短期降水预报的动力学与热力学

提出了当前短时和短期降水预报中需待解决的3个问题。由这些问题引发了如何把动力学与热力学相结合，如何把大量的观测和模式资料应用于短期无间隙预报的思考。最后给出了一个短期大暴雨预报的应用实例。     

山东省霜冻天气分区客观预报方法

根据山东省霜冻气候概况,把全省分成６个预报区,每个区选取有代表性的测站,应用探空、地面观测资料和逐步回归方法,建立测站的日最低气温和日最低地温的短期预报方程;把ＨＬＡＦＳ数值预报资料代替高空资料代入预报方程,进行最低气温和地温的预报;根据霜冻与气温和地温的关系及分区预报霜冻的标准,判别预报区内有无霜冻。建立了山东省霜冻天气短期分区预报业务系统。     

短期气候变化可预报性的研究和进展

短期气候变化是指以月、季和年际为时间尺度的气候变率和气候异常。近几年，国外开始注意年际气候变化，即10年尺度的气候变化，并把它也归之为短期气候变化的范畴。短期气候预测的对象是某个气象要素的时间和区域的平均值，或它相对于多年平均值的偏差（即距平）。在作短期气候预测时，首先面临的是可预报性问题。目前，已有大量工作对此问题进行了研究。1大气的可预报上限P．D．”fhompson最先在气象文献中谈到可预报性问题，分析了初始状态的不确定性对大尺度气流可预报性的限制。后来，Lorenz在一次偶然的重复计算中发现初值的微小差…     

超短期风速预报方法研究进展

综合分析国内外风速预报相关文献,从物理方法、统计与机器学习方法、组合方法3个方面对超短期风速预报方法的研究现状进行归纳总结,对比了主要预报方法的优缺点,给出了不确定分析和误差评价指标,探讨了在超短期风速预报研究中应重点解决的问题和发展方向。     

利用地方观测系统的风、气温资料做降雨预报的个例研究

一、目的 利用雷达回波外推,做为进行短期降雨预报的主要手段,最大的问题是如何才能够事前了解回波的发展、减弱、加速、减速的变化趋势。能否利用地方观测系统的风和气温资料作为线索来解决这一问题,是本文所做的探讨的目的。 这项研究是1977年度全国预报技术讨论会关于《利用地方观测系统雷达做短期预报》联合专题的一环。     

强对流实时短期预报业务应用

θｓｅ特型法是一种强对流天气的短期预报方法,它把强对流天气预报化成预报引发背影条件下高能量预警型的强对流大概率事件。１９９５～１９９８年在上海地区进行强对流实时短期预报,准确率达８９％。     

梅汛季节江苏省短期降水场的客观、定量预报方案探讨

随着数值预报投入气象业务后,给省一级以下的气象台站提出了一个新问题:如何结合实际预报经验,去正确使用(和加工)数值预报产品(包括中间计算结果),来解决当地天气现象(要素)的客观、定量(自动化)预报。 针对梅汛季节江苏省短期降水场,我们试用天气、动力、统计相结合的方案来讨论所提出的问题。     

最佳气候相似法及在短期气候预测中的应用

本文采用了最佳气候找相似的预报方法来制作长期天气预报。由于这种方法使用了地面、高空、太阳活动和海温资料,具有长时段,多要素,综合性强的特点,所以预报较客观,对预报年的年景能作出较为准确的判断。由于不同站点资料代表着不同地区的气候背景,因而能分片制作短期气候预测,为解决目前短期预报中小尺度天气难的问题提供了较为详实的气候背景和可靠的预报依据。此方法虽属统计方法,但与中、短期数值预报有某些相似之处,主要体现在预测因子的同时性和连续性,对要素的预测如同数值预报产品的释用。     

短期气候预测因子的选取及利用

短期气候预测是近年来气象科学研究的热点问题，文章就短期气候预测研究中因子选取、因子分析及因子利用等问题进行了初步探讨。文中认为，普查影响短期气候变化的所有因子组成备选因子集是进行短期气候预测的最基础的工作，对备选因子进行合理性、稳定性及代表性分析是预报是否取得成功的最关键问题，而使用先进的统计预报方法则是提高预报准确率的前提条件。另外，还要充分考虑到一些非线性因子的选取及利用，同时还要尽可能地利用数值预报产品作为预报因子。     

目前短期气候预测可预报性的研究概况

气候的可预报性研究是气候变化研究的一个重要方面，作者首先介绍了短期气候预测之所以可行的两个主要原因，以及短期气候预测可预报性问题的实质；然后，较详细地介绍了目前研究月、季尺度时间平均可预报性的方差分析方法，包括了对实际大气和模式大气可预报性的研究；最后，对时间平均可预报性的研究结论进行了总结。     

The Uncertainty of Mesoscale Numerical Prediction of Heavy Rain in South China and the Ensemble Simulations?

In the context of non-hydrostatic MM5 version we have explored the impact of convective parameterization schemes on uncertainty in mesoscale numerical prediction of South China heavy rain and mesoscale heavy rainfall short-range ensemble simulation by using two kinds of physics perturbation methods through a heavy rain case occurring on June 8, 1998 in Guangdong and Fujian Provinces. The results show the physical process of impacts of convective schemes on heavy rainfall is that different latent heat of convective condensation produced by different convective schemes can make local temperature perturbation, leading to the difference of local vertical speed by the intrinsic dynamic and thermodynamic processes of atmosphere,and therefore, making difference of the timing, locations and strength of mesh scale and subgrid scale precipitation later. New precipitations become the new source of latent heat and temperature perturbation,which finally make the dynamic and thermodynamic structures different in the simulations. Two kinds of methods are used to construct different model version stochastically. The first one is using different convective parameterization and planetary boundary layer schemes, the second is adjusting different parameters of convective trigger functions in Grell scheme. The results indicate that the first ensemble simulations can provide more uncertainty information of location and strength of heavy rainfall than the second. The single determinate predictions of heavy rain are unstable; physics ensemble predictions can reflect the uncertainty of heavy rain, provide more useful guidance and have higher application value.Physics ensembles suggest that model errors should be taken into consideration in the heavy rainfall ensembles. Although the method of using different parameters in Grell scheme could not produce good results, how to construct the perturbation model or adjust the parameter in one scheme according to the physical meaning of the parameter still needs further investigation. The limitation of the current study is that it is based on a single case and more cases will be addressed in the future researches.     

汕尾市短历时强降雨的时空分布特征

利用汕尾市2013—2018年间115个自动气象站逐小时降雨量资料,对汕尾地区短历时强降水时空分布特征以及与年总降水量的关系进行研究。分析表明:(1)2013—2018年汕尾市短历时强降雨的次数大体呈递增趋势,各年发生的次数差异较大;(2)短历时强降雨具有明显的季节变化和日变化特征,最易发生在6月,时段集中在下午至傍晚;(3)短历时强降水主要集中在莲花山脉东南侧的海丰县大部及陆丰市东北部,包括莲花山、公平、梅陇、海城、八万等地区;(4)短历时强降雨发生次数多的年份降水量也大,两者具有很强的相关性。     

The Uncertainty of Mesoscale Numerical Prediction of Heavy Rain in South China and the Ensemble Simulations

1. IntroductionHeavy rain is a kind of severe natural calamitythat influences South China. After decades of years oftests and theoretical exploration by Chinese scientists,significant progresses have been achieved in its predic-tion and basic theoretical studies (Huang, 1986; Xue,1999; Zhou et al., 2003). Currently, the mesoscale nu-merical model has already been employed as one of themajor tools in the prediction and research on heavyrain in South China, promoting considerably the ac-curac…     

华南中尺度暴雨数值预报的不确定性与集合预报试验

利用非静力MM5模式,分析了不同积云对流参数化方案对华南暖区暴雨数值预报的不确定性影响,进行了中尺度暴雨模式扰动集合预报试验。不同对流参数化方案的对流凝结加热引起不同的局地温度扰动,通过大气内部的热力动力过程,导致垂直速度的差异,进而影响网格尺度和次网格尺度降水时间、地点和强度。后续降水再通过凝结潜热释放形成新的扰动源。不同积云对流参数化方案还可引起扰动源能量传播方式不同,最终使模拟大气的动力和热力结构有差异。针对物理过程的不确定性,使用两种模式扰动方法构造集合预报扰动模式,第一种方法是随机组合不同积云对流参数化方案和边界层方案,第二种方法是扰动Grell积云对流参数化方案中主要参数振幅。集合预报结果表明,第一种方法的集合预报效果优于第二种方法,仅扰动参数振幅值似乎还不足以反映华南暴雨预报的不确定性。单一的确定性预报在暴雨落区和强度方面的可信度不稳定,集合产品能给华南暴雨过程提供更有用价值的指导预报,具有较高的应用价值。     

Experience of using a dynamic stochastic approach for solving the problem of very short-range forecasting of state parameters of the atmospheric boundary layer

Discussed are the results of applying a dynamic stochastic method based on the use of the two-dimensional model and the Kalman filtering algorithm for solving the problem of the very short-range (from 0.5 to 6 hours) fore cast of air temperature and orthogonal components of the wind speed in the atmospheric boundary layer realized using the data of radio metric, sodar, and in creased-frequency radiosonde measurements. It is demonstrated that the pro posed technique and the appropriate algorithm give a rather high ac cu racy of very short-range fore casting of temperature and wind within the lead time range under consideration.     

短时强降水历史个例查询与潜势预报平台

短时强降水作为强对流的一种天气现象,是宿迁市较为常见的灾害性天气之一,常常对工农业生产、交通航运、建筑设施等造成影响。然而,预报一直是难点,因此如何利用现有的气象资料,开展短时强降水预报服务,并形成日常业务流程,对提高预报预警和防灾减灾能力十分重要。本文利用自动站逐时雨量资料、Micaps高低空和地面资料、NECP 1°× 1°的再分析资料和T213数值预报产品,基于Visual Basic语言开发了宿迁市短时强降水历史个例查询与潜势预报平台,以提高短时强降水预报质量,减少或避免气象灾害给社会经济造成的损失。     

短时强降水历史个例查询与潜势预报平台

短时强降水作为强对流的一种天气现象,是宿迁市较为常见的灾害性天气之一,常常对工农业生产、交通航运、建筑设施等造成影响。然而,预报一直是难点,因此如何利用现有的气象资料,开展短时强降水预报服务,并形成日常业务流程,对提高预报预警和防灾减灾能力十分重要。本文利用自动站逐时雨量资料、Micaps高低空和地面资料、NECP 1°× 1°的再分析资料和T213数值预报产品,基于Visual Basic语言开发了宿迁市短时强降水历史个例查询与潜势预报平台,以提高短时强降水预报质量,减少或避免气象灾害给社会经济造成的损失。     

Improving Precipitation Forecasts over the Global Tropical Belt

Summary  This study explores the nowcasting and short-range forecasting (up to 3 days) skills of rainfall over the tropics using a high resolution global model. Since the model-predicted rainfall is very sensitive to model parameters, four key model parameters were first selected. They are the Asselin filter coefficient, the fourth order horizontal diffusion coefficient, the surface moisture flux coefficient, and the vertical diffusion coefficient. The optimal values were defined as those which contributed to the best one day rainfall forecasts in the present study. In order to demonstrate and improve the precipitation forecast skill, several numerical experiments were designed using the 14-level Florida State University Global Spectral Model (FSUGSM) at a resolution of T106. Comparisons were also made of the short-range forecasts obtained from a control experiment subjected to normal mode initialization (NMI) versus experiments based on physical initialization (PI). The latter experiments were integrated using the original FSUGSM and a modified version. This modified FSUGSM was developed here by applying a reverse cumulus parameterization alorithm to the regular forecast model, which restructures the vertical humidity distribution and constrains the large-scale model’s moisture error growth during the model integration. An improved short-range rainfall prediction skill was achieved from the modified FSUGSM in this study. The results showed a better agreement between model-based and observed rainfall intensity and pattern. Received January 18, 1999     

一个两参数斜压模式

根据一些作者得到的結論:在中国地区,地面摩擦对等压面高度傾向的貢献与地形的貢献相同,以及在某些特殊天气形势下,即便是对短期天气預报来說,非絕热因子也是不能被忽略的。作者首先从流体力学与热力学方程出发,提出了一个适用于作数值預报的两参数模式,給出了問題的解答;其次,討論了在使用三角形差分网格时,数值預报的截断誤差問題,并根据試驗給出了一个适宜的場量平滑公式.最后,还扼要地討論了斜压扰动的发展問題。     

Insights into the Microwave Instruments Onboard the Fengyun 3DSatellite: Data Quality and Assimilation in theMet Office NWP System

正1Met Office, Exeter EX1 3PB, UK2National Satellite Meteorological Center, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China