"8.28"过程的多普勒雷达回波与水汽输送特征分析

利用多普勒天气雷达资料及NCEP＼NCAR逐日每6h再分析资料,对甘肃省2003年8月27～28日的连续性大到暴雨过程(简称“8．28”过程)进行了分析。结果表明：多普勒零速度线在测站两侧顺转程度不一致,是暖平流和大尺度辐合运动的叠加所造成的,这一结构为强降水的产生和维持提供了有利的水汽垂直输送和辐合上升运动;逆风区、中小尺度的辐合辐散都与强降水之间存在着密切的关系,是临近降水预报的重要指标;降水的区域和量级与水汽通量输送的大小及其辐合程度有关。     

多普勒雷达速度图像识别及散度提取方法研究

大尺度风场往往是冷暖平流与大尺度辐合辐散运动相结合的结果,因此将大尺度风场的多普勒雷达速度特征提炼成以下4种类型:(1)暖平流与辐合迭加;(2)冷平流与辐合迭加;(3)暖平流与辐散迭加;(4)冷平流与辐散迭加。不同类型的风场引起零速度线不同的弯曲特征,对判断大尺度风场的辐合辐散有着指示作用。根据零速度线的弯曲程度以及一定距离圈上零速度点与雷达中心连线的夹角等,首先推导出定量计算大气辐合辐散值的算法,然后提出利用逐个调整法识别零速度点的方法。根据该算法,结合零速度点的识别技术,提出了图像识别原理与方法步骤。据此,能够从多普勒雷达基数据中提取出大气平均散度,得到大尺度天气系统不同高度的散度值,并进一步提出了散度平面位置显示(divergence PPI)的概念。通过实例,根据散度PPI与速度PPI的对比,分析了图像识别的效果,并将图像识别法提取的散度值与EVAD技术提取的散度值进行了对比分析。     

荆州市一次强降水的雷达回波特征浅析

使用Micaps提供的有关天气图资料和荆州移动式多普勒雷达(CINRAD／CCJ)PPI图象资料，对2002年5月29日发生在荆州市的一次强降水天气过程的雷达回波特征进行了分析。由于雷达PFI速度“S”状图象表示风向随高度顺转，测站上空有暖平流存在，从而对应强降水存在；“S”状速度减弱或消失意味着短时内降水减弱或消失；浅“W”状速度图象的存在，说明下层有弱的辐合，上层有弱的辐散，但总体为偏北气流，未来强降水过程即将结束。     

一次局地大暴雨三维风场的双多普勒雷达探测研究

使用地基双多普勒天气雷达综合和连续调整技术 (MUSCAT), 对2001年7月13日安徽省合肥、马鞍山双多普勒雷达同步探测到的暴雨系统进行三维风场反演.其暴雨系统的流场特点是在低层存在切变线和辐合线, 高层气流辐散, 有明显的垂直环流; 低层的水平辐合区与高层的水平速度的辐散区相匹配, 对应着上升运动; 下沉气流在近地面层形成的向外流出的辐散气流促使暴雨系统前方低层暖湿空气上升; 南北强回波单体在全椒附近合并, 单体合并首先从低层开始, 然后扩展到中高层, 造成全椒地区的局地强降水; 中低层的切变线和辐合线是强回波单体合并的动力因素; 流场特征是在其上空形成中尺度涡旋.最后, 给出了这次暴雨的概念流场模型.     

高炮方位标注专利技术的应用

对2007年8月7日发生在太原的突发性暴雨过程,从天气形势、探空资料、多普勒雷达产品等方面进行了分析,结果表明：a）前倾槽、300hPa急流、副高边缘暖湿气流活跃是产生暴雨天气的有利背景。b）探空资料分析表明,中低层暖湿平流、高空干冷平流的存在使得大气层结不稳定趋于增大,是造成此次暴雨的直接原因。c）低层暖平流加辐合和高层辐散叠加的多普勒雷达速度场对大范围强降水发展、维持、消散具有很好的预报指示作用;逆风区、中尺度切变线、辐合线在强降水临近预报中有明确的指示意义。d）雷达风廓线产品分析表明,低空急流在夜间产生并加强,使降水夜间加强并导致大暴雨的发生。     

西宁强降水的多普勒雷达径向速度图特征研究

分析2010—2016年西宁强降水多普勒天气雷达径向速度图特征及预警指标,结果表明:西宁强降水的径向速度图上往往会出现逆风区,且直接受影响的混合性强降水Ⅰ类逆风区略多,对流性强降水多为Ⅱ类,总体上逆风区以东北向移动为最多。逆风区较强降水出现时间有一定的提前量,且强降水落区在逆风区及其移动路径附近,逆风区既是强降水预警的时效性判据,也是识别强降水落区及路径的有用判据。逆风区切变流场的辐合(散),将增强(减弱)强降水的发展,且辐合(散)的出现提前于强降水的开始(结束)时间。强降水前1 h的垂直风切变特征为混合性强降水低层最大、中层最小,对流性强降水各层则均明显大;低一中一高层冷、暖平流配置的混合性强降水主要表现为深厚暖平流,对流性强降水则平流不明显或低、中层有暖平流。对流性强降水最大回波高度和零速度层均较混合性强降水高,但其总体差别较小。综合应用径向速度得到的强降水临近预警指标,其准确率达到78.6%。     

复合风场的单多普勒速度特征

本文对复合风场的单多普勒天气雷达径向速度图象进行模拟，复合风场包括不同风速情况下的大尺度运动的辐合辐散风场与冷暖平流的迭加。不同的风场在单多普勒径向速度场上有着不同的特征，本文的一组模拟，可以帮助用户正确识别单多普勒径向速度场中的有用信息。     

多普勒雷达的速度图像特征及其在一次降雪过程中的应用

该文首先介绍了大面积降水的多普勒天气雷达径向速度PPI图像识别技术, 包括:①冷暖平流与大尺度辐合辐散运动叠加的图像特征; ②由零线的朝向和正负速度面积、径向速度值的大小判断风向风速辐合辐散的图像特征, 然后介绍了利用EVAD技术由雷达基数据定量计算大气平均散度和平均垂直速度的方法, 最后应用图像识别技术和EVAD方法对石家庄2004年冬季的一次大面积降雪过程进行了详细分析, 发现:此次大面积降雪过程有明显的辐合辐散图像特征, 径向速度值小, 辐合辐散弱, 始终存在暖平流。另外, 降雪强度和散度、垂直速度关系密切:辐合层厚度加大, 辐散抬高, 则降雪加强; 辐合、辐散层高度降低, 则降雪减弱。同时, 由EVAD技术定量计算的散度和相同时刻由径向速度图像产品定性分析的辐合、辐散基本一致。     

黑龙江省一次伴有龙卷的暖区暴雨成因分析

2014年7月19日夜间黑龙江克山出现雨强超过90 mm的短时强降水,利用常规观测资料、区域站资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料等对此次冷锋前部的暖区强降水成因进行分析。结果表明:(1)此次强降水出现在580 dagpm线附近,副高诱发的超低空急流为强降水提供了充沛的水汽和不稳定能量。(2)地面辐合线和地形抬升触发对流。高空急流东移,高空急流出口区左侧和辐散区与低层辐合相耦合促使对流快速发展增强。耦合消失,强降水则快速减弱。(3)低层暖平流明显,尤其地面具有暖锋锋生特征。强降水出现在不稳定层结和上升运动快速增强的阶段。(4)地面～200 hPa辐合层形成深厚的上升运动区,促使对流快速发展。(5)中尺度对流雨带沿地面辐合线生消。降水先出现在暖湿舌前部。随后,强降水产生的冷空气抬升暖湿空气形成冷锋特征的降水,由于强降水和冷空气的正反馈作用,降水持续时间长。冷空气势力最强时,伴随中尺度气旋性环流及0～1 km强垂直风切变有利于龙卷产生。(6)开口状地形的辐合作用、抬升及局地地形导致的中尺度环流风场对暖区降水的形成和维持作用显著。     

一次大到暴雪天气的多普勒雷达产品综合分析

利用常规资料和大同多普勒雷达产品,对2009年11月9日一10日发生在大同地区的大到暴雪天气过程进行综合分析。结果表明：地面回流和高低空急流是产生强降雪的主要原因;较大降雪回波与连续性降雨回波存在相同特点;利用大面积降水的多普勒天气雷达径向速度PPI图像识别技术,定性分析此次降雪的冷暖平流与大尺度辐合辐散运动叠加的图像特征和由零线的朝向和正负速度面积、径向速度值的大小判断风向风速辐合辐散的图像特征,与根据零速度线的弯曲程度以及一定距离圈上零速度点与雷达中心连线的夹角推导出的定量计算大气辐合辐散值的算法计算出的大气平均散度值相比较,表明两种方法具有很好的一致性,可以在实际工作中对辐合、辐散快速判断。由重新处理雷达原始资料求得每半小时的雷达风廓线资料,可以清楚地展示强降雪的风场的垂直结构及其变化特点,直观地反映出降水过程中的风场变化特征。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.