近50年东北冷涡异常特征及其与前汛期华南降水的关系分析

利用中国气象局国家气象信息中心提供的1951～2004年中国160站华南前汛期 (5～6月) 月平均降水、气温资料、欧洲中心提供的ERA-40再分析资料和Reynolds海温资料, 对东北冷涡与华南前汛期降水进行了统计分析, 定义了一个前汛期东北冷涡强度指数 (NECVI), 并研究了前汛期东北冷涡异常年同期东亚季风、西太平洋副高、对流层低层的垂直运动异常特征和前期全球海表温度 (SST) 的先兆信号, 结果表明: 前汛期东北冷涡强度与华南降水存在显著的正相关, 东北冷涡强年, 前期东亚冬季风偏弱, 同期东亚夏季风异常爆发提前且偏强, 西太平洋副高位置偏南, 华南地区低层上升运动发展, 降水偏多; 东北冷涡偏弱年, 前期东亚冬季风偏弱, 同期东亚夏季风爆发推迟且偏弱, 西太平洋副高位置偏北, 华南地区低层下沉运动发展, 降水偏少; 前汛期东北冷涡与前期中国近海海温存在显著的负相关关系, 前汛期东北冷涡异常强年, 前期对应着La Nia的成熟阶段或发展阶段, 而前汛期东北冷涡异常弱年则对应着El Nio的成熟阶段或发展阶段.     

青藏高原冬季积雪与华南前汛期降水年际变率的联系

利用1979—2018年青藏高原(简称高原,下同)卫星积雪数据集、华南地区261站逐日降水及ERA5再分析资料,探讨了高原冬季积雪与华南前汛期降水的联系。结果表明：1)高原西部积雪与华南前汛期降水的正相关关系最为稳定,其主要影响前汛期的锋面降水,对夏季风降水的影响较小;2)华南前汛期在高原西部积雪偏多年比偏少年偏早20 d,使得前汛期降雨日数偏多,持续时间偏长,总降水量偏多,而降水强度受积雪的影响较小;3)高原积雪偏多年,积雪的冷却作用形成了低层异常反气旋环流,而东亚沿岸为“+-+”的位势高度异常,中纬度“西高东低”的环流配置有利于中高纬冷空气南侵,使得华南上空温度偏低,同时偏强偏南的西太平洋副热带高压加强了低纬地区偏南气流和水汽输送。3—4月锋面在华南北部南北摆动,4月初偏北干冷空气南侵和偏南暖湿气流的持续北推使得锋面加强,触发了前汛期的较早建立;积雪偏少年冷空气和偏南暖湿气流均较弱,华南北部锋面在4月初中断,4月中下旬华南北部锋面在偏北弱冷空气和偏南暖湿气流的共同作用下重新建立,从而华南前汛期开始偏晚。     

2016年汛期气候预测效果评述及主要先兆信号与应用

2016年汛期预测较好把握了"全国气候年景状况总体差,降水偏多,涝重于旱,洪涝灾害比1983年重,但比1998年轻"的总趋势,准确预测了长江流域降水异常偏多和严重的汛情,对2016年东部地区季节内雨季进程"华南前汛期开始早,南海夏季风5月第5候爆发,长江中下游入、出梅晚且雨量明显多,及华北雨季开始晚、雨量接近常年到略偏多"的预测与实况也一致。对台风强度强,活跃程度前弱后强的预测与实况基本吻合,对夏季全国大部气温正常到偏高,尤其是我国西北大部气温异常偏高及盛夏江南华南阶段性高温热浪的预测也接近实况。但对我国北方地区降水的预测存在较大偏差,未能正确预测华北降水异常偏多和7—8月东北地区明显少雨。2016年汛期预测中重点考虑了冬季超强El Nino事件及其衰减后热带印度洋海温接力作用对夏季风环流的影响,认为夏季尤其是夏季前期西太平洋副热带高压强度异常偏强,位置明显偏西,东亚副热带夏季风强度弱,这些都直接造成长江中下游地区降水明显偏多。     

2016年汛期气候预测效果评述及主要先兆信号与应用

2016年汛期预测较好把握了"全国气候年景状况总体差,降水偏多,涝重于旱,洪涝灾害比1983年重,但比1998年轻"的总趋势,准确预测了长江流域降水异常偏多和严重的汛情,对2016年东部地区季节内雨季进程"华南前汛期开始早,南海夏季风5月第5候爆发,长江中下游入、出梅晚且雨量明显多,及华北雨季开始晚、雨量接近常年到略偏多"的预测与实况也一致。对台风强度强,活跃程度前弱后强的预测与实况基本吻合,对夏季全国大部气温正常到偏高,尤其是我国西北大部气温异常偏高及盛夏江南华南阶段性高温热浪的预测也接近实况。但对我国北方地区降水的预测存在较大偏差,未能正确预测华北降水异常偏多和7—8月东北地区明显少雨。2016年汛期预测中重点考虑了冬季超强El Nino事件及其衰减后热带印度洋海温接力作用对夏季风环流的影响,认为夏季尤其是夏季前期西太平洋副热带高压强度异常偏强,位置明显偏西,东亚副热带夏季风强度弱,这些都直接造成长江中下游地区降水明显偏多。     

华南前汛期的锋面降水和夏季风降水Ⅰ. 划分日期的确定

前汛期暴雨常常引发华南地区的洪涝, 但是前汛期降水的预报能力却相当低.降水的预报在很大程度上依赖于对降水性质的理解, 而华南前汛期降水通常被认为只是锋面性质的降水.事实上, 南海夏季风在6月(甚至5月)就可以影响到华南地区并产生季风对流降水.因此, 华南前汛期包含了两种不同性质的降水, 即锋面降水和夏季风降水, 如何区分它们是非常重要的.为了区分它们, 利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、 CMAP资料和中国730站降水资料, 分析气候平均(1971～2000年)状态下锋面降水和季风降水期间大气性质和特征的差异, 得到华南前汛期夏季风降水开始的基本判据: 100 hPa纬向风由西风转为东风并维持5天以上.利用该判据得出气候平均条件下的华南夏季风降水开始于5月24日, 并得到1951～2004年逐年华南前汛期锋面降水和季风降水的划分日期.合成分析的结果表明, 得到的划分日期是基本合理的, 因为它将锋面降水和季风降水期间大气特点的显著差别区分开来.     

华南前汛期的锋面降水和夏季风降水 I.划分日期的确定

前汛期暴雨常常引发华南地区的洪涝,但是前汛期降水的预报能力却相当低。降水的预报在很大程度上依赖于对降水性质的理解,而华南前汛期降水通常被认为只是锋面性质的降水。事实上,南海夏季风在6月(甚至5月)就可以影响到华南地区并产生季风对流降水。因此,华南前汛期包含了两种不同性质的降水,即锋面降水和夏季风降水,如何区分它们是非常重要的。为了区分它们,利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、CMAP资料和中国730站降水资料,分析气候平均(1971~2000年)状态下锋面降水和季风降水期间大气性质和特征的差异,得到华南前汛期夏季风降水开始的基本判据:100 hPa纬向风由西风转为东风并维持5天以上。利用该判据得出气候平均条件下的华南夏季风降水开始于5月24日,并得到1951~2004年逐年华南前汛期锋面降水和季风降水的划分日期。合成分析的结果表明,得到的划分日期是基本合理的,因为它将锋面降水和季风降水期间大气特点的显著差别区分开来。     

华南前汛期不同降水时段的特征分析

利用1957-2001年华南地区74个测站逐日降水资料和同期NCEP／NCAR逐日再分析格点资料，对华南前汛期(4-6月)不同降水时段的特征进行了比较。分析发现，华南前汛期降水由锋面降水和夏季风降水两个时段组成。锋面降水时段主要集中在4月，为典型的由冬到夏过渡的环流形势，华南地区高空为平直的副热带西风急流，大气层结稳定，水汽来源主要是阿拉伯海的西风输送和西太平洋副高南侧东风的转向输送；南海夏季风爆发前，副高仍控制南海地区，华南地区水汽输送主要来源于阿拉伯海的西风输送和西太平洋副高南侧东风的转向输送及孟加拉湾的西南输送；南海夏季风爆发后，副高东撤退出南海地区，南半球越赤道水汽输送加强并与孟加拉湾水汽输送连通，华南区域内对流发展；夏季风降水时段盛期主要集中在6月，此时南亚高压跃上高原，华南地区处于南亚高压东部，对流发展极其旺盛，强大的南半球越赤道水汽输送越过孟加拉湾和南海地区向华南地区输送。     

南海季风爆发的年代际转折与东亚副热带夏季降水的关系

利用1979—2016年NCEP再分析资料, 分析了南海季风爆发的年代际转折与东亚副热带夏季降水的关系。结果表明:南海夏季风爆发时间在1993/1994年出现年代际转变, 1979—1993年爆发时间相对偏晚, 夏季华南降水偏少, 长江中下游至日本南部降水偏多; 1994—2016年爆发时间偏早, 夏季华南降水偏多, 长江中下游到日本南部降水偏少。南海季风爆发时间年代际转折与夏季东亚副热带降水关系可能受到菲律宾越赤道气流强度的调控, 季风爆发时间与菲律宾越赤道气流有显著正相关, 且均在1993/1994年间存在年代际转变。在1994—2016(1979—1993)年南海夏季风爆发偏早(晚), 菲律宾越赤道气流偏弱(强), 澳大利亚北部有偏北(南)风异常, 将暖池的热量往赤道输送, 使得赤道对流增强(减弱), 产生异常上升(下沉)运动汇入Hadley环流上升支, 增强(减弱)的Hadley环流导致下沉主体偏北(南), 促使副高脊线偏北(南), 从西北太平洋(孟加拉湾)往华南地区(江淮到日本南部)输送水汽增强, 所以华南(江淮到日本南部)夏季降水偏多。      

2014年春季我国主要气候特征及成因简析

提2014年春季（3-5月）,我国大部气温偏高,与2013年春季并列为1961年以来历史同期第二高值。全国平均降水量较常年同期略偏多,其中东北地区降水显著偏多。分析表明,东北降水偏多时段主要发生在5月2-28日,这期间较强的东北冷涡活动是导致东北地区降水偏多的重要原因,其水汽主要来源于东北冷涡从日本海带来的水汽以及偏强偏西的西太平洋副热带高压（简称西太副高）西侧的转向水汽输送。文章还初步探讨了2014年春末南海夏季风爆发偏晚的可能原因。2014年南海夏季风于6月2候爆发,是历史上南海夏季风爆发最晚年之一。导致其爆发偏晚的直接因素是西太副高在4月下旬至5月底持续偏强偏西。进一步的分析结果表明,西太副高在此期间的偏强偏西可能主要由热带印度洋海表迅速增暖所致。     

2015年春季我国主要气候特征及其成因分析

2015年春季,全国气温普遍偏高,季节平均降水接近常年同期。季内,我国华南地区降水阶段性变化显著。前期(3—4月),华南地区降水偏少,华南前汛期入汛偏晚,入汛以后（5月5—31日）,华南地区降水显著偏多。分析表明,由于西太平洋副热带高压（以下简称副高）异常偏西,不利于副高南部的暖湿气流向华南地区输送,导致华南地区前汛期入汛偏晚。入汛之后,一方面,随着索马里越赤道气流的发展,经印度洋到达中国地区的水汽通道建立,由于副高偏西偏强,占据南海地区,导致水汽输送偏北;另一方面,与前期相比,春季后期印度洋海温偏高,有利于南海地区对流层低层异常反气旋的发展以及西南水汽输送的加强,此两种因素共同导致了入汛之后华南地区降水异常偏多。     

江门前汛期不同降水时段特征

通过对江门地区1971～2007年3—6月候雨量、日雨量,2003～2007年南海和华南地区低层（850hPa）风场、向外长波辐射（OLR）场和水汽场在南海夏季风爆发前后差异的比较分析,发现：江门前汛期降水由锋面降水和夏季风降水2个时段组成,降水集中期分别为5月第2候和6月第2候。南海夏季风爆发后,江门第1次出现的降水可看作是夏季风降水的开始,南海夏季风的不同爆发类型对江门夏季风降水的开始时间有不同影响。江门前汛期的锋面降水为大尺度抬升凝结降水,而具有热带性质的夏季风降水为对流性降水;由于降水性质的不同,导致两者在降水持续时间、降水形式等方面表现出差异。     

江南南部初夏雨季的降水和环流气候特征

基于1961～2010年气象台站逐日降水资料、同期美国NCEP/NCAR的逐日再分析格点资料,通过气候平均、REOF分析、聚类分析等方法,分析了江南地区初夏降水的地域性和时段性特征,及西太平洋副高和高、低空急流等大气环流的相应演变过程。结果发现:（1）江南南部27.5°～29.5°N存在一个独立于华南前汛期和江淮梅雨的初夏雨季,该雨季平均发生时间为6月11～30日,比江淮梅雨早约8天左右。（2）西太平洋副高的西伸东退是江南南部初夏雨季发生发展的重要环流背景,6月第2候副高发生突变性加速西伸之后雨季开始,雨季期间850 hPa副高西伸脊点基本稳定在最西位置即133°E附近,6月第6候副高东退北抬后雨季结束。（3）低层急流大风带的形成和位置是江南南部初夏雨季阶段的重要动力条件,印度洋和孟加拉湾向东北延伸的低层急流与西太平洋副高西北侧的气流连通形成低层急流大风带,并与北侧上空的高空急流耦合,降水集中区位于低层急流大风带左侧、高空急流入口区右侧。     

高分辨率卫星实测资料揭示的近年亚洲热带夏季风爆发进程

利用高分辨率卫星观测资料,从气候态角度分析了亚洲热带夏季风爆发特征。研究表明,亚洲热带夏季风最先在中南半岛西部爆发,随后在整个中南半岛和孟加拉湾东部,然后扩大至孟加拉湾西部和南海。夏季风爆发后,与孟加拉湾和南海相比,中南半岛雨量增强形势不明显。第26—28候（即5月第2候—5月第4候）是亚洲热带夏季风的爆发阶段。整个爆发过程,低层风场的时空演变与对流降水相对应,海表温度场增温较海表风场提早约1候左右;华南地区以锋面降水为主,即副热带季风降水。采用对流降水和海表上空10 m风场分别代表夏季风降水和盛行风向的时空演变特征较常规资料更为准确、精细。     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA*

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 and NCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,the distribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in this paper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asian region from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropical monsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and the recurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.The latter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South China Sea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northward shift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-flood rainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfall appeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China then formed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998 is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into South China Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

ON THE PROCESS OF SUMMER MONSOON ONSET OVER EAST ASIA

Using daily observational rainfall data covered 194 stations of China from 1961 to 1995 andNCEP model analyzed pentad precipitation data of global grid point from 1979 to 1997,thedistribution of onset date of rainy season over Asian area from spring to summer is studied in thispaper.The analyzed results show that there exist two stages of rainy season onset over East Asianregion from spring to summer rainy season onset accompanying subtropical monsoon and tropicalmonsoon respectively.The former rain belt is mainly formed by the convergence of cold air and therecurred southwesterly flow from western part of subtropical high and westerly flow from the so-called western trough of subtropical region occurring during winter to spring over South Asia.Thelatter is formed in the process of subtropical monsoon rain belt over inshore regions of South ChinaSea originally coming from south of Changjiang (Yangtze) River Basin advancing with northwardshift of subtropical high after the onset of tropical monsoon over South China Sea.The pre-floodrainy season over South China region then came into mature period and the second peak of rainfallappeared.Meiyu,the rainy season over Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin and North China thenformed consequently.The process of summer tropical monsoon onset over South China Sea in 1998is also discussed in this paper.It indicated that the monsoon during summer tropical monsoononset over South China Sea is the result of the westerly flow over middle part of South China Sea,which is from the new generated cyclone formed in north subtropical high entering into SouthChina Sea,converged with the tropical southwesterly flow recurred by the intensified cross-equatorial flow.     

The Earliest Onset Areas and Mechanism of the Tropical Asian Summer Monsoon

The multi-yearly averaged pentad meteorological fields at 850 hPa of the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dada and the TBB fields of the Japan Meteorological Agency during 1980-1994 are analyzed. It is found that if the pentad is taken as the time unit of the monsoon onset, then the tropical Asian summer monsoon (TASM) onsets earliest, simultaneously and abruptly over the whole area in the Bay of Bengal (BOB), the Indo-China Peninsula (ICP), and the South China Sea (SCS), east of 90°E, in the 27th to 28th pentads of a year (Pentads 3 to 4 in May), while it onsets later in the India Peninsula (IP) and the Arabian Sea (AS), west of 90°E. The TASM bursts first at the south end of the IP in the 30th to 31st pentads near 10°N, and advances gradually northward to the whole area, by the end of June. Analysis of the possible mechanism depicts that the rapid changes of the surface sensible heat flux, air temperature, and pressure in spring and early summer in the middle to high latitudes of the East Asian continent between 100°E and 120癊are crucially responsible for the earliest onset of the TASM in the BOB to the SCS areas. It is their rapid changes that induce a continental depression to form and break through the high system of pressure originally located in the above continental areas. The low depression in turn introduces the southwesterly to come into the BOB to the SCS areas, east of 90°E, and thus makes the SCS summer monsoon (SCSSM) burst out earliest in Asia. In the IP to the AS areas, west of 90°E, the surface sensible heat flux almost does not experience obvious change during April and May, which makes the tropical Indian summer monsoon (TISM) onset later than the SCSSM by about a month. Therefore, it is concluded that the meridian of 90°E is the demarcation line between the South Asian summer monsoon (SASM, i.e., the TISM) and the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM, including the SCSSM). Besides, the temporal relations between the TASM onset and the seasonal variation of the South Asian high (SAH) are discussed, too, and it is found that there are good relations between the monsoon onset time and the SAH center positions. When the SAH center advances to north of 20°N, the SCSSM onsets, and to north of 25°N, the TISM onsets at its south end. Comparison between the onset time such determined and that with other methodologies shows fair consistency in the SCS area and some differences in the IP area.     

2006年长江中下游地区梅雨季节划分的探讨

为了建立长江中下游地区梅雨季节的新样本,采用以环流为主导的常规方法,利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料及长江中下游5站降水资料,对2006年长江中下游地区梅雨季节的特征量进行了诊断分析,并讨论了梅雨与夏季风的关系。结果表明,将6月5候和7月4候分别划为2006年长江中下游地区梅雨季节的起始和结束时间是较为合适的;2006年长江中下游地区梅雨季节对应的梅雨量较常年偏少,这与梅雨季节中印度夏季风和东亚夏季风（包括南海夏季风和副热带夏季风）强度较常年偏弱有关。     

东亚地区夏季风爆发过程

利用中国194站1961～1995年日降水资料及NCEP1979～1997年候格点降水资料,探讨了亚洲地区自春到夏的雨季开始分布。结果表明,东亚地区自春到夏存在副热带季风雨季开始和热带季风雨季开始。前者于4月初开始于华南北部和江南地区,随后向南和向西南扩展,于4月末扩展到华南沿海和中南半岛,这个雨带主要是冷空气和副热带高压西侧转向的SW风以及南亚地区冬春副热带南支西风槽中西风汇合而形成的,是副热带季风雨季开始。后者是南海热带季风爆发后使原来由江南移到华南沿岸的副热带季风雨带随副热带高压北进而北进,前汛期雨季进入盛期,江南出现第二次雨峰,形成梅雨期和江淮及华北雨季。同时,热带季风雨带也自东向西传播到达南亚地区而形成热带季风雨季。还讨论了1998年东亚地区夏季风爆发过程,指出南海夏季风爆发期的季风由副高北侧形成的新生气旋进入南海造成南海中部西风和南海越赤道气流转向的SW季风加强汇合而形成,因而是东亚季风系统中环流系统季节变化造成的,和印度季风无关。在南海季风爆发期阿拉伯海仍由副热带反气旋控制,南亚仍是上述副热带反气旋北侧NW风南下后转向的偏西副热带气流所控制,索马里低空急流仍未爆发,赤道西风并未影响南海。     

A climatological study on the role of the South China Sea monsoon onset in the development of the East Asian summer monsoon

The unique role of the South China Sea summer monsoon (SCSSM) onset process in the development of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) is demonstrated in this study. The SCSSM onset process is examined in terms of the vertical linkage between the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and the South Asian high (SAH). A composite analysis is performed in order to adequately describe the vertical linkage in a synoptic timescale. The South China Sea (SCS) is a key region for the seasonal migrations of the WPSH and the SAH, with the former retreating northeastward, the latter advancing northwestward, and both taking place over the SCS during the SCSSM onset period. The SCSSM onset process is characterized by a significant change in the relative configuration of the ridge lines of the WPSH and the SAH. Just prior to the onset period, the ridge lines intersect vertically over the SCS, thus prohibiting convective activities. During the onset period, the ridge line intersection moves away from the SCS due to the retreating WPSH and the northward shift of the SAH ridge line. This coincides with the emergence of monsoonal convective activities over the SCS and the establishment of a moisture channel from the tropics, which in turn provides favorable conditions for the development of deep convective activity. The northeastward intrusion of the lower level southwesterlies and the moisture supplying channel are closely related to the development of a preexisting twin cyclone in the Bay of Bengal. The northeastward lower level southwesterlies form a monsoonal ascending motion in the SCS, which further merges upward into the northeasterlies to the south of the SAH ridge line. This is a signature of the establishment of the local Hadley circulation, which marks the beginning of the EASM. The frontal system is the most frequent attendant synoptic event during the SCSSM onset. From the viewpoint of synoptic process, the SCSSM undergoes a two-stage onset process which is characterized by the southward intrusion of the frontal system in the earlier stage and the outbreak of the tropical convection in the later stage. The frontal system may act as a trigger for the outbreak of the tropical convection in the later stage. The burst out of the monsoonal convection over the SCS is essential for the breakdown of the vertical intersection between the WPSH and the SAH therein.