辽宁飞机人工增雨天气系统及云系研究

对飞机人工增雨天气系统和作业云系进行了统计分析 ,按照辽宁的天气特征 ,高空环流分为 4种类型 ,其中西风槽和冷涡为多见 ;地面以冷锋和蒙古气旋多见。飞机人工增雨作业的主要云系是层状云系     

辽宁飞机人工增雨天气系统及云系研究

对飞机人工增雨天气系统和作业云系进行了统计分析,按照辽宁的天气特征,高空环流分为4种类型,其中西风槽和冷涡为多见;地面以冷锋和蒙古气旋多见。飞机人工增雨作业的主要云系是层状云系。     

湖南秋季积层混合云系飞机人工增雨作业方法

统计分析2007—2016年秋季湖南省长沙市地面气象观测资料、湖南省飞机人工增雨作业资料, 得到湖南省秋季积层混合云系的降水分布情况、一般结构特征和相应的飞机增雨作业方法。使用多普勒天气雷达、GRAPES_CAMS数值模式和中小尺度气象站网等资料对典型作业天气过程进行云降水物理和数值模拟分析, 采用成对对流云和基于TREC算法的回波跟踪等方法进行作业效果评估。归纳得到湖南省秋季积层混合云系人工增雨作业条件判别的12个宏微观指标, 探讨在使用运7飞机、碘化银烟条作业装备条件下, 开展飞机增雨作业的最佳催化时机、部位和剂量。针对积层混合云系中的降水性层状云系、积云对流泡, 飞机增雨适宜作业的区域、播撒高度和催化剂量:在过冷高层云的-15~-5℃层, 播撒达到30 L-1的人工冰晶浓度; 在过冷积云的-15~-7℃层, 静力催化使冰晶浓度达到30 L-1或动力催化达到100 L-1。这些方法在实践中取得了较好的人工增雨作业效果。     

江苏盛夏飞机人工增雨作业的雷达气象学分析

本文对盛夏季节33次飞机人工增雨作业过程作业前后的天气雷达回波资料、天气背影和地面降水资料进了分析,发现作业效果明显的云系主要是：浓积云或浓积云群;复合型层状云;积层混合云;其中最明显的是积层混合云。通过分析,提出了一套飞机对冷云部位进行人工增雨作业的具体指标和作业方式。     

适合飞机人工增雨作业天气系统的雷达回波特征分析

应用2004～2005年沈阳辉山新一代天气雷达资料和常规气象资料,对实施飞机人工增雨作业的天气系统、增雨作业云系及其雷达回波特征进行了归纳和分析,并提出了飞机人工增雨作业条件和作业时机、作业区域等判别方法,为实施飞机人工增雨作业提供科学依据。     

陕西省春秋季一般性降水天气预报模型及飞机人工增雨作业区域选择

研究适合人工增雨作业的大气环流背景和天气条件,成为人工影响天气工作的一项重要课题。针对大范围飞机人工增雨作业需要,选用陕西省2000—2002年春秋季一般性降水过程作为样本,对产生降水的环流背景形势、影响系统、云系结构、降水区位置以及相互配置进行分析,总结出陕西省春秋季一般性降水天气的4种预报模型,给出每一种天气预报模型下的各种影响系统的基本位置、对应云系变化及降水落区,为开展飞机人工增雨选择适宜作业区域提供依据,即根据有利降水的天气环流特征作飞机增雨准备,根据500hPa、700hPa影响系统的配置确定增雨的区域范围,根据有利降水云系的分布和变化把握作业时机,选择最适宜作业区域。     

飞机人工增雨催化作业云系结构特征分析

利用ＧＭＳ－５卫星云图资料，配合雷达，探空、Ｍ－ＬＤＡＲＳ闪电定位探测系统观测资料及常规天气资料，对１９９７年３月１３日飞机人工增雨催化作业云的宏观结构特征及其演变规律作了综合分析。结果表明，卫星云图上逼点云系的主要降水云是以片絮状回波结构为主的层状云降水区，云内含水量充沛，适合于飞机人工增雨作业。在云系东侧边及尾部，不断生成有中尺度对流回波系统，不仅造成了局地较强降水，而且产生了雷暴天气。     

冬季层状云实施人工增雨作业可行性探讨

通过对百色市2004年至2007年冬季8次天气过程的22次层状云或层积混合云增雨作业个例分析,推断冬季对层状云或层积混合云进行增雨作业的环流背景、增雨潜力、催化可播高度和作业时机,得出百色市冬季对层状云或层积混合云开展增雨作业,只要存在有利的天气条件和持续长的时间,在降水云系的发展旺盛时期通过火箭将A gI焰剂播撒在-5℃~-10℃可播高度区域内,可收到良好的增雨作业效果结论。     

包头中部地区一次人工增雨作业的效果分析

通过2004年6月5日人工增雨作业实况和711数字雷达回波以及地面雨量自记资料的对比分析,发现在深厚的层状云系中,适时进行人工增雨作业,可以加快混态云的冰—水转化效率,增强降水能力。分析结果为指导火箭人工增雨作业提供了科学的方法和可靠的数据。     

层状云系人工增雨潜力评估研究

层状云系是中国人工增雨催化作业的主要对象.云系人工增雨潜力的大小是判断是否作业的最为重要的科学依据.但是,目前中国还没有一套比较完整的综合判断云系人工增雨潜力的评估方法.自然降水形成过程是个复杂的科学问题,因此判断人工增雨潜力也是一个非常复杂的科学问题.作者利用中尺度MM5数值模式模拟的层状云系研究与人工增雨潜力有关的要素,从理论上研究了不同要素与降水的关系.在分析云体的垂直结构、降水机制、水汽厚度、冰面过饱和水汽量、云水厚度、过冷水含量、冰晶浓度、降水效率(凝结水降水效率和凝华水降水效率)等潜力要素基础上,获得了新的潜力要素,例如 "催化-供给" 云结构、降水机制、冰面过饱和水汽量,并提出了定性综合判断云系人工增雨潜力思路.     

云和辐射 （I）:云气候学和云的辐射作用

本文介绍与气候变化研究有密切关系的云的辐射作用的有关工作。这一部分从云微物理特性和云粒子光学性质入手，介绍了水云、冰云的太阳和红外辐射特性的理论和实测工作以及云的不均匀性对云辐射特性的影响。此外，还介绍了云气候学及云对辐射收支影响方面的工作。     

对流云增雨作业效果回波对比分析

人工催化对流云的效果检验是一个非常复杂的科学难题，它受当前科研水平、仪器装备水平、研究对象复杂性等多方面的制约。该文通过运用加密雷达资料对一次对流云催化作业个例的效果进行分析，采用目标云和对比云比较分析的方法，探讨了根据雷达回波各种参数的变化来判断催化作业效果的途径。结果表明，目标云在降水、生命期特征、回波垂直特征参数变化等方面都表现出与对比云明显的差异，从而推断本次作业达到了增加降雨的效果。     

一次对流云团过程结构特征的观测和模拟研究

为了解2015年8月22日发生在北京东部的一次对流云团的生消演变过程及微物理特征,使用耦合了CAMS云微物理方案的WRF中尺度云分辨模式对此次过程进行数值模拟。由于研究的对流云团尺度较小,对时空分辨率要求较高,把LAPS(Local Analysis and Prediction System)局地分析和预报系统同化多源观测资料后输出的高分辨率的中尺度分析场作为模式的初始场。将模拟结果与FY-2F卫星、北京SA波段多普勒天气雷达、地面雨量站等观测资料进行对比分析。同时,研究了对流云团中的微物理含量分布,深入分析此次过程的降水机制。结果表明:模式能够较好地模拟出对流云团在生成、发展、成熟和消散的四个不同阶段的演变规律,整个对流云系的发展持续4 h左右,对北京有直接影响的对流单体的生命时长在1 h左右;模拟的自然云云带分布和演变规律、小尺度云团的尺度、位置、形状和垂直结构都与观测资料有较好的一致性;模式也能模拟出降水落区和量级及强中心的位置。此次对流云过程主要为冷暖混合云系结构,云中过冷水丰沛,降水机制以冷云降水为主,暖区供水云对降水的发展有促进作用,霰融化为雨滴是主要的成雨过程。     

Evaluating the Impacts of Cloud Microphysical and Overlap Parameters on Simulated Clouds in Global Climate Models

The improvement of the accuracy of simulated cloud-related variables, such as the cloud fraction, in global climate models (GCMs) is still a challenging problem in climate modeling. In this study, the influence of cloud microphysics schemes (one-moment versus two-moment schemes) and cloud overlap methods (observation-based versus a fixed vertical decorrelation length) on the simulated cloud fraction was assessed in the BCC_AGCM2.0_CUACE/Aero. Compared with the fixed decorrelation length method, the observation-based approach produced a significantly improved cloud fraction both globally and for four representative regions. The utilization of a two-moment cloud microphysics scheme, on the other hand, notably improved the simulated cloud fraction compared with the one-moment scheme; specifically, the relative bias in the global mean total cloud fraction decreased by 42.9%–84.8%. Furthermore, the total cloud fraction bias decreased by 6.6% in the boreal winter (DJF) and 1.64% in the boreal summer (JJA). Cloud radiative forcing globally and in the four regions improved by 0.3%?1.2% and 0.2%?2.0%, respectively. Thus, our results showed that the interaction between clouds and climate through microphysical and radiation processes is a key contributor to simulation uncertainty.     

Calculating the Climatology and Anomalies of Surface Cloud Radiative Effect Using Cloud Property Histograms and Cloud Radiative Kernels

Cloud radiative kernels (CRK) built with radiative transfer models have been widely used to analyze the cloud radiative effect on top of atmosphere (TOA) fluxes, and it is expected that the CRKs would also be useful in the analyses of surface radiative fluxes, which determines the regional surface temperature change and variability. In this study, CRKs at the surface and TOA were built using the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM). Longwave cloud radiative effect (CRE) at the surface is primarily driven by cloud base properties, while TOA CRE is primarily decided by cloud top properties. For this reason, the standard version of surface CRK is a function of latitude, longitude, month, cloud optical thickness (τ) and cloud base pressure (CBP), and the TOA CRK is a function of latitude, longitude, month, τ and cloud top pressure (CTP). Considering that the cloud property histograms provided by climate models are functions of CTP instead of CBP at present, the surface CRKs on CBP-τ histograms were converted to CTP-τ fields using the statistical relationship between CTP, CBP and τ obtained from collocated CloudSat and MODIS observations. For both climate model outputs and satellites observations, the climatology of surface CRE and cloud-induced surface radiative anomalies calculated with the surface CRKs and cloud property histograms are well correlated with those calculated from surface radiative fluxes. The cloud-induced surface radiative anomalies reproduced by surface CRKs and MODIS cloud property histograms are not affected by spurious trends that appear in Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) surface irradiances products.     

Observational Diagnosis of Cloud Phase in the Winter Antarctic Atmosphere for Parameterizations in Climate Models

The cloud phase composition of cold clouds in the Antarctic atmosphere is explored using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) instruments for the period 2000--2006. We used the averaged fraction of liquid-phase clouds out of the total cloud amount at the cloud tops since the value is comparable in the two measurements. MODIS data for the winter months (June, July, and August) reveal liquid cloud fraction out of the total cloud amount significantly decreases with decreasing cloud-top temperature below 0oC. In addition, the CALIOP vertical profiles show that below the ice clouds, low-lying liquid clouds are distributed over ～20% of the area. With increasing latitude, the liquid cloud fraction decreases as a function of the local temperature. The MODIS-observed relation between the cloud-top liquid fraction and cloud-top temperature is then applied to evaluate the cloud phase parameterization in climate models, in which condensed cloud water is repartitioned between liquid water and ice on the basis of the grid point temperature. It is found that models assuming overly high cut-offs (》-40oC) for the separation of ice clouds from mixed-phase clouds may significantly underestimate the liquid cloud fraction in the winter Antarctic atmosphere. Correction of the bias in the liquid cloud fraction would serve to reduce the large uncertainty in cloud radiative effects.     

宁夏三类降水云的时空分布及环流特征分析

利用宁夏24个测站1971—2000年常规地面观测中云状、总云量、低云量、天气现象、降水量等资料,对宁夏30年中层状云、对流云及混合云降水的时空变化特征进行了分析。同时,利用NCEP/NCAR(1971—2000年)全球再分析资料,对宁夏三类降水云的环流特征进行了诊断分析。结果表明:30年中层状云降水次数明显多于对流云和混合云降水次数,是宁夏降水的主要类型,而混合云降水是宁夏大雨以上降水的主要类型;宁夏南部地区以层状云降水为主,北部地区对流云和混合云降水次数相对较多;三类降水云的月、年际和年代际变化特征及所对应的环流背景和影响系统具有明显的差异。     

基于CloudSat资料的东北地区降水云及非降水云垂直结构特征对比分析

利用2007—2010年CloudSat和CALIPSO卫星资料,首先通过大量个例分析并结合地面逐小时降水量观测资料验证CloudSat卫星识别降水云指标的合理性。在此基础上,统计分析了东北地区(39°~53°N、119°~135°E)的云垂直结构参数,着重分析了降水云系和非降水云系的垂直结构差异和季节差异。结果表明:东北地区云量廓线呈双峰分布特征,有明显的昼夜及季节差异。东北地区以单层云为主,降水也主要产生于这类云系,是东北地区人工增雨作业的主要对象。单层降水云以低云、冷云、冰云或混合云为主,主要云类别是雨层云。双层降水云以高低云或中低云配置为主,且都为冷云;高层以冰云为主,主要类型是卷云和高层云;低层以混合云或冰云为主,主要类型是雨层云、层积云、积云。降水云系与非降水云系存在显著的垂直结构差异,双层云的降水由低层产生。云底高度较低、云体较厚且夹层厚度更薄的云易产生降水。同时,降水云云底温度更高,分布呈现出季节差异。     

A Statistically-Based Low-Level Cloud Scheme and Its Tentative Application in a General Circulation Model

1. Introduction Clouds are active factors in the climate system, and have significant influences on the global hydrolog- ical and thermal budgets. More and more the climate model developers and researchers have realized the im- portance to appropriately describe the interactions be- tween cloud and radiation in the atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). It is well known that cloud is one of the contributing factors to the uncertainties in the simulation of climate by AGCM. Especiall…     

Verification and Correction of Cloud Base and Top Height Retrievals from Ka–band Cloud Radar in Boseong,Korea

In this study,cloud base height(CBH) and cloud top height(CTH) observed by the Ka-band(33.44 GHz) cloud radar at the Boseong National Center for Intensive Observation of Severe Weather during fall 2013(September-November) were verified and corrected.For comparative verification,CBH and CTH were obtained using a ceilometer(CL51) and the Communication,Ocean and Meteorological Satellite(COMS).During rainfall,the CBH and CTH observed by the cloud radar were lower than observed by the ceilometer and COMS because of signal attenuation due to raindrops,and this difference increased with rainfall intensity.During dry periods,however,the CBH and CTH observed by the cloud radar,ceilometer,and COMS were similar.Thin and low-density clouds were observed more effectively by the cloud radar compared with the ceilometer and COMS.In cases of rainfall or missing cloud radar data,the ceilometer and COMS data were proven effective in correcting or compensating the cloud radar data.These corrected cloud data were used to classify cloud types,which revealed that low clouds occurred most frequently.