长江三角洲近51年极端气候事件变化及其原因分析

根据长江三角洲1960～2010年的逐日气候资料,采用线性回归、Mann-Kendall检验、累积距平等方法,分析了近51年来长三角地区的极端气候事件变化特征及其原因。结果表明:该地区高温日数以0.119 d/年的速率显著增加,低温日数以0.238 d/年的速率显著减少,21世纪后高温日数明显偏多,低温日数明显偏少,高温日数增加速率南部大于北部,低温日数减少速率北部大于南部;无雨日数显著增加,小雨日数显著减少,而暴雨日数呈不显著的增加趋势,并在1979和1993年分别发生由"偏多到偏少"和由"偏少到偏多"的突变。该地区极端气候事件变化与影响我国大气环流系统的变异和调整有直接的关系,同时快速的城市化进程对极端气候事件变化也有较大贡献。长三角地区气候逐渐变暖趋势,高温灾害易发,降水趋于集中化,造成旱涝灾害发生的可能性和不确定性增加,会给工农业生产及区域经济发展造成一定的影响。     

近48a安顺市极端天气事件频率变化

利用1961—2008年安顺市大风、暴雨、雷暴、冰雹、高温、低温、霜冻、雾等极端天气事件的年发生日数资料,采用最小二乘法、M ann-Kendall法等方法诊断分析其变化特征。结果表明:大风、雷暴和低温日呈显著减少趋势,并分别于1972、1984和1986年发生趋势突变;高温、暴雨增多趋势及冰雹和霜冻频数总体趋少变化不显著,其中,冰雹基本处于少变的稳定态势。雾日有增加的趋势,平均10 a增加0.8d。从低温、雷暴、大风、霜冻明显减少的时段来看,其变化与20世纪80年代中期以后的安顺市显著增暖有一定关系。     

近39年海南岛极端天气事件频率变化

利用1966--2004年海南岛大风、暴雨、雷暴、冰雹、高温、低温、霜冻、雾等极端天气事件的年发生日数资料，采用最小二乘法、Mann—KendaⅡ法及Modet小波等方法诊断分析其变化特征。结果指出：大风、雷暴和雾日呈显著减少趋势，并分别于1992年、1984／1985年、1983／1984年之交发生突变；高温、暴雨趋频及低温、冰雹、霜冻频数总体趋少变化不显著，其中，冰雹、霜冻基本处于少变的稳定态势。高温、雷暴存在阶段性中高频周期，其他极端天气则存在长期和阶段性中低频周期；冰雹日数的变化周期趋于变短，其余极端天气则有周期变长趋势。初步说明海南极端天气事件频率变化与气候变暖有一定的内在关系。     

黑龙江省交通运营不利天气日数变化特征分析

利用黑龙江省71个气象台站1961-2014年10 mm以上降水日数、降雪日数、大雾日数、扬沙日数、沙尘暴日数,采用线性倾向估计法、累计距平法和M-K突变检验法,分析黑龙江省不利交通运营气象要素和交通运营不利天气日数的时空变化特征。结果表明:不利交通运营的气象要素中只有10 mm以上降水无明显增减趋势,降雪日数、大雾日数、扬沙日数、沙尘暴日数均呈明显下降趋势;1961年以来,黑龙江省交通运营不利天气日数呈减少趋势,近54 a平均减少了28 d;全省大部地区交通运营不利天气日数减小趋势显著,趋势系数在-0.2-(-0.8);黑龙江省交通运营不利天气日数在1989年发生突变,突变后减少18 d。     

莒县极端天气气候事件分析

利用1951-2005年莒县气象资料，统计了干旱、冰雹、暴雨、大风、高温、冻害、雷暴、大雾、雾凇、雨凇等极端天气气候事件的出现频率分析其演变趋势。结果显示：干旱频率明显增加，暴雨、大风、雷暴频率明显减少，大暴雨频率有增加趋势但不明显，高温、冰雹、低温冻害、大雾、雨凇、雾凇有减少趋势但不明显。     

合肥市主要灾害性天气特征分析

利用1953—2008年合肥国家基本气象站地面观测资料,分析了合肥城市暴雨、大雾、雷电、冰雪冻害、大风、高温6类主要城市灾害性天气的统计特征,并利用线性倾向估计法对其进行了趋势分析。结果表明：合肥市大雾天气呈增加趋势,20世纪90年代以后增加更为明显;暴雨发生日数基本维持不变,2000年以后大暴雨发生概率增大;大风、雷电、高温的年发生日数呈现减少趋势;降雪日数减少,年极端最低气温49.1％出现在雪后第1 d或第2 d。     

南昌市近60年城市气象灾害变化特征分析

利用南昌站1953—2012年气候资料及城市发展信息,分析了南昌城市气象灾害变化特征。结果表明,城市气象灾害年代际变化特征明显,受城市化影响越来越大。南昌市暴雨日数存在2—4 a的振荡周期。近10 a以来暴雨日数明显减少,但城市短时强降水频数增加,暴雨强度较大。年雷暴日数呈现下降趋势,存在2—4 a的周期振荡,雷电频次和强度有所增加。城市大风主要发生在春、冬季,且日数明显减少。大雾在20世纪50—80年代呈现增多趋势,但在近20 a呈现减少的趋势;霾明显增多。高温日的年代际变化差异较大,危害性高温日数减少,存在10 a左右的振荡周期。     

宁夏降雪日数的气候特征和环流结构

选取常规气象观测资料和大气环流特征量,运用统计分析、最大熵谱法和相关分析方法,分析了1961-2010年50a期间宁夏降雪日数的气候特征和影响的大气环流。结果表明：宁夏各等级降雪日数,在季节上均呈现双峰型分布,峰值点出现在春季和秋季,冬季时,降雪等级越高,出现的概率越低;地理分布型基本一致,自北向南明显增加,高发中心与地形特征关系密切;以非持续性1d的出现频率较高,随降雪量级的增大,持续时间缩短;降雪总日数减少,小雪、大雪和暴雪的降雪贡献减少,中雪的降雪贡献增加;具有短中长不同时间尺度的周期变化。影响宁夏降雪日数的大气环流系统主要是北半球极涡、西藏高原指数、大西洋欧洲环流型和欧亚（亚洲）环流型。与宁夏降雪日数显著相关的大气环流特征量是随季节变化的,相应的大气环流特征也不同,但影响机制相同,均为宁夏降雪天气提供了冷空气条件和水汽条件。     

1981-2010年青藏高原降雪日数时空变化特征

利用青藏高原气象站降雪日数观测资料,分析1981-2010年青藏高原降雪日数的时空变化特点和主要影响因素。结果表明:降雪日数总体上呈青藏高原中东部高寒地区、喜马拉雅山脉南麓和祁连山脉流域降雪日数多,南部河谷和北部湖盆区降雪日数少的空间分布格局;春季降雪日数占全年的45%,其次是冬季（28%）和秋季（22%）,夏季最少（5%）;30年内青藏高原平均年降雪日数呈明显减少趋势,降幅达10.5 d/（10 a）,其中,春季降幅最大（4.8 d/（10 a））,夏季最小（1.2 d/（10 a））;年降雪日数在1997年发生了由多到少的气候突变;降雪日数年内分布呈双峰型,峰值出现在冬夏大气环流的转换季节,青藏高原大气环流的转换期与上升运动相联系的低值天气系统和高空温湿条件均有利于降雪出现;青藏高原降雪日数的明显减少与气温的显著上升呈线性关系。     

近50年来乌兰乌苏多种天气事件变化特征研究

利用乌兰乌苏镇1964～2012年的气象资料,选取逐年平均气温、极端最高气温、极端最低气温、大风、雷暴、沙尘暴、沙尘天气及大雾、轻雾天气出现的天数作为分析对象,运用3年移动平均法、回归分析法、非参数检验方法的Mann-Kendall趋势检验和突变检验法以及小波分析法,进行了多种天气事件的年纪变化趋势分析.结果表明：（1）大雾天气的发生日数呈增加趋势,沙尘天气、沙尘暴天气、轻雾天气、大风天气和雷暴天气的发生日数都呈减少趋势,其中大风天气发生日数减少趋势最为明显.（2）平均气温、年极端最高气温、年极端最低气温、大雾天气、轻雾天气、沙尘暴天气、雷暴天气和沙尘天气在研究时段都出现了突变,且平均气温、轻雾天气、沙尘天气和雷暴天气在突变之后不久都达到了极显著的上升或者下降变化趋势.（3）平均气温、年极端最低气温、年极端最高气温、大雾天气、雷暴天气和大风天气有明显的周期性,但是不同的气象要素周期性长短是不同的,沙尘、沙尘暴和轻雾天气则没有明显的周期性.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.