塔克拉玛干沙漠人工绿地与自然沙地能量收支差异研究

利用2013年塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地自然沙地与人工绿地的地表太阳辐射和能量通量观测数据，分析不同下垫面太阳辐射分量和能量收支参数间的差异。结果表明：1）沙地与绿地，辐射各分量日变化特征显着，DR、UR夏季为峰值，冬季-春季-夏季为上升趋势，夏季-秋季-冬季为下降趋势。沙地与绿地ULR的差值为-30-20W?m-2。土壤湿度变化是导致人工绿地与自然沙地地表反照率差异的主要原因之一，在塔克拉玛干沙漠的人工绿地滴灌，增加了土壤含水率，传递到表层具有滞后效应，影响了地表反照率的月变化。2）净辐射，在夜间以G0耗能形式为主，而白天以H耗能形式为主。在塔克拉沙漠大环境影响下，人工绿地的能量分配格局与自然沙地基本相同，但是在植被的生长季与茂盛季节，LE的通量的耗能份额会有所递增，耗能比增加了1.5%。3）人工绿地EBR夜间的波动幅度大于自然沙地，白天自然沙地EBR上升速率要大于人工绿地冬季，自然沙地和人工绿地不闭合率都超过50%，其他季节，人工绿地的不闭合率优于自然沙地。     

仁和气象站迁站前后温湿对比分析

利用2018年仁和区国家气象观测站新、旧站的气温、相对湿度和水汽压观测资料,采用差值统计方法,对新、旧站气温、相对湿度和水汽压进行对比分析。结果表明：新站的年平均气温低于旧站,新、旧站冬季（12—2月）平均气温差值为零;新、旧站月平均最高气温的差值最大,月平均最低气温的差值最小;新、旧站月极端最高（最低）气温出现日期有的不是同一日。新站较旧站的相对湿度和水汽压略有提高,月最小相对湿度只有8月的出现日期不是同一日。气温和湿度都是白天差值大于夜间,气温和湿度的差值波动范围在干、雨季期间有明显的区别。城市热岛效应、绿地增湿降温作用,海拔高度变化和逆温层等因素是造成温湿差异的主要原因。     

塔中人工绿地与自然沙面辐射平衡对比研究

使用2014年5—9月塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中大气环境观测实验站地表辐射观测资料,分析了塔中人工绿地与自然沙面在各种典型天气条件下的辐射分量特征差异。结果表明:人工绿地与自然沙面辐射平衡各分量最小值均出现在夜间,最大值出现在中午前后,总辐射和反射辐射日最大值出现在12:00;大气长波辐射日变化振幅较小,地面长波辐射日变化呈现不对称分布。晴天,人工绿地与自然沙面总辐射和净辐射变化幅度较小,自然沙面总辐射高于人工绿地;阴天,地面长波辐射略有减小,绿地大气长波辐射略有增加,总辐射和反射辐射减少,净辐射的变化受总辐射的影响,但减弱幅度小于总辐射;沙尘暴天气下,沙尘对辐射各分量影响明显,辐射各分量日变化不规则,人工绿地与自然沙面总辐射被明显削弱,日变化波动大。     

影响人工站与自动站水汽压差值原因探究

为探究人工观测气象站与自动站水汽压差值产生原因,利用全国134个1年的基准气象观测站逐时气压、干球气温、湿球温度等资料,分别采用人工站和自动站水汽压计算公式,模拟了本站气压、干球温度、湿球温度、自动站气温、相对湿度等要素产生一增量时,水汽压所对应变化量随各要素的变化规律,并分析了影响水汽压差值与其主导因子定量关系。通过实际观测资料的数据模拟分析,气压和干球温度的系统误差对人工与自动观测站的水汽压差值影响很小,而自动站的相对湿度和气温对水汽压差值影响较大,其中相对湿度的影响最明显。当自动站的相对湿度或气温的系统误差为一固定值时,水汽压差值变化幅度随气温大小变化,气温越高,水汽压差值越大。     

自动气象观测与人工观测气温差异分析

利用陕西省96个气象站2004--2007年自动与人工平行观测的气温资料,分析陕西全省和不同自然区人工与自动观测气温的差异及引起差异的原因。结果表明：自动观测比人工观测的日平均气温平均偏高0．03℃,标准差为0．26℃。78．6％的样本月平均气温对比差值在0．2℃之内,在不同自然区自动与人工观测气温对比差值在0．2。c之间的百分率基本相同。气温对比差值的日、月变化规律明显,自动与人工观测时间不同步对定时值有一定影响。但对气候分析没有影响,自动观测仪器性能不稳定会造成较大的数据偏差。     

对春季一次连续两日溶冰不当的浅析

三月中旬,大地回暖,礼泉气象站地面观测,12、13日08时连续两日溶冰不当。滴水成冰的严冬,未曾出现过此种现象,见下表所列: 依据表列数据,应用道尔顿蒸发公式计算个例日蒸发速率;式中ω-是水面蒸发速率,E 为饱和水汽压,(E—L)为空气的饱和差。P 为气压 L 为水汽压 C 为与风速有关的比例系数因为在一定时段,P 变化不大,当风速小的情况下,P、C 值可按常数处理。所以,道尔顿公式可简化为:     

人工气象站与自动气象站气象要素差异评估

利用陕西省96个自动气象站和人工气象站的平行观测数据,分析了气压、气温、相对湿度的差异,并对月、年平均值进行显著性检验。结果表明：人工站所测气压、相对湿度普遍高于自动站所测的相应值,气压年平均差值为0．21hPa、标准差为0．30hPa;相对湿度年平均差值为2．28％、标准差为3．07％;气温年平均差值为-0．03℃、标准差为0．26℃。在月平均气温较高的月份压、温、湿差值均较大。自动站压、温、湿记录可与人工站记录连续使用。     

浅析自动站与人工站地面温度差值原因

1引言自动气象站投入气象业务运行后,所测得的气象要素值和人工观测值常常存在某些差异。当人工观测数据和自动值之间差值较大时,应进行综合分析判断,确定产生误差的原因并加以解决是确保自动气象站采集数据准确的必要措施。通过对比分析,总结出人工观测地温值与自动站数据差值较     

根据月平均气温、月降水量推算蒸散量

因为从月平均气温、月平均降水量推算蒸散量的桑斯威特(Thornth-waite)公式适用范围比较小,假定降水量、蒸散量和最大水汽压成比例,可以求得适用于更大范围的经验公式。为了检验这些经验公式的精度,把从这些公式计算的蒸散量,P-E比与实测的蒸散量,气候状况等进行比较。     

自动气象站部分探测要素不正常的处理

自动气象站观测存入的记录中,水汽压、露点、海平面气压是与气温、湿度、气压有关的计算值,当气温、湿度、气压值缺测或不正常时,不能仅考虑用人工观测值代替,还应考虑到其他要素的变化。1错误处理方法定时观测发报时次自动站温度不正常时,在观测发报界面,只在干球温度栏中输入人工补测的干球温度后,直接计算编报,保存后发报。此时报文中露点组错误,并把错误的水汽压、露点存入B文件。自动站湿度不正常时,在定时观测发报界面,干、湿球温度栏中输入人工补测的干、湿球温度值,直接计算编报保存后发报。不仅水汽压、露点错,而且人工观测温度代…     

陆面模型Noah-MP的不同参数化方案在沙漠区域的适用性研究

为研究陆面模型Noah-MP在沙漠下垫面的最优参数化方案组合,本文利用中国气象局塔克拉玛干沙漠气象野外科学试验基地观测数据,根据沙漠环境特征进行不同参数化方案组合的三组模拟实验,利用观测数据对10 cm土壤温湿度、感热、潜热通量模拟值对比分析得出最优组合。研究表明:第三组对10 cm的土壤温度模拟效果最好,主要原因是Chen97感热交换系数和全网格二流近似(gap=0)辐射传输方案比较符合沙漠的环境特征。三组试验对土壤湿度模拟效果差,其主要原因是沙漠的土壤信息未能体现在模式中,第二组选择CLM方案对土壤类型影响蒸发方面有一定考虑,其模拟结果相对较好。对于感热通量,第一、二组模拟值在波峰存在高估,尤其是第二组模拟值在降水后出现了明显低估情况,第三组模拟效果最好,主要得益于选择了感热交换系数Chen97方案,能够较为真实的刻画Ch变化特征。潜热通量在四个特征量中模拟效果最差,主要原因是沙漠土壤水分极低,观测降水和实际进入土壤的水量有差异,另外没有植被和植物根系,模式无法准确计算土壤蒸发和植被蒸散。根据统计分析和泰勒图可知,第三组能够更好地还原沙漠区域的陆面过程。     

近50年塔克拉玛干沙漠和古尔班通古特沙漠及其周边地区气候变化特征的对比分析

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠及古尔班通古特沙漠及其周边地区（包括平原和山区）76个气象站1961-2010年的逐日地面观测资料,对比分析了两个沙漠及其周边地区气温和降水变化特征。结果表明：塔克拉玛干沙漠及其周边地区年平均气温明显高于古尔班通古特沙漠及其周边地区,但是升温速率低于古尔班通古特沙漠,两大沙漠及其周边地区年平均气温的差值在缩小,塔克拉玛干沙漠周边山区上升速率接近或者大于大部分平原地区,而古尔班通古特沙漠周边山区上升速率与平原地区相比总体偏小,塔克拉玛干沙漠及其周边地区年平均气温的突变时间在1989-1993年,古尔班通古特沙漠及其周边地区的突变时间在1994-1995年,同时均存在8～9a振荡周期;古尔班通古特沙漠及其周边地区年降水量是塔克拉玛干沙漠及其周边地区的2.5倍,增加速率高于塔克拉玛干沙漠及其周边地区,增加相对幅度小于塔克拉玛干沙漠及其周边地区,两大沙漠及其周边地区年降水量的差值进一步加大但加大的速度在减缓,塔克拉玛干沙漠及其周边地区的突变时间在1984年,古尔班通古特沙漠及其周边地区的突变时间在1983-1986年,塔克拉玛干沙漠及其周边地区存在5a、7～8a和18a的振荡周期,古尔班通古特沙漠及其周边地区存在2～4a、6～8a、18a的振荡周期。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地逐日太阳总辐射模拟计算 -以达理雅博依绿洲为例

基于塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地面积最大的天然孤立绿洲达理雅博依2015年1月—2016年2月太阳总辐射观测资料,运用H.L.Penman经验公式模拟计算了该地区2015年逐日总辐射累计量,模拟值与实测值的误差分析显示:本气候学方法成功模拟了沙漠腹地总辐射的年内变化趋势。使用模拟值估算得到达理雅博依绿洲2015年太阳总辐射累计量约为5 332.23 MJ·m-2。又以相同方法模拟了塔中气象站2015年3—5月总辐射变化,结果较达理雅博依的模拟更接近实测值,说明本模拟在塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地不同地点结果有效。     

特殊大地形背景下塔里木盆地夏季降水过程及其大气水分循环结构

对塔里木盆地夏季降水过程和复杂的大气水分循环结构进行了分析,采用常规气象观测、探空及其不同网格NCEP等再分析数据,通过塔里木盆地视热源、水汽汇、涡度、散度三维动力结构以及相关小波周期分析、水汽输送通道相关矢量场及其Fluxpart轨迹模型等各类方法,综合剖析该区域大气热源与夏季降水过程及其水分循环结构特征。计算分析结果表明塔里木盆地沙漠边界层辐射强日变化叠加上周边C型大地形“山谷风”效应,导致高山环抱盆地及沙漠区的独特水、热过程与局地环流特征。     

Improving the CoLM in Taklimakan Desert hinterland with accurate key parameters and an appropriate parameterization scheme

Improving and validating land surface models based on integrated observations in deserts is one of the challenges in land modeling. Particularly, key parameters and parameterization schemes in desert regions need to be evaluated in-situ to improve the models. In this study, we calibrated the land-surface key parameters and evaluated several formulations or schemes for thermal roughness length (z 0h ) in the common land model (CoLM). Our parameter calibration and scheme evaluation were based on the observed data during a torrid summer (29 July to 11 September 2009) over the Taklimakan Desert hinterland. First, the importance of the key parameters in the experiment was evaluated based on their physics principles and the significance of these key parameters were further validated using sensitivity test. Second, difference schemes (or physics-based formulas) of z 0h were adopted to simulate the variations of energy-related variables (e.g., sensible heat flux and surface skin temperature) and the simulated variations were then compared with the observed data. Third, the z 0h scheme that performed best (i.e., Y07) was then selected to replace the defaulted one (i.e., Z98); the revised scheme and the superiority of Y07 over Z98 was further demonstrated by comparing the simulated results with the observed data. Admittedly, the revised model did a relatively poor job of simulating the diurnal variations of surface soil heat flux, and nighttime soil temperature was also underestimated, calling for further improvement of the model for desert regions.     

甘肃马衔山区陆面过程与降水的研究

采用定西的麦田微气象观测,定西、兰州的辐射观测和马衔山区34个气象、水文和雨量站的气候资料,结合NOAA-16卫星的AVHRR资料以及反演的地表植被盖度和反射率,并用SEBAL算法推导出夏季地表净辐射、感热、潜热、土壤热通量密度的区域分布特征,并分析陆面过程对降水的影响。结果表明:本区降水的空间分布与夏季植被盖度对应最好,相关系数高达0.722,其次是土壤热通量和潜热通量,相关系数分别为-0.65和0.615。这表明森林通过降低地表反射率和表面温度,不仅增加地表净辐射,而且减少其用于感热和土壤热通量的消耗。由于林区地表水分多,从而将接收较多的太阳辐射能主要用于蒸散,增加边界层中的水汽。故林区降水远大于植被稀疏的半干旱黄土梁。     

Turbulent Variance Characteristics of Temperature and Humidity over a Non-uniform Land Surface for an Agricultural Ecosystem in China

This paper describes the application of the variance method for flux estimation over a mixed agricultural region in China. Eddy covariance and flux variance measurements were conducted in a near-surface layer over a non-uniform land surface in the central plain of China from 7 June to 20 July 2002. During this period, the mean canopy height was about 0.50 m. The study site consisted of grass (10% of area), beans (15%), corn (15%) and rice (60%). Under unstable conditions, the standard deviations of temperature and water vapor density (normalized by appropriate scaling parameters), observed by a single instrument, followed the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. The similarity constants for heat (CT ) and water vapor (Cq) were 1.09 and 1.49, respectively. In comparison with direct measurements using eddy covariance techniques, the flux variance method, on average, underestimated sensible heat flux by 21% and latent heat flux by 24%, which may be attributed to the fact that the observed slight deviations (20% or 30% at most) of the similarity “constants” may be within the expected range of variation of a single instrument from the generally-valid relations.     

Land surface sensitivity of monsoon depressions formed over Bay of Bengal using improved high-resolution land state

Monsoon depressions (MDs) constitute a large fraction of the total rainfall during the Indian summer monsoon season. In this study, the impact of high-resolution land state is addressed by assessing the evolution of inland moving depressions formed over the Bay of Bengal using a mesoscale modeling system. Improved land state is generated using High Resolution Land Data Assimilation System employing Noah-MP land-surface model. Verification of soil moisture using Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) and soil temperature using tower observations demonstrate promising results. Incorporating high-resolution land state yielded least root mean squared errors with higher correlation coefficient in the surface and mid tropospheric parameters. Rainfall forecasts reveal that simulations are spatially and quantitatively in accordance with observations and provide better skill scores. The improved land surface characteristics have brought about the realistic evolution of surface, mid-tropospheric parameters, vorticity and moist static energy that facilitates the accurate MDs dynamics in the model. Composite moisture budget analysis reveals that the surface evaporation is negligible compared to moisture flux convergence of water vapor, which supplies moisture into the MDs over land. The temporal relationship between rainfall and moisture convergence show high correlation, suggesting a realistic representation of land state help restructure the moisture inflow into the system through rainfall-moisture convergence feedback.     

Ensemble simulation of land evapotranspiration in China based on a multi-forcing and multi-model approach

In order to reduce the uncertainty of offline land surface model(LSM) simulations of land evapotranspiration(ET), we used ensemble simulations based on three meteorological forcing datasets [Princeton, ITPCAS(Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences), Qian] and four LSMs(BATS, VIC, CLM3.0 and CLM3.5), to explore the trends and spatiotemporal characteristics of ET, as well as the spatiotemporal pattern of ET in response to climate factors over mainland China during 1982–2007. The results showed that various simulations of each member and their arithmetic mean(Ens Mean) could capture the spatial distribution and seasonal pattern of ET sufficiently well, where they exhibited more significant spatial and seasonal variation in the ET compared with observation-based ET estimates(Obs MTE). For the mean annual ET, we found that the BATS forced by Princeton forcing overestimated the annual mean ET compared with Obs MTE for most of the basins in China, whereas the VIC forced by Princeton forcing showed underestimations. By contrast, the Ens Mean was closer to Obs MTE, although the results were underestimated over Southeast China. Furthermore, both the Obs MTE and Ens Mean exhibited a significant increasing trend during 1982–98; whereas after 1998, when the last big EI Ni ?no event occurred, the Ens Mean tended to decrease significantly between 1999 and 2007, although the change was not significant for Obs MTE. Changes in air temperature and shortwave radiation played key roles in the long-term variation in ET over the humid area of China, but precipitation mainly controlled the long-term variation in ET in arid and semi-arid areas of China.