2006年12月24—27日大范围大雾过程数值模拟

利用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)和宾夕法尼亚州立大学(PSU)联合研制的第5代中尺度气象模式系统MM5对2006年12月24—27日江苏及其周边地区出现的一次罕见持续性大雾进行数值模拟和诊断分析, 同时对影响大雾过程的辐射条件进行敏感性试验。结果表明:形成持续性大雾的主要原因是大气层结稳定, 水汽充沛, 同时, 地面和大气的长波辐射冷却是雾形成和发展的最重要因素; 而日出后太阳短波辐射加热和热量湍流输送是辐射雾消散的主要原因。在大雾发展和维持期间, 雾区近地层基本上为弱的水汽辐合区; 在大雾减弱和消散期间, 雾区大部分为弱的水汽辐散区。大范围的下沉辐散运动有利于中低层大气增温, 与近地层的辐射降温相配合, 加上近地层弱冷平流作用, 使低层大气降温, 有助于逆温形成, 而深厚逆温层的存在, 对雾区的长时间维持起着决定性作用。     

陕西冬季一次大雾天气生消机制的数值模拟

利用非静力平衡中尺度模式WRF、NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料及常规观测资料,对2005年12月30～31日发生在陕西的大雾天气过程进行了数值模拟,分析了大雾天气过程形成的主要原因及雾的生消机制。结果表明,WRF模式能较好地模拟出雾的水平分布特征、强度和生消过程,反映出实际雾的生消变化规律。适当提高模式水平分辨率能较明显地改进模拟效果。这次大雾为平流辐射雾,长波辐射冷却是大雾形成和发展的主要原因。逆温层的发展、维持和近地面层较高的相对湿度对雾的产生和发展起着重要作用。近地面层有弱的水汽辐合是大雾发展和维持的主要原因之一。大雾形成和发展阶段,900 hPa以下的辐合上升运动和900 hPa以上的辐散下沉运动有利于在上升和下沉运动区的界面层中形成逆温层,逆温层的形成有利于低层水汽的积累。随着高空转为辐合上升运动,900 hPa以下为辐散下沉运动,接着日出后,太阳短波辐射增温等的共同作用,使逆温减弱直至被破坏。中高云的存在影响了近地面层逆温的形成和加强,推迟了雾的形成和消散。暖平流的输入有利于逆温层的形成发展。     

大连初冬一次辐射平流雾天气过程分析

利用大连机场地面观测资料、Micaps系统下常规资料、探空资料和NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料,从天气形势和背景、探空资料分析和物理量诊断方面,对2009年11月30日-12月2日发生在大连地区持续性大雾天气过程做了详细分析。结果表明,本次持续性雾过程属于辐射平流雾,是在稳定的大尺度天气背景下形成的。探空资料表明,大雾发生过程中,边界层内出现一层逆温和多层逆温;边界层内近地层的逆温和充沛的水汽条件对雾的形成和长时间的维持起着重要的作用。热力结构分析表明,温度日较差大表明地面辐射冷却对本次大雾过程具有明显的作用;低层持续的弱暖平流输入,有利于近地层逆温的建立和维持。动力场结构分析表明,在中低层,大雾发生前期和维持时期,存在弱的辐合上升运动;在大雾消散期,存在明显的辐散下沉运动。水汽条件分析表明,增湿和冷却使此次大雾过程中水汽达到饱和状态产生凝结,在大雾过程的前期,存在弱的水汽辐合;在大雾消散期,存在水汽辐散。     

冀中南一次持续性大雾过程成因及维持机制

利用NCEP再分析资料、地面观测资料和微波辐射计资料,分析2019年1月11—15日河北中南部持续大雾过程的大尺度背景场、边界层特征、形成原因及维持机制等。结果表明:此次大雾产生于稳定的纬向环流背景下,其间有弱短波槽快速东移,两次干性短波槽分别促成了大雾的形成、雾区范围扩大及强度增强;大雾高度仅有几十米,以辐射雾为主,双层逆温结构为大雾的形成酝酿了先期条件,贴地逆温层内的弱水汽辐合和西南水汽输送为大雾形成和维持提供了水汽,偏北风带来的弱冷空气降温与夜间辐射降温的叠加效应是促进大雾发展的热力学条件;低层正涡度、对流层中层的辐散下沉运动是大雾维持和发展的动力因子,晴夜长波辐射和湍流混合作用促进了边界层内的降温增湿;大雾发展后期,双层逆温结构转为以单层逆温为主,最终大雾的消散主要是强冷空气入侵,大气静稳结构被破坏所致。     

陕西冬季一次大雾天气的数值模拟和生消机制分析

利用非静力平衡中尺度模式WRF、NCE P1°×1°再分析资料、高空地面资料,模拟分析2005年12月30—31日发生在陕西的大雾天气过程。结果表明,模拟结果和实况相似,尤其是雾的分布特征和生消时间。逆温层的发展、维持和近地层较高的相对湿度对雾的产生和发展起着重要作用;近地层的微风有利于雾产生、发展。地形追随坐标中0．85层（约1000m）以上的西北气流,有利于下沉增温,在低层形成逆温层。气温升高、湿度降低及逆温层的破坏是大雾消散的主要原因。     

一次大雾形成过程的数值模拟分析

利用非静力中尺度模式MM5V3对2009年11月30日到12月1日天津武清地区的一次大雾天气过程进行了数值模拟研究,这次大雾过程主要分布在天津、河北、山东地区,天津市武清县位于大雾的边缘位置.此次雾过程可以分为3个阶段.11月30日的17:00(北京时间,下同)至12月1日00:00是雾的形成阶段,12月1日00:00出现雾,00:00至09:00是雾的发展阶段,09:00之后是雾的消散阶段.模拟研究表明长波辐射降温使得温度下降并导致逆温层出现,同时由于暖湿气流输送,观测点处具有充足的水汽供应,促使了大雾的形成;在雾形成之后,逆温层的维持、持续的长波辐射降温有利于雾的不断发展;而后期辐散下沉运动明显,水汽不断向外辐散,使得雾逐渐消散.湍流对雾的影响是向上和向四周传输水汽,使得雾范围扩大,但如果太强,又会使得雾很快消散.     

山东中西部一次持续性大雾的形成及维持机制

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP/NCAR提供的6 h再分析资料（分辨率为1°×1°）,对2013年1月12-16日发生在山东中西部地区的一次持续性大雾天气过程从环流背景、层结条件、动力和热力学机制等方面进行了诊断分析。结果表明：中高层偏西气流、对流层低层温度脊和地面冷高压的稳定维持为这次持续性大雾过程提供了有利的环流背景;大雾过程经历了辐射雾—平流辐射雾—平流雾的复杂演变阶段,不同阶段的大雾湿层厚度及逆温强度有所不同;适当的风速和低层弱的水汽辐合有利于大雾稳定维持和发展;近地层辐合上升、中高层辐散下沉,易在界面形成逆温层,有利于大雾的出现,而整层的辐合上升运动往往容易形成中高云,不利于近地层水汽的聚集,难以形成大雾。     

北京及其周边地区一次大雾的数值模拟及诊断分析

利用美国国家大气研究中心研制的第5代中尺度模式系统MM5对2002年12月1~4日北京及其周边地区出现的一次大雾进行了数值模拟研究,模拟的雾出现和消散时间与实况一致。同时对雾形成和维持的机制进行了分析,讨论了雾发生发展阶段的物理过程,并对影响大雾过程的辐射条件做了敏感性试验。结果表明:形成大雾的主要原因是大气层结稳定,水汽充沛,地面的长波辐射冷却;近地面层微物理过程充分发展和雾顶的强烈辐射降温致使雾在垂直空间上出现爆发性发展;而太阳短波辐射对雾的减弱消散有着重要影响;深厚逆温层的维持对雾层长时间维持起着决定性作用。     

微波辐射计资料在大雾预报预警中的应用

MP-3000A 是一种新型大气探测仪器,可以连续得到从地面到10 km 高度上高分辨率的位温、相对湿度、水汽密度及其廓线。选取大雾发生、维持及消散时微波辐射计观测数据,分析发现,大雾从形成到消散过程中水汽密度、相对湿度和位温均有不同变化;大雾发生前近地层大气中的相对湿度、水气密度一般会稳定增加,大雾发生时两者会有爆发性增加的现象。大雾维持阶段在近地层多伴有逆温层,辐射雾逆温层明显;大雾期间雾层高度有稳定型也有波动型,雾层高度下降时大雾会迅速加强。大雾消散时近地层大湿区减小抬升,水汽密度迅速减小。因此研究微波辐射计探测的大气水汽密度、液态水含量和位温,将有助于提高大雾生成与消散的预报、预警。     

基于BJ-RUCv2.0预报系统对大雾形成和发展关键条件的数值分析

为了弄清北京地区持续性雾-霾天气过程的演变规律、揭示大雾形成和发展的关键条件,利用常规气象观测资料、高速路自动气象站观测资料和大气成分观测资料分析了2013年1月26~31日雾-霾天气过程的演变特征和有利于大雾形成和发展的天气形势。在此基础上,采用先进的北京快速循环同化中尺度数值预报系统（BJ-RUC v2.0）开展数值模拟,分析大雾形成的水汽、动力和热力条件,得出:模式对1月30日夜间至31日前半夜的雾区模拟较好,但对28日夜间至29日白天（大雾天气伴严重大气污染）雾区的模拟偏差较大。发现近地层的持续性东南风使950 hPa以下湿度增大是大雾形成的关键条件。上层（975~800 hPa）的明显暖平流导致逆温层的加强和维持,使大气层结稳定度增强,是大雾天气发展和维持的重要条件。另外,近地层950 hPa以下为风场辐合、其上层为风场辐散的结构有利于雾的进一步发展。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.