基于TRMM卫星的近10a甘肃临夏降水变化特征

基于2001~2010年TRMM 3B43降水资料和数字高程模型（DEM）数据,采用回归模型＋残差的方法,对甘肃临夏回族自治州近10 a的TRMM 3B43降水数据进行降尺度运算,并结合研究区6个雨量站的观测值,对TRMM 3B43降尺度结果进行精度检验,在此基础上定量研究了临夏回族自治州近10 a的降水量时空变化特征。结果表明：TRMM 3B43降尺度降水量数据整体上具有一定的可信度,但比地面台站的观测值偏小;甘肃临夏州年降水量呈现出由西南向东北递减的趋势,且降水量随着海拔高度的升高而逐渐增加,两者相关系数为0.82;年内降水主要集中在5~9月,基本占全年降水量的70%以上,其中6月降水量最大,12月降水量最小。     

ANOMALOUS VARIATIONS OF GUANGDONG PRECIPITATION IN SUMMER IN RELATION TO MONSOON

The relationship between the variation of precipitation in Guangdong Province is investigated using the correlation analysis and composite comparison methods in conjunction with precipitation data from 36 surface weather stations in the province and reanalyzed 850 hPa data from NCEP, U.S.A. A significant positive correlation is found between the variation of precipitation in summer there and the intensity of the southwesterly over the South China Sea though without being so inconclusive that a strong southwesterly over the sea is accompanied by more rain in Guangdong. For the front-associated flood season in April-June, the former is a carrier of rainwater for Guangdong but with insignificant linkage with the intensity of the southwest monsoon. There is even such a situation in which the precipitation gets stronger though with a weakened southwest monsoon from the tropics in May-June, which is mainly attributable to the increase of monsoon from the subtropics. For the typhoon-associated flood season in July-September, the Guangdong precipitation increases as the southwest monsoon strengthens over the central and northern South China Sea and the subtropical monsoon reduces its effects on the province.     

Evaluating the performance of remote sensing precipitation products CMORPH,PERSIANN, and TMPA,in the arid region of northwest China

The arid region of northwest China is a large area with complex topography. Hydrological research is limited by scarcity and uneven distribution of rain gauges. Satellite precipitation products provide wide coverage and high spatial–temporal resolutions, but the accuracy needs to be evaluated before application. In this paper, the reliability of four satellite precipitation products (CMORPH [Climate Prediction Center’s morphing technique], PERSIANN [Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks], TRMM [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission] 3B42, and TRMM 3B43) were evaluated through comparison with ground data or reported values on daily, monthly, and annual scales from 2003 to 2010. Indices including frequency bias index, probability of detection, and false alarm ratio were used to evaluate recorded precipitation occurrences; relative mean bias, the correlation coefficient, and the Nash coefficient were used to assess precipitation amount. Satellite precipitation products were more accurate in the warm than in the cold season, and performed better in northern Xinjiang than in other regions during the cold season. CMORPH and PERSIANN tended to overestimate precipitation. TRMM 3B42 and TRMM 3B43 performed best because the former most accurately detected precipitation occurrences on a daily scale, and both produced accurate space–time distribution of precipitation and the best consistency with rain gauge observations. Only a few monthly precipitation values for TRMM 3B42 and TRMM 3B43, and annual precipitation values for TRMM 3B42 were with satisfactory precision. TRMM3B42 and TRMM 3B43 are therefore recommended, but correction will be needed before application. Factors including elevation, relative relief, longitude, and latitude had significant effects on the performance of satellite precipitation products, and these factors may be helpful in correcting satellite precipitation.     

TRMM和CMORPH卫星资料对三峡库区降水的评估分析

利用1998—2016年TRMM和CMORPH两种遥感卫星资料降水和同期三峡库区气象观测站数据,通过比较干、支流和远、近库区气象站点的降水变化和蓄水前后降水量、雨日、降水强度和频率等变化特征,分析评估了基于两种卫星遥感降水和测站降水的三峡库区局地降水变化。结果表明:库区TRMM和CMORPH卫星降水年际变化特征总体上与气象观测站相符,反演效果在日尺度TRMM略逊于CMORPH,在季尺度CMORPH略逊于TRMM;两种卫星资料对冬季降水反演效果都偏弱。三峡库区干流和支流站点的降水变化总体一致,干、支流各站点降水量均具有较强的年际变化特征。TRMM相比CMORPH更能重现干、支流测站降水的年际变化特征,CMORPH降水年际波动振幅总体上比测站偏大。蓄水前后时段(1998—2003年与2004—2016年)对比,从不同等级降水的强度和雨日、季节降水频率和总量等变化反演效果来看,CMORPH资料分布相比TRMM更接近测站的变化趋势,反演效果略优于TRMM;但两种卫星资料的降水频率和降水量分布与测站的误差在蓄水前后变化都不明显。此外,气象测站、TRMM、CMORPH资料都表现出蓄水后三峡远、近库区年降水量的比值呈平稳波动状态,表明三峡水库蓄水后附近地区降水没有明显变化。     

TRMM月降水量产品在新疆地区的订正

利用1998-2013年TRMM月降水量产品与新疆同期的105个气象站地面观测降水量,运用逐步回归与BP神经网络方法,选取1998-2010年数据建立新疆地区的降水订正模型,并利用2011-2013年月降水量进行检验。结果表明:加入地形因子对TRMM月降水量产品订正效果明显,整体上两种模型对TRMM月降水量产品订正的相关系数从最初的0.66分别提高到0.75和0.80,相对误差由10.75%分别降低为4.88%和3.19%;月尺度上,TRMM月降水量产品相对误差为-5.68%~54.44%,经逐步回归模型订正后为-4.26%~32.57%,而BP神经网络模型订正后为-5.33%~24.48%,表明BP神经网络模型订正效果更好;从综合时间技巧评分S_T看,订正后TRMM月降水量产品在各月的效果均有不同程度提高,逐步回归模型订正后提高0.01~0.49,BP神经网络模型订正后提高0.03~0.70。因此,基于逐步回归模型与BP神经网络模型订正的TRMM降水量产品均能够准确、定量地再现降水分布,为TRMM降水量产品质量改进提供一种较实用的参考方法。     

On the relationship between Indian monsoon withdrawal and Iran’s fall precipitation onset

Indian monsoon is the most prominent of the world’s monsoon systems which primarily affects synoptic patterns of India and adjacent countries such as Iran in interaction with large-scale weather systems. In this article, the relationship between the withdrawal date of the Indian monsoon and the onset of fall precipitation in Iran has been studied. Data included annual time series of withdrawal dates of the Indian monsoon prepared by the Indian Institute for Tropical Meteorology, and time series of the first date of 25 mm accumulated precipitation over Iran’s synoptic weather stations in a 10-day period which is the basis for the cultivation date. Both time series were considered in Julian calendar with the starting date on August 1. The studied period is 1960–2014 which covers 55 years of data from 36 meteorological stations in Iran. By classifying the withdrawal dates of the Indian monsoon in three stages of late, normal, and early withdrawals, its relation with the onset of fall precipitation in western, southwestern, southern, eastern, central, and northern regions of Iran was studied. Results demonstrated that in four out of the six mentioned regions, the late withdrawal of the Indian monsoon postpones the onset of fall precipitation over Iran. No significant relation was found between the onset of fall precipitation in central region of Iran and the monsoon’s withdrawal date. In the western, southwestern, southern, and eastern regions of Iran, the late monsoon delays the onset of fall’s precipitation; while in the south Caspian Sea coastal area, it causes the early onset of autumnal precipitation. The lag in onset of fall precipitation in Iran which is coordinated with the late withdrawal of monsoon is accompanied with prolonged subtropical high settling over Iran’s plateau that prevents the southward movement of polar jet frontal systems. Such conditions enhance northerly wind currents over the Caspian Sea which, in turn, increase the precipitation in Caspian coastal provinces, which has a different behavior from the overall response of Iran’s climate to the late withdrawal of monsoon. In the phase of early monsoon withdrawal, the subtropical jet is located at the 200 hPa level in 32.5° north latitude; compared with the late withdrawal date, it shows a 2° southward movement. Additionally, the 500 hPa trough is also located in the Eastern Mediterranean, and the MSL pressure anomaly is between ? 4 to ? 7 hPa. The Mediterranean trough in the late withdrawal phase is located in its central zones. It seems that the lack of significant correlation between late withdrawal date of Indian monsoon and late fall’s precipitation onset in the central region of Iran depends on three reasons:1. Lack of adequate weather stations in central region of Iran.2. Precipitation standard deviations over arid and warm regions are high.3. Central flat region of Iran without any source of humidity is located to the lee side of Zagros mountain range. So intensification or development of frontal systems is almost prohibited over there.     

高原低涡研究和TRMM卫星资料应用的相关进展

高原天气系统对青藏高原及其下游地区的降水有重要影响。高原低涡是活动于高原主体的重要天气系统之一。TRMM卫星的应用为研究高原天气系统提供了新方法。本文回顾了部分关于高原低涡和TRMM卫星资料应用的研究成果,包括高原低涡的定性认识、结构及其和背风坡浅薄天气系统的相互作用,TRMM卫星的基本资料、其在非高原地区和高原地区的应用。      

广西TRMM降雨产品多时间尺度精度评估

集合不同观测降水数据优势,获取更为精细化降水产品,可以更好地再现区域降水时空异质性,这也使得多源降水数据精度评估、校正及融合应用成为当前研究热点。从降雨时空一致性、降雨量误差、日降雨事件探测能力方面对广西TRMM降雨产品进行了精度评估,并对比分析了TRMM对干旱的评估效果。结果表明:（1）广西TRMM降雨产品与气象站观测降雨存在显著的时空相关性,日尺度相关系数最低为0.5~0.6,月、年尺度相关系数则均在0.7以上;（2）广西TRMM降雨量总体略偏大,其相对偏差主要在0~10%;（3）TRMM产品在广西地区的日降雨事件探测能力优于全国平均水平,尤其在强降雨月份POD>0.75,但也存在降雨量较少的冬季月份准确率显著下降的现象。（4）TRMM降雨产品在广西干旱强度监测方面,能够揭示区域干旱的时空尺度效应和强度累积效应,具有比有限地面站点数据更精细化的空间异质性表达。相关成果有望促进区域多源降雨数据的校正及融合应用研究,为区域更有效的旱涝灾害评估、预报预警等提供科学支撑。      

盐城一次龙卷、短时强降水的地面中尺度分析和雷达回波特征

利用地面加密自动站和多普勒天气雷达资料,对2006年7月3日发生在盐城的龙卷和短时强降水等强对流天气过程进行了详细分析。结果表明：此次强对流天气发生的天气背景是江淮梅雨期暴雨形势,即高空东移的西风槽、中低空西南急流以及强烈的对流不稳定。地面中尺度涡旋的发展、维持为强对流天气的产生提供了持续强劲的上升运动;龙卷发生在非超级单体风暴中低层反射率因子梯度区上,在平均径向速度图上出现了明显的小尺度涡旋特征。另外,西太平洋副热带高压和赤道辐合带上活动的3个热带系统为短时强降水提供了超常的充沛水汽,短时特大暴雨发生在中低空急流增强到最强并开始减弱的时段内,与大于50dBZ的强回波面积的变化关系密切。     

青藏高原“三江源地区”雨季水汽输送特征

利用40年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和青藏高原三江源地区的降水资料,分析了三江源地区的水汽输送特征.研究表明:在东亚和印度季风驱动下的西南暖湿气流是三江源地区空中主要水汽来源,其次是来自西边界中东高压中的偏西气流和西风带中的偏北气流,这3种大尺度环流背景的气流汇集到三江源区,使该地区6-9月处在水汽辐合区内,同时在高原大地形的动力作用下,三江源地区近地面层维持定常的切变、低涡等天气系统,源源不断的降水为这一区域形成江河源头创造了条件.在水汽输入的各边界中,南边界季节变化特征显著,冬、春季水汽输入量小,夏、秋季水汽输入量大,9月达到全年的最大值.西边界的水汽输入量季节变化特征不明显,一年四季有水汽输入.北边界冬、春季水汽输入量小,夏、秋季水汽输入量大,6月达到全年的最大值.水汽输出主要在东边界.从三江源地区空中净水汽输入(输出)量收支的月际变化来看,6-9月水汽是收入的,5月收支平衡,10月到次年4月水汽是支出的,三江源地区的这种净水汽输入(输出)量收支的月际变化与该地区降水量的月际变化基本一致.冬、春季以西边界的水汽输入为主,夏、秋季以南边界的水汽输入为主.青藏高原三江源地区主要水汽输入边界的水汽通量近40年来呈现减少的变化趋势,这将影响到三江源地区未来的降水变化.     

亚洲-澳大利亚海陆地形与热力季节演变下的季风槽和季风降水

通过对1999-2007年美国NCEP FNL逐日全球大气分层分析资料和同期美国NASA热带测雨卫星(TRMM)降水产品资料进行气象要素分解,取其海陆差异影响的要素场,对亚洲-澳大利亚季风区的季风槽进行了逐候辨识,分析了亚澳季风区850 hPa各槽线的季节演变与降水的关系.结果发现在亚洲夏季风最强盛的时候青藏高原周边地区一共有五个季风槽,澳大利亚夏季风最强盛的时候在其周边地区存在三个季风槽,这些季风槽都有对应的降水出现并受当地半岛尺度地形的影响.南亚和东南亚的季风槽以及对应的降水持续时间约为半年(24-60候),东亚和澳大利亚季风期要短一些(28-48候和1-17候).东亚和澳大利亚北部地区都存在季风爆发之前的前汛期降水或过渡时期降水.     

热带印度洋MJO活动异常对四川盆地降水的影响

利用四川省132个气象观测站降水资料和NOAA的逐日向外长波辐射(OLR)资料,分析了主汛期热带东印度洋MJO活动异常年低频对流传播的显著差异,及其影响四川盆地主汛期降水的物理过程。探讨了热带东印度洋MJO活跃年低频振荡向四川盆地传播的路径和源头,以及孟加拉湾西南季风系统、东亚副热带季风系统的低频振荡分别对四川盆地主汛期低频对流活动的影响。结果表明:热带印度洋的低频对流激发了孟加拉湾西南季风ISO进入活跃期,并在西南气流的引导下继续向四川盆地传播;低频对流先从热带印度洋东传至菲律宾群岛南部的热带洋面,并向东亚副热带地区北传,激发了东亚副热带季风ISO的活跃加强,进而向四川盆地西传。热带印度洋MJO活动异常对四川盆地降水的调制,正是通过两支季风系统(孟加拉湾夏季风和东亚副热带夏季风)的共同作用,影响了四川盆地主汛期异常的对流活动以及降水的多寡。      

一次强对流天气过程的诊断分析和数值模拟

利用常规资料和WRF模拟结果分析了2007年4月17日发生在广州白云机场附近的强对流天气过程.结果表明,此次天气过程发生于高低层系统有利配置、南海季风涌活跃和低空急流等低层系统加强使得华南地区具备充足水汽和不稳定条件的环境中.热力作用、地形和锋面的抬升作用促使冰雹和飑线等强对流天气生成和发展.数值模式输出的局地强降水和雷达强度回波等产品对保障航空安全有很好的指示作用.     

1961-2012年夏季南亚高压与云南地区降水的关系

基于1961-2012年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料和云南地区124个观测站月降水资料,利用相关分析法分析夏季南亚高压与云南地区降水的关系。结果表明：1961-2012年夏季滇西南地区降水与南亚高压主中心经度呈较显著负相关,滇南地区降水与南亚高压面积呈较显著负相关;6月滇西北和滇南地区降水与南亚高压脊线位置、高压主中心纬度呈显著正相关,滇西南地区降水与南亚高压主中心强度呈显著正相关,而与南亚高压主中心经度呈显著负相关,滇中地区降水与南亚高压主中心纬度呈显著正相关;7月滇西南、滇西北的西南部和滇西的北部地区降水与南亚高压脊线位置呈较显著正相关,滇西地区降水与南亚高压主中心强度呈较显著负相关,滇中和滇东地区降水与南亚高压主中心经度呈较显著负相关;8月滇西南、滇中、滇南和滇东地区降水与南亚高压面积呈显著负相关。     

云南雨季的时空特征及与大气环流变化的关系

为了系统了解和认识云南雨季变化的气候特征、年际特征及其影响因子,利用云南116个气象观测站1961—2015年20时—20时的逐日降水资料,根据新定义的西南雨季单站标准,系统分析云南雨季变化的时空特征以及相应的大气环流特征。结果表明:（1）对于1981—2010年的气候平均,云南全省平均雨季的开始和结束日期分别为5月22日和10月15日,雨季变化的空间差异较大,雨季开始大致表现为从东南向西北推进,结束则从西北和东南逐渐向西南推进,由此导致云南雨季长度和雨季总降水量变化由南至北逐渐减小;（2）云南雨季变化的年际差异显著,全省平均雨季开始日期最早在5月8日,最晚在6月8日,结束日期最早在9月30日,最晚在11月2日,早晚相差近1个月;（3）云南雨季开始日期主要受西南季风和中纬度冷空气活动的共同影响,季风建立偏早和中纬度冷空气活动频繁有利于雨季开始早,反之有利于雨季开始晚;而雨季结束日期主要受热带季风环流变化的影响,夏季风向冬季风季节转换早则云南雨季结束早,反之雨季结束晚。      

青藏高原与四川盆地夏季降水日变化的对比分析

采用2006-2008年自动气象站和2002-2008年TRMM（Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mis-sion）多卫星降水分析（Munti-satellite Precipitation Analysis,TMPA）的夏季（6～8月）逐时降水量资料,分析了青藏高原（下称高原）及周边地区夏...     

气候变化对汉江上游径流的影响

 根据汉江上游安康以上流域1961-2005年历年逐月气温和降水量资料,统计分析了近45 a流域气候变化的基本特点。同时,通过对各站气温、降水量与安康站径流量的相关计算,建立了天然径流量气候模型,并分析了径流量对气候变化响应的敏感性。结果表明：1) 近45 a来汉江上游安康以上流域的年平均气温呈上升趋势;降水量呈递减趋势,90年代以后减少更为显著。2) 在过去45 a中,汉江上游径流量总体呈下降趋势;1961年以来,汉江上游径流量大体经历了两个丰水段和两个枯水段;1985年发生跃变,以前呈微弱的上升趋势,以后呈下降趋势。3) 径流量与区域年平均气温呈负相关,而与年降水量呈较显著的正相关,年径流量对降水变化的响应较其对气温变化的响应更为敏感。     

气候变化对汉江上游径流的影响

根据汉江上游安康以上流域1961-2005年历年逐月气温和降水量资料,统计分析了近45 a流域气候变化的基本特点。同时,通过对各站气温、降水量与安康站径流量的相关计算,建立了天然径流量气候模型,并分析了径流量对气候变化响应的敏感性。结果表明：1) 近45 a来汉江上游安康以上流域的年平均气温呈上升趋势;降水量呈递减趋势,90年代以后减少更为显著。2) 在过去45 a中,汉江上游径流量总体呈下降趋势;1961年以来,汉江上游径流量大体经历了两个丰水段和两个枯水段;1985年发生跃变,以前呈微弱的上升趋势,以后呈下降趋势。3) 径流量与区域年平均气温呈负相关,而与年降水量呈较显著的正相关,年径流量对降水变化的响应较其对气温变化的响应更为敏感。     

Spatial and temporal characteristics of precipitation using an extensive network of ground gauge in the Korean Peninsula

The aim of the present study is to investigate the spatial and temporal structures of precipitation over the Korean Peninsula using extensive AWS (automatic weather stations) observation network data for the summertime from May to September. Additionally TRMM/PR precipitation data in the southern part of peninsula was used to investigate the vertical structure. For the spatial and temporal scales of hourly precipitation, the e-folding threshold approach was employed to cut off the correlation in terms of distance in km and time in hours. From a correlation analysis of AWS precipitation in terms of time and space, it was found out that the e-folding distance and e-folding time in correlation coefficients ranged from 50 km–110 km and 1 h–2 h. The shortest distance and time in e-folding values were found to be in July and August. Precipitation structures in May and September tended to be isotropic, a cell-type structure, and those of July and August had an apparent band type, from the southwest to northeast. In the case of the vertical feature of precipitation, the correlation with height showed that the vertically efficient height was within 5 km as convective rain cells with a monthly difference of 1.2 km. In this study, the coastal effect tended to slightly increase threshold values.     

2011年南海夏季风爆发过程及其与长江中下游梅雨的联系

采用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY2E-TBB及台站降水资料,对2011年南海夏季风爆发前后的环流特征进行分析。结果表明:2011年强对流活动由孟加拉湾扩展到南海地区,同时伴随着南亚高压移至中南半岛北部,西太平洋副热带高压向东撤出南海地区,南海夏季风于5月第4候(第28候)爆发;季风爆发后,印度-孟加拉湾季风槽形成,南海地区低空开始盛行西南气流,并伴有对流降水的发展和温、湿等要素的突变。随着季风活动的推进,我国雨带北抬,长江中下游一带进入梅雨期,出现降水大值区。通过分析发现长江中下游梅雨与南海夏季风均受副热带高压影响,且两者的强度为显著的负相关关系,梅雨开始时间与南海夏季风爆发时间呈显著的正相关关系。2011年南海夏季风偏弱,爆发时间偏早,长江中下游梅雨强度偏强,入梅时间异常偏早。