冷涡背景下不同类型强对流天气的成因对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料、自动站资料、卫星、雷达和NCEP再分析资料,针对2015年8月22日冷涡背景下华北东北部和黄淮地区同时出现的不同类型强对流天气,对比分析引发不同天气的两种中尺度对流系统的演变过程及冷涡背景下不同强对流天气的成因。具体结论如下:(1)同一冷涡背景下,华北东北部位于冷涡中心外围西南象限和地面冷高压前沿,触发的分散性多单体风暴位于冷涡外围的涡旋云系中,引发以短时强降水为主的强对流天气;黄淮地区位于冷涡后部和地面冷锋前,槽后晴空区的多个对流单体,合并后形成人字形飑线系统引发短时强降水、冰雹和雷暴大风天气;(2)环境热力和水汽的差异为形成不同的强对流天气提供了前提条件:华北东北部受高层暖脊影响,地面高压后部的偏东气流带来水汽输送,整层暖湿的条件利于产生强降水;黄淮地区高层有补充干冷空气,利于热力不稳定条件发展,但黄淮地区低层水汽不足,风雹天气在较干环境场中不易被触发;(3)引发不同强对流天气的对流触发机制不同,两处的初始对流均受同一地面辐合线影响,但华北东北部在地形抬升与辐合线共同作用下不断新生单体;黄淮地区的初始局地热对流形成后,其前沿的辐散出流与环境风形成新的辐合,使原辐合线断裂和转向;(4)出现不同强对流天气时垂直风切变不同,黄淮风雹区的中层垂直风切变更显著,有利于形成持续性的强风暴;强对流天气发生时,华北东北部中低层风场的演变与天气尺度系统的变化有关,黄淮地区中低层风的垂直分布与中尺度对流系统的发生发展有关。     

自动观测方式下的几种常见错情及处理方法

1不同类型大尺度环流背景下强对流天气的短时临近预报预警研究 摘要：文章利用常规气象资料、自动站资料、卫星资料、NCEP再分析资料,对2001年-2010年安徽省强对流天气过程的物理机制、中尺度特征进行分析。结果表明：强对流发生的天气学条件有丰富水汽、不稳定层结、抬升触发机制或强上升运动,强烈发展的强风暴常有逆温层、强的风垂直切变、中层千冷空气等有利条件,     

东北冷涡对江淮飑线生成的影响研究

利用常规气象资料、自动站资料、卫星和雷达资料以及NCEP再分析资料,对近10年东北冷涡天气背景下强对流天气过程的物理机制和中尺度特征进行了分析,并重点分析了在东北冷涡背景下,2009年6月3、5和14日在黄淮和江淮地区分别产生飑线并造成大范围雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气。结果表明,在东北冷涡发展阶段,即温压结构不对称、大气斜压性强时,冷涡的西、西南、南至东南部容易发生雷雨大风、冰雹等强对流天气。在东北冷涡形势下,飑线生成时具备以下特征:(1)存在明显的中尺度气旋式环流,850 hPa、925 hPa和地面有辐合线或干线存在;(2)静力不稳定,中低层温度直减率大;(3)风垂直切变强,风随高度强烈顺转,400~500 hPa有西风急流存在,且与强对流天气的发生区域紧密相关;(4)伴随着飑线发展,在飑线后侧有显著升压,雷暴高压的强弱不仅指示了飑线发展的不同阶段,同时可作为地面大风预报的参考依据;(5)飑线的移动与对流回波的传播、出流边界和引导气流密切相关。     

贵阳龙洞堡机场一次雷雨冰雹天气过程分析

对原始常规资料运用最优插值的方法，对2003年4月18日贵阳龙洞堡机场发生的一次强雷雨冰雹天气过程进行客观诊断分析。结果表明：这次强对流过程是在大尺度辐合环流背景下，由500hPa高空槽东移和地面冷锋过境而触发的，贵阳地区持续的高温和西南低空急流水汽输送，为对流天气的发生提供了大量的不稳定能量和充沛的水汽条件，而垂直风的切变则使得对流发展更加旺盛，过程持续的时间更长。     

甘肃靖远“8·10”致洪短时强降水成因分析

利用ERA-interim再分析资料、FY-2G卫星云图、多普勒雷达资料以及常规气象观测资料,对2018年8月9—10日甘肃靖远致洪致灾短时强降水的成因进行了诊断分析。结果表明：此次短时强降水天气具有空间尺度小、持续时间短、强度大的特点;在西太平洋副热带高压西伸北抬、伊朗高压北上东伸的大尺度环流背景下,甘肃中部处于两高压之间的弱切变辐合区;强降水发生前,低层暖湿平流的增温增湿使不稳定层结发展;低层正涡度辐合加强了水汽的垂直输送,地面气旋性风场、次级环流为强对流提供了有利的动力条件;强降水过程中没有高空槽、低空急流的配合,垂直风切变较弱,在副热带高压边缘高温高湿环境下,中小尺度热低压使该区域热力不稳定增加,中低层弱冷空气入侵、地面辐合线对强对流天气的发生起到了触发和组织作用;造成此次强降水天气的中-γ尺度对流云团,生成在地面热低压和中尺度辐合线附近,具有明显的低质心强降水雷达回波特征。     

福建春季西南急流暖湿强迫背景下的强对流天气流型配置及环境条件分析

根据2002—2013年福建26次春季强对流天气过程中12例由西南急流暖湿强迫产生的强对流天气的高低空环流配置,利用常规高空、地面观测资料以及NCEP再分析资料,运用中尺度对流天气的天气图分析技术建立福建春季西南风低空急流暖湿强迫背景下的强对流天气流型的识别方法,并统计静力稳定度、水汽、抬升和垂直风切变条件及相应物理量要素,初步揭示了福建省春季西南急流暖湿强迫背景下的强对流天气过程的特征和规律。此类强对流天气是由对流层中、高层干冷空气位于低层强烈发展的暖湿平流之上形成显著条件不稳定层结,逆温、干暖盖、中低层有利的水汽条件,上干下湿的温湿廓线以及低空辐合、高空辐散为强对流天气的发生提供了有利的环境条件,强对流天气系统由地面的锋面、辐合线、热低压、925 hPa辐合线以及西南急流脉动等中尺度天气系统触发,对流生成后在西南风急流引导下移入有利于对流发展的不稳定区域使得对流持续发展,强垂直风切变配合较大的对流有效位能有利于对流风暴持续发展。     

2009年大连春季强对流雨雪天气过程分析

2009年4月15日大连出现了春季最晚的降雪天气。利用常规资料、自动气象站和雷达等多种资料及中尺度模式MM5对这次强对流雨雪天气过程进行了分析和模拟,结果表明,200hPa急流、500hPa贝加尔湖冷槽南压形成的冷涡、中低层南支槽前水汽输送以及地面冷锋是产生大连春季强对流雨雪天气的环流背景;中层干冷空气叠加在低层暖湿层...     

一次冷涡发展阶段大暴雨过程的中尺度对流系统研究

利用2009年东北暴雨试验资料、常规气象观测资料、自动站资料、FY-2C卫星资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2009年6月19日东北地区一次短时强降水过程的天气尺度环流特征、中尺度对流系统(MCS)环境场及其触发机制进行了分析,概括了此次冷涡发展阶段暴雨过程的三维概念模型.结果表明,此次强降水系统主要发生在东北冷涡的发展阶段,造成强对流天气的系统尺度较小、突发性强,具有明显的β-γ中尺度对流系统的特点.高温高湿及位势不稳定层结、低层的湿舌北伸及中层干冷空气的侵入,为MCS的发生、发展提供了非常有利的环境条件.位于高空西风急流出口区北侧和偏东北大风中心入口区南侧的暴雨区上层有强的高空辐散,与辐合区南侧的低空急流前部相互耦合,使得暴雨区上升气流增强;高空急流出口区南侧的偏南风低空急流加强了风暴的人流强度,为风暴提供了有利的风场环境和水汽条件.暴雨区西南侧中低层存在干空气侵入,使中低层干冷空气迅速向对流风暴发生区输送,形成逆温层.在强对流爆发前,中低层的逆温层与上层的干层分开,使风暴发展所需的不稳定能量得以累积,冷涡系统东移引导低层偏西北气流南下,增强了地面流场的辐合,是触发初始对流的关键因素.     

冷涡背景下苏北地区连续两次强对流天气过程对比分析

利用地面观测资料、天气雷达资料和ECMWF-ERA5逐小时0.25°×0.25°再分析资料,主要从环境条件和触发机制两个方面,对2019年6月8日（简称过程A）、9日（简称过程B）影响江苏省北部的两次冷涡型强对流天气过程进行了对比分析。结果表明： 过程A是由暖湿气流引起的短时强降水伴随雷暴大风的湿对流天气;过程B则是在高层西北气流下由干冷平流强迫引起的大风冰雹伴随短时强降水的混合对流天气。过程A,由暖湿气流形成强对流不稳定层结,垂直风切变强度一般,湿层深厚,有利于短时强降水的发生;过程B,中高层的较强干冷平流叠加在低层暖湿平流上而形成强对流不稳定层结,强的垂直风切变位于中低层,配合较强的动力抬升条件,有利于冰雹的发生。两次天气过程的触发机制都是地面辐合线。过程A的预报重点为水汽条件和来自上游的对流系统与当地地面辐合线的耦合;过程B的预报重点为大气的不稳定度和冷涡后部冷空气的干侵入与地面辐合线的耦合。     

沈阳地区一次冰雹天气过程形成机制的数值模拟

应用中尺度MM5数值预报模式对2003年6月28日发生在沈阳地区的一次冰雹强对流天气过程进行数值模拟和分析，并与实况观测资料进行比较，成功地模拟出中尺度强对流天气系统演变规律，得出这次强对流天气过程的触发机制，为冰雹强对流天气的预报提供有应用价值的思路和方法。此次冰雹强对流天气过程主要是受深厚的低涡天气系统作用的结果，高低空急流的耦合、干湿空气间强的风垂直切变和上层干冷、下层暖湿的位势不稳定层结是此次冰雹强对流爆发的重要触发机制。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences