东北冷涡暴雨的天气概念模型

1引言东北冷涡是造成吉林省夏季暴雨的主要天气系统之一 ,因此也历来被气象工作者所重视,针对冷涡也进行了不少的分析研究工作。本文针对夏季东北冷涡造成的我省区域性暴雨天气从时空分布、降水特征、环流形势特点等方面进行总结分析 ,最后建立了由东北冷涡造成吉林省暴雨的天气概念模型 ,供预报人员参考使用。2东北冷涡的定义东北冷涡是指在500hPa图上35°N～60°N、115°E～145°E范围内出现等高线的闭和圈 ,并伴有冷中心或冷槽配合 ,且持续3天或3天以上的低压环流系统。3东北冷涡的分型标准东北冷涡按其地理位置分为北涡、南涡和中间涡…     

初夏东北冷涡活动异常与北半球环流低频变化

本文在典型个例分析的基础上, 揭示了初夏东北冷涡活动显著异常与北半球环流低频变化之间的联系及其可能机理。主要结果为: (1) 初夏东北冷涡活动显著异常与上游乌拉尔山附近和下游日本附近的持续性异常环流相对应。冷涡异常多年, 在向下游频散Rossby波能量和瞬变涡动强迫过程的共同作用下, 乌拉尔山附近盛行阻塞型环流。它一方面使极地冷空气向东北地区移动, 另一方面通过Rossby波能量的传播, 使东北冷涡活动加强。冷涡异常少年的环流情况则基本相反。 (2) 谐波分析和低频振荡分析表明, 在冷涡异常多 (少) 年的5～6月, 东北地区正 (负) 涡度位相占优, 这与北太平洋超长波槽西退 (东进) 相对应。长波在北太平洋-北美-大西洋地区呈驻波型, 与Rossby波能量传播匹配, 亦有利于乌拉尔山附近的异常环流得以长时间维持。 (3) 5月份, 乌拉尔山附近的异常环流信号对初夏东北冷涡活动的显著异常具有前兆性意义。     

东北冷涡下辽宁省短时强降水统计与合成分析

利用2000—2014年6—8月常规资料、FNL资料和辽宁省逐时降水资料,将东北冷涡分为北涡、中间涡和南涡,统计每类冷涡短时强降水特征,并进行动态合成分析。结果表明:短时强降水共755次,冷涡下227次,冷涡强降水多发生在1~3 h内。6月短时强降水主要由中间涡引起,7、8月中间涡与北涡共同影响,有一定周期变化;而南涡没有在辽宁产生强降水。北涡水汽输送充沛,中间涡水汽条件较差,切变辐合场与水汽输送的结合是有利于强降水的重要因子。降水基本处于斜压区内,冷涡中心降水处在斜压区北侧和高空急流左前方,高空槽前或槽后的降水处在斜压区南侧和急流中心右后方,降水区附近多有高空急流形成的次级环流配合。槽后降水区干侵入活动明显,冷涡中心降水主要通过高位涡诱发气旋性环流而触发上升运动。     

一次初春东北冷涡的结构特征及其降水成因

利用ERA-Interim逐日再分析资料及中国753站逐日降水资料,对2008年3月23—28日的东北冷涡天气过程进行诊断分析,并探讨了冷涡降水的主要影响因子。结果表明：1）与夏季冷涡过程不同,此次初春冷涡过程高层环流场由经向环流向纬向环流转变;冷涡发展初期,经向环流的建立使得冷涡向南移动,而成熟阶段冷涡后部的低槽引导冷空气向冷涡输送,导致了冷涡环流的维持。2）亚欧大陆上空强阻塞形势的发展是初春东北冷涡形成的关键因子;乌拉尔山和鄂霍次克海阻塞高压分别受到前期北大西洋和热带太平洋海温异常的调控,为冷涡向南发展维持提供了有利的环流背景,并影响了高低空急流的配置,有利于冷涡降水的形成。3）涡度场和温度场的高低空配置使得东北冷涡发展成深厚的环流系统,干侵入对冷涡的形成和维持同样有重要作用。冷涡环流的发展为东北地区降水提供了有利的水汽和垂直运动条件,冷暖平流交汇引起的锋面过程则促进大范围降水的形成。     

初夏东北地区冷涡降水“累积效应”

采用1960~2012年5~6月中国东北地区实况降水资料,依据东北冷涡活动客观识别方法,研究东北冷涡活动对东北地区初夏降水的影响,结果表明:5~6月每次东北冷涡过程维持时间以3~7天为主,且具有频发特征,东北冷涡降水累计量占总降水量的62.5%,给出冷涡降水月强度指数,与同期月降水量年际变化具有很好一致性;东北地区初夏降水与东北冷涡降水EOF分解主要模态十分相近,前两个模态分别为全区一致和东北、西南降水相反分布,各占方差贡献的46.8%与42.7%。冷涡降水具有显著“累积效应”,该累计效应可总体反映初夏东北地区降水异常分布特征,进一步揭示东北冷涡活动的气候学特征。     

夏季东北冷涡持续性活动及其大气环流异常特征的分析

本文首先分析了夏季东北冷涡持续性活动特征及其对东北地区天气气候的影响,然后利用NCEP/NCAR 1958～1997年月平均再分析资料,探讨了东北冷涡持续性活动与大气环流异常之间的联系.结果表明,东北冷涡持续性活动是导致东北地区夏季低温的一个十分关键的因子,同时对降水也有重要影响.冷涡活跃年夏季,500 hPa高度场会出现以东北地区为中心的南北向和东西向分布的正-负-正距平波列,即与东亚阻高势力偏强而西太平洋副高位置偏南等大尺度环流背景相联系.在对流层中上层,高空西风急流有明显的分支现象,特别是亚洲中纬西风急流位置偏南.而在对流层中下层,东北地区和华北大部以及朝鲜半岛和日本北部等地由明显的气旋式距平环流所控制,并且源自东北及其以西地区的北风距平可一直推进至长江流域并转变为西北风距平,并与那里的西南风距平汇合而形成有利于该地区梅雨偏多时的环流形势,与此同时,长江中下游地区和四川盆地等容易出现垂直速度负距平、涡度正距平和散度负距平分布,而华北和华南大部上述物理量一般为相反的距平分布,从而对应少雨形势,并且中国北方地区(长江以北)对应负温度距平.当夏季东北冷涡活动偏弱时,一般会出现与上述相反的结果.即东北冷涡持续性活动不但对东北地区,而且与中国其它某些地区的天气气候可能也存在着一定的对应关系.     

一次台风变性并入东北冷涡过程的动力诊断分析

台风北移变性并入东北冷涡是造成东北地区夏季大范围暴雨的主要形式之一, 但其中的热动力结构变化特征及其物理机制尚不清晰。本文利用美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)的再分析资料对一次台风变性并入东北冷涡过程进行动力诊断分析, 分析结果显示:冷涡冷空气的不断侵入以及台风移动形成的相对冷平流使得台风暖心结构消亡, 其低层低压辐合和高层高压辐散结构消失, 变性并入东北冷涡后气旋整层偏冷, 低层出现冷中心。台风变性并入东北冷涡过程中, 冷涡中心附近高空急流南侧的反气旋切变抑制气旋直接往高空发展, 而急流轴左侧的热动力分布特征有利于垂直涡度的发展, 变性后的气旋环流向冷涡的移近有利于急流轴维持倾斜, 从而促进气旋向高空冷涡倾斜发展。同时, 冷空气在气旋低层附近堆积导致等假相当位温线发生倾斜, 造成垂直涡度在气旋中层倾斜发展。台风变性并入东北冷涡后, 高空冷涡槽底的正垂直涡度平流促进气旋由中层直接向高层发展, 而高空冷涡槽底急流促进正垂直涡度平流的维持。气旋高空环流的发展反过来削弱了东北冷涡的高层环流, 导致高空冷涡中心出现北撤。     

东北冷涡低频活动特征及背景环流

研究了1965-2007年夏季(5-8月)东北冷涡活动的时空分布特征和同期背景环流型.东北冷涡活动区域5月主要是45°N以北,6月向南扩展到40°N以南,然后逐月向北收缩.夏季,随着东亚急流的逐渐减弱和北进,东北冷涡天数逐渐增加,6月6日前后达到峰值,但入梅后冷涡频数有所减少.随着梅雨期结束,冷涡频数进一步降低.强冷涡事件集中于入梅之前,中等和弱强度的事件主要发生在梅雨期和出梅之后.在入梅之前和出梅之后,东北冷涡频数呈现准2 a振荡特征.夏季东北冷涡频数在1965-2007年具有增加趋势,其中,梅雨期的增加趋势尤为明显.东北冷涡的形态根据其上游高压脊的位置可分为4种:叶尼塞河型、贝加尔湖型、乌拉尔-雅库斯克型和鄂霍次克海-北冰洋型.西太平洋遥相关(WP)型为东北冷涡活动的同期背景环流型,东北冷涡在其负位相易于生成.此外,5-6月东北冷涡活动与太平洋/北美(PNA)型、8月东北冷涡活动与北大西洋涛动(NAO)密切联系.     

1961-2010年5-9月东北冷涡气候特征及其对辽宁气温的影响

应用1961-2010年5-9月辽宁地区逐日气温和NCEP 2.5°×2.5°资料,分析了东北冷涡的气候特征及其与辽宁气温短期变化的关系。结果表明：近50 a东北冷涡气候趋势变化不明显;年平均东北冷涡过程8.3次,平均每次过程持续3.97 d;5月东北冷涡过程次数最多,9月东北冷涡过程次数最少;5-7月平均每年受东北冷涡影响分别为7.3、7.5 d和7.4 d;东北冷涡过程次数存在13、9 a和5 a的年际变化周期。按照结构,将东北冷涡分为深厚冷涡和浅薄冷涡;受深厚北涡、中涡和南涡过程影响时,辽宁地区气温距平均为负值,而深厚中涡负距平最明显,且深厚冷涡过程持续时间越长,辽宁地区气温负距平越显著;浅薄北涡影响时,辽宁气温距平均为正值,浅薄中涡、南涡影响辽宁时,气温为弱负距平,没有深厚中涡、南涡过程影响时负距平显著,而且浅薄冷涡过程日期长短对气温影响的差异不明显。     

5—9月不同类型东北冷涡的统计特征及成因

利用NCEP （2.5°×2.5°）逐6 h再分析资料及中国气象局提供的MICAPS观测资料,对1989—2018年5—9月生成并维持的东北冷涡进行统计分析。结果表明,近30年东北冷涡出现频率逐年上升;年平均冷涡过程为7.4次,维持时间为3～5 d;5月冷涡出现频率最高,8、9月较低;5—7月平均每年受冷涡影响天数分别为9.9、8.8、7.0 d,受东北冷涡影响最长时间可达19 d以上。按照不同特性将其分为北、中、南涡及强、弱冷涡。北涡较少出现在7月,中涡很少出现在6月,南涡集中在5、6月。弱冷涡出现频率约为强冷涡的1.2倍。春末（5月）、秋初（9月）出现强北涡的频率较高,而夏季（6—8月）出现弱中涡的频率较高。北涡出现在春末秋初时,偏强的高空急流加强了对流层上层的辐散,与中下层环流场配合,使冷涡得以维持。此外,冷涡中心位势高度较低,配合有明显冷槽或冷核和强上升运动,干侵入有较强的促进作用,有利于冷涡的发展及加强;中涡出现在夏季时,高空急流及干侵入偏弱,冷涡中心附近各要素场不利于冷涡的加强。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences