陆面过程模型研究进展简介

在陆面与大气界面上不断进行着辐射、热量、水分和动量的交换,用于气候模拟或数值天气预报的大气环流模式需要陆面模式计算这些通量(陆面参数化).40年来,陆面模式经历了从简单和不真实的第一代陆面模式发展到更可信的第二和第三代陆面模式.第二代陆面模式包含了生物物理过程而第三代陆面模式包含了生化过程.近10年来,一些陆面模式耦合了动态植被模型和能考虑土壤水分空间非均匀性的水文模型.这些陆面模式与气候和海洋环流模型耦合能够模拟陆地生态系统对全球变化的响应.     

大气环流模式降水的模拟对水汽方程差分方案的敏感性试验

分别采用3种应用比较广泛的水汽方程差分方案:多维正定平流传输方案(MPDATA)、通量修正传输方案(FCT)和两步保形平流方案(TSPAS),对大气物理所9层大气环流模式(IAP 9L AGCM)的降水模拟作敏感性试验,分析比较3种方案下模式降水气候平均场的差异,从而揭示模式降水对水汽方程差分方案的敏感性.试验结果显示,不同的水汽方程差分方案对大气环流模式降水的气候模拟有较大影响,并由此从3种差分方案中为IAP 9L AGCM寻找出一种较好的水汽计算方案.     

基于一个不同网格相互嵌套的陆气耦合模式的气候模拟研究

将一个大气植被相互作用模式(AVIM)与大气所LASG的R15九层大气环流模式GOALS相耦合．用来模拟多年平均的全球气候状况。AVIM是一个陆地表面陆面和生理过程相互反馈的模型。作为陆气耦合的第一步,暂不考虑AVIM中的生理过程,而首光将其物理过程[相当于通常的SVAT(土壤—植被—大气—传输方案)模型]与大气所LASG的九层大气环流模式耦合起来．其中海洋模式部分不参与积分,海面温度是多年平均的气候伯。考虑到GCM的分辨率较低(7．5°×4．5°)而植被分布必须有较高的分辨率(1.5°×1.5°),采取广大气与地表面粗细网格的嵌套耦合。模式积分15年,取最后10年的平均值作分析。将模拟的气候要素场与观测值和NCEP再分析资料作了比较,气候模拟结果反映了全球环流与温湿场的主要特征,特别是降水和地面气温的模拟效果较好。这为今后气候模式与生物圈的耦合奠定广一个良好的基础。     

耦合不同陆面方案的WRF模式对“8.8”舟曲暴雨过程的模拟

利用NCEP每6 h一次的1°×1°格点资料和中尺度模式WRF(V3.2),选用不同的陆面参数化方案,对2010年8月7—8日发生在甘肃舟曲的一次西北地区特大暴雨天气过程进行数值模拟试验。结果表明,此次暴雨过程数值模拟的准确率对陆面参数化方案的选择比较敏感。在WRF模式中,耦合陆面方案比不耦合陆面方案对暴雨的模拟效果更好,耦合陆面方案所模拟的降水分布、地表通量以及地面气象要素都与实况更加接近。耦合不同的陆面方案模拟的降水以及感热通量、潜热通量都存在较大的差别,但是采用不同的陆面方案模拟的地表温度和水汽差别并不大。总体而言,采用PX陆面方案对降水的模拟效果比采用其他方案都合理,与实况最接近。     

LASG/IAP 大气环流谱模式对陆面过程的敏感性试验

将中国科学院大气物理研究所大气科学和地球流体力学数值模拟国家重点实验室最近发展的高分辨率全球大气环流谱模式SAMIL-R42L26, 分别与两个陆面模式--NCAR通用陆面模式CLM和简化的简单生物圈模式SSiB进行耦合.在比较了两个陆面过程模式, 指出CLM改进方面的基础上, 通过分析两个陆气耦合模式所模拟的陆气通量交换结果, 指出新版本的陆气耦合模式(SAMIL-R42L26与CLM耦合)对表面感热、温度、降水率、潜热通量和海平面气压场的模拟能力大大提高, 尤其对于夏季表面感热通量场, 使亚洲北部和东南部、格陵兰岛以及北美洲大部分地区的数值从100 W/m2 降低到接近60 W/m2, 与NCEP再分析资料一致.新版本的陆气耦合模式模拟陆地表面能量收支趋于平衡, 为下一步发展海-陆-气-冰耦合气候系统模式提供保障.采用CLM陆面模式, SAMIL-R42L26能较好地模拟亚洲季风区地表感热和潜热的季节演变趋势, 而采用SSiB陆面模式的结果, 则存在较大误差.文中的结果表明, 不同的陆面模式所模拟的大气下垫面(包括洋面)通量发生的变化, 通过陆气耦合过程产生的影响不仅仅是局地性的, 而且是全球范围的.     

IAP/LASG全球海-陆-气耦合系统模式的纬向平均大气气候态分析

分海洋和陆地两种情况来讨论IAP／LASG全球海－陆－气耦合系统模式（GOALS）四个版本的结果，并与观测资料进行对比分析，一些重要的大气变量包括表面空气温度，海平面气压和降水率用来评估GOALS模式模拟当代气候和气候变率的能力，总的来说，GOALS模式的四个版本都能够合理地再现观测到的平均气候态和季节变化的主要特征，同时评估也揭示了模式的一些缺陷，可以清楚地看到模拟的全球平均海平面气压的主要误差是在陆地上，陆地上表面空气温度模拟偏高主要是由于陆南过程的影响，值得注意的是降水率模拟偏低主要是在海洋上，而中高纬的陆地降水在北半球冬天却比观测偏高。通过模式不同版本之间的相互比较研究，可以发现模式中太阳辐射日变化物理过程的引入明显地改善了表面空气温度的模拟，尤其是在中低纬度的陆地上，太阳辐射日变化的引入对热带陆地的降水和中高纬度的冬季降水也有较大改进。而且，由于使用了逐日通量距平交换方案（DFA），GOALS模式新版本模拟的海洋上的温度变率在中低纬度有了改善。比较观测和模拟的年平均表面空气温度的标准度，可以发现GOALS模式四个版本都低估了海洋和陆地上的温度变率，中还对影响观测和模拟温度变率差异的可能原因进行了探讨。     

陆地生态系统模型及其与气候模式耦合的回顾

陆地生态系统和气候系统通过能量通量、水汽通量、物质交换相互影响、作用。作者对陆地生态系统模型及其与气候模式耦合的研究进行综述和讨论,总结了当代5类主要全球陆地生态系统模型,即生物地理模型、生物地球化学模型、森林林窗模型、陆面生物圈模型和动态全球植被模型,以及它们与气候模式耦合的研究进展。阐述了动态全球植被模型及其与气候模式耦合研究在全球变化研究的重要作用。最后,对未来模拟研究的方向进行了分析。     

干旱区陆面过程参数改进对气候模拟结果的影响

利用改进的我国西北地区陆面过程参数的大气环流模式CCM3与原CCM3模式分别做了数值模拟并加以对比分析。结果表明,改进后的模式较原模式对东亚季风和西北干旱区降水的模拟能力有一定提高,对西北部分地区感热、潜热通量的模拟有所改进。这说明通过观测改进陆面过程模式的参数是提高CCM3气候模式模拟能力的一种重要途径。     

陆面过程对气候模式中的水分收支的影响

近些年来,在英国气象局大气环流模式(AGCM)中进行了陆面参数化的研究.例如,引入更逼真的水文学、多层土壤温度和植被冠层对降水的拦截和蒸发.全球固定的陆面参数已被地域性变化量所替代.本文主要讨论它们的推导,给出某些分布场.讨论了两组AGCM试验的结果,表明植被冠层过程和各种陆面参数对模式模拟的各个方面产生影响.这些包括水分循环增强和在赤热的沙漠地带的地表温度日变程明显增大.     

欧亚中高纬陆面感热异常影响我国夏季气候的数值模拟

使用区域气候模式RegCM4.4.5.7,通过改变春季欧亚大陆中高纬地区的陆面感热通量,对欧亚中高纬感热异常影响中国夏季气候进行模拟分析,并探讨其影响机制。试验结果表明:当春季欧亚中高纬陆面感热通量加强时,我国长江流域和东北东部夏季气温降低,降水偏多;华北地区气温升高,降水偏少。春季陆面感热增强引起近地面和对流层低层大气热力状况异常,进而导致高度场和环流场的异常,长江流域和东北地区有气旋环流,对流运动旺盛,结合充足的水汽条件,对应降水偏多,而华北地区则相反,有反气旋环流和微弱的气流辐合,对应降水偏少。研究表明欧亚中高纬陆面感热异常是影响我国夏季气候的一个不可忽视的因子。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF EFFECTS OF LAND SURFACE PROCESSES ON CLIMATE--IMPLEMENTING OF SSiB IN IAP/LASG AGCM AND ITS PERFORMANCE*

This is an investigation of exchanges of energy and water between the atmosphere and the vegetated continents,and the impact of and mechanisms for land surface-atmosphere interactions on hydrological cycle and general circulation by implementing the Simplified Simple Biosphere(SSiB) model in a modified version of IAP/LASG global spectral general model(L9R15 AGCM).This study reveals that the SSiB model produces a better partitioning of the land surface heat and moisture fluxes and its diurnal variations,and also gives the transport of energy and water among atmosphere,vegetation and soil explicitly and realistically.Thus the coupled SSiB-AGCM runs lead to the more conspicuous improvement in the simulated circulation,precipitation,mean water vapor content and its transport.particularly in the Asian monsoon region in the real world than CTL-AGCM runs.It is also pointed out that both the implementation of land surface parameterizations and the variations in land surface into the GOALS model have greatly improved hydrological balance over continents and have a significant impact on the simulated climate.particularly over the massive continents.Improved precipitation recycling model was employed to verify the mechanisms for land surface hydrology parameterizations on hydrological cycle and precipitation climatology in AGCM.It can be argued that the recycling precipitation rate is significantly reduced,particularly in the arid and semi-arid region of the boreal summer hemisphere,coincident with remarkable reduction in evapotranspiration over the continental area.Therefore the coupled SSiB-AGCM runs reduce the bias of too much precipitation over land surface in most AGCMs,thereby bringing the simulatedprecipitation closer to observations in many continental regions of the world than CTL-AGCMruns.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF EFFECTS OF LAND SURFACE PROCESSES ON CLIMATE——IMPLEMENTING OF SSiB IN IAP/LASG AGCM AND ITS PERFORMANCE

This is an investigation of exchanges of energy and water between the atmosphere and thevegetated continents,and the impact of and mechanisms for land surface-atmosphere interactionson hydrological cycle and general circulation by implementing the Simplified Simple Biosphere(SSiB)model in a modified version of IAP/LASG global spectral general model(L9R15 AGCM).This study reveals that the SSiB model produces a better partitioning of the land surface heat andmoisture fluxes and its diurnal variations,and also gives the transport of energy and water amongatmosphere,vegetation and soil explicitly and realistically.Thus the coupled SSiB-AGCM runslead to the more conspicuous improvement in the simulated circulation,precipitation,mean watervapor content and its transport.particularly in the Asian monsoon region in the real world thanCTL-AGCM runs.It is also pointed out that both the implementation of land surfaceparameterizations and the variations in land surface into the GOALS model have greatly improvedhydrological balance over continents and have a significant impact on the simulated climate.particularly over the massive continents.Improved precipitation recycling model was employed to verify the mechanisms for landsurface hydrology parameterizations on hydrological cycle and precipitation climatology in AGCM.It can be argued that the recycling precipitation rate is significantly reduced,particularly in the aridand semi-arid region of the boreal summer hemisphere,coincident with remarkable reduction inevapotranspiration over the continental area.Therefore the coupled SSiB-AGCM runs reduce thebias of too much precipitation over land surface in most AGCMs,thereby bringing the simulatedprecipitation closer to observations in many continental regions of the world than CTL-AGCMruns.     

Implementation of a Surface Runoff Model with Horton and Dunne Mechanisms into the Regional Climate Model RegCM_NCC

A surface runoff parameterization scheme that dynamically represents both Horton and Dunne runoff generation mechanisms within a model grid cell together with a consideration of the subgrid-scaie soil heterogeneity, is implemented into the National Climate Center regional climate model （RegCM_NCC）. The effects of the modified surface runoff scheme on RegCMANCC performance are tested with an abnormal heavy rainfall process which occurred in summer 1998. Simulated results show that the model with the original surface runoff scheme （noted as CTL） basically captures the spatial pattern of precipitation, circulation and land surface variables, but generally overestimates rainfall compared to observations. The model with the new surface runoff scheme （noted as NRM） reasonably reproduces the distribution pattern of various variables and effectively diminishes the excessive precipitation in the CTL. The processes involved in the improvement of NRM-simulated rainfall may be as follows： with the new surface runoff scheme, simulated surface runoff is larger, soil moisture and evaporation （latent heat flux） are decreased, the available water into the atmosphere is decreased; correspondingly, the atmosphere is drier and rainfall is decreased through various processes. Therefore, the implementation of the new runoff scheme into the RegCMANCC has a significant effect on results at not only the land surface, but also the overlying atmosphere.     

The Observed and Simulated Major Summer Climate Features in Northwest China and Their Sensitivity to Land Surface Processes

Northwest China （NWC） is a typical arid and semi-arid region. In this study, the main summer climate features over NWC are presented and the performance of an atmospheric general circulation model （NCEP GCM/SSiB） over this region is evaluated. Satellite-derived vegetation products are applied in the model. Based on comparison with observational data and Reanalysis II data, the model generally captures major features of the NWC summer energy balance and circulation. These features include： a high surface tem- perature center dominating the planetary boundary layer; widespread descending motion; an anticyclone （cyclone） located in the lower and middle （upper） troposphere, covering most parts of central NWC; and the precipitation located mainly in the high elevation areas surrounding NWC.
The sensitivity of the summer energy balance and circulation over NWC and surrounding regions to land surface processes is assessed with specified land cover change. In the sensitivity experiment, the degradation over most parts of NWC, except the Taklimakan desert, decreases the surface-absorbed radiation and leads to weaker surface thermal effects. In northern Xinjiang and surrounding regions, less latent heating causes stronger anomalous lower-level anticyclonic circulation and upper-level cyclonic circulation, leading to less summer precipitation and higher surface temperature. Meanwhile, the dry conditions in the Hexi Corridor produce less change in the latent heat flux. The circulation change to the north of this area plays a domi- nant role in indirectly changing lower-level cyclonic conditions, producing more convergence, weaker vertical descending motion, and thus an increase in the precipitation over this region.     

Customization of regional climate model (RegCM4) over Indian region

The regional climate model (RegCM4) is customized for 10-year climate simulation over Indian region through sensitivity studies on cumulus convection and land surface parameterization schemes. The model is configured over 30° E–120° E and 15° S–45° N at 30-km horizontal resolution with 23 vertical levels. Six 10-year (1991–2000) simulations are conducted with the combinations of two land surface schemes (BATS, CLM3.5) and three cumulus convection schemes (Kuo, Grell, MIT). The simulated annual and seasonal climatology of surface temperature and precipitation are compared with CRU observations. The interannual variability of these two parameters is also analyzed. The results indicate that the model simulated climatology is sensitive to the convection as well as land surface parameterization. The analysis of surface temperature (precipitation) climatology indicates that the model with CLM produces warmer (dryer) climatology, particularly over India. The warmer (dryer) climatology is due to the higher sensible heat flux (lower evapotranspiration) in CLM. The model with MIT convection scheme simulated wetter and warmer climatology (higher precipitation and temperature) with smaller Bowen ratio over southern India compared to that with the Grell and Kuo schemes. This indicates that a land surface scheme produces warmer but drier climatology with sensible heating contributing to warming where as a convection scheme warmer but wetter climatology with latent heat contributing to warming. The climatology of surface temperature over India is better simulated by the model with BATS land surface model in combination with MIT convection scheme while the precipitation climatology is better simulated with BATS land surface model in combination with Grell convection scheme. Overall, the modeling system with the combination of Grell convection and BATS land surface scheme provides better climate simulation over the Indian region.     

The role of shallow convection in the water and energy cycles of the atmosphere

The Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM4) is used to study the role of shallow convection in the hydrologic and energy cycles of the atmosphere. Sensitivity tests with AGCM4 show a marked effect of the parameterization of shallow convection in the model. In particular, including the parameterization of shallow convection produces considerably enhanced vertical mixing and decreased stratiform cloud amounts in the lower subtropical atmosphere over the oceans. The differences in simulated stratiform cloud amounts are associated with a change in the globally averaged outgoing shortwave radiative flux at the top of the atmosphere of about 11 W m⁻². Additionally, precipitation rates are considerably reduced for stratiform clouds and enhanced for convective clouds in the subtropics, if the parameterization of shallow convection is included in the model. Additional tests show that the simulated responses in cloud amounts and precipitation to the treatment of shallow convection are robust. Additional simulations with modified closures for deep convection and other changes to the treatment of convection in the model still lead to similar responses of the model results.     

一个耦合了简化生物圈方案的全球大气环流谱模式及其性能测试

在美国ＮＭＣ ＡＧＣＭ模式的基础上，参照ＣＯＬＡ低分辨率ＡＧＣＭ模式，移植和改进了一个包括植被层陆面过程的陆－气耦合全球大气环流谱模式。其水平分辨率为菱形截断１５波，垂直方向分为９层，陆面过程采用简化的简单生物圈模式。     

Performance of a Reconfigured Atmospheric General Circulation Model at Low Resolution

Paleoclimate simulations usually require model runs over a very long time.The fast integration version of a state-of-the-art general circulation model (GCM),which shares the same physical and dynamical processes but with reduced horizontal resolution and increased time step,is usually developed.In this study,we configure a fast version of an atmospheric GCM (AGCM),the Grid Atmospheric Model of IAP/LASG (Institute of Atmospheric Physics/State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics),at low resolution (GAMIL-L,hereafter),and compare the simulation results with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and other data to examine its performance.GAMIL-L,which is derived from the original GAMIL,is a finite difference AGCM with 72×40 grids in longitude and latitude and 26 vertical levels.To validate the simulated climatology and variability,two runs were achieved.One was a 60-year control run with fixed climatological monthly sea surface temperature (SST) forcing,and the other was a 50-yr (1950-2000) integration with observational time-varying monthly SST forcing.Comparisons between these two cases and the reanalysis,including intra-seasonal and inter-annual variability are also presented.In addition,the differences between GAMIL-L and the original version of GAMIL are also investigated. The results show that GAMIL-L can capture most of the large-scale dynamical features of the atmosphere, especially in the tropics and mid latitudes,although a few deficiencies exist,such as the underestimated Hadley cell and thereby the weak strength of the Asia summer monsoon.However,the simulated mean states over high latitudes,especially over the polar regions,are not acceptable.Apart from dynamics,the thermodynamic features mainly depend upon the physical parameterization schemes.Since the physical package of GAMIL-L is exactly the same as the original high-resolution version of GAMIL,in which the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2) physical package was used,there are only small differences between them in the precipitation and temperature fields.Because our goal is to develop a fast-running AGCM and employ it in the coupled climate system model of IAP/LASG for paleoclimate studies such as ENSO and Australia-Asia monsoon,particular attention has been paid to the model performances in the tropics.More model validations,such as those ran for the Southern Oscillation and South Asia monsoon, indicate that GAMIL-L is reasonably competent and valuable in this regard.     

陆面过程模型CoLM与区域气候模式RegCM3的耦合及初步评估

陆面过程通过影响陆面和大气之间物质（如,水分）和能量的交换影响气候, 其参数化方案对数值天气预报、全球及区域气候模拟有重要影响。本研究利用对生物物理、生物化学过程考虑更全面的陆面模式Common Land Model(CoLM) 替代区域气候模式RegCM3原有的陆面模式BATS, 发展了耦合区域气候模式C－RegCM3; 将其应用于东亚地区典型洪涝年份夏季气候模拟以进行评估, 结果表明新耦合的模式C－RegCM3能合理模拟大尺度环流场、近地表气温和降水的分布特征, 对西北半干旱地区降水模拟比RegCM3有所改进。通过利用区域气候模式C－RegCM3及RegCM3对地表能量和水文过程模拟结果的比较, 发现在半干旱、半湿润过渡区C－RegCM3模拟的潜热增大、感热减小; 模拟的地表吸收太阳辐射差异较明显的地区位于模式模拟的主要雨区; C-RegCM3在上述过渡区模拟的夏季地表土壤湿度比RegCM3偏干, 这与它在过渡区降水模拟偏少、蒸散发模拟偏大相对应, 体现了该模式在半干旱、半湿润过渡带模拟出比RegCM3更明显的局地土壤湿度－降水－蒸散发之间的正反馈作用。     

Impacts of land surface on climate of july and onset of summer monsoon: a study with an agcm plus ssib

To get more insight into the impacts of land surface processes on climate, a simplified biosphere model (SSiB) developed by Sellers and Xue et al. is implemented into the LASG / IAP spectral climate AGCM (R15L9). The new model has been integrated for more than twenty years. The diagnoses of the integration show that the implementing of the land surface processes has greatly improved the simulation of July climate. It is also shown that the seasonal variations of land surface characteristics have great impacts on the onset of summer monsoon, especially the seasonal march of wind at 850 hPa and precipitation over the regions of summer monsoon.