强作用强,远离对流风暴主体时作用减弱;(4)边界层中尺度辐合线的位置与等温线密集带暖侧保持一致,对流单体主要在其冷侧新生或发展增强,强降水中心位于雷暴高压冷中心附近;(5)位于风暴后部的边界层中尺度辐合线呈准静止状是造成后向传播长时间维持,进而强降水持续降落在安徽北部地区的重要原因。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.