“尤特”强降水过程大气层结分析

1311号强台风“尤特”登陆后给广东带来持续性大范围强降水,对流降水特征显著.分析了“尤特”影响期间大尺度环流背景,重点讨论了此次持续性强降水过程中大气层结问题.发现低空急流向广东输送强的暖平流,是广东大气层结不稳定得以持续维持的根本原因.进一步分析发现,低空急流本身并不是“暖”的,当“尤特”趋向陆地时,陆地上的暖气团在“尤特”环流强迫下向南传播扩散,低空急流穿越这一暖区时温度升高才具备“暖”的特性.这一事实在以前并未被关注到.通过个例反查,在许多登陆后造成连续强降水的台风过程中均发现了这一特征.因此,台风登陆引起环境温度场的演变以及与低空急流的配置需引起重视.     

强西南季风背景下1311号台风“尤特”的暴雨特征分析

通过对比多年5—9月逐日平均和1311号台风"尤特"登陆期间逐日平均的西南风分量,分析了"尤特"登陆期间的西南季风强度变化特征,同时还分析了"尤特"登陆期间的环流特征和强西南季风背景下暴雨区的水汽条件、热力条件和动力条件。结果表明:(1)此次持续性暴雨过程的逐日西南风分量明显大于多年平均值且维持时间长;(2)"尤特"东南部有低空急流长时间存在,使得水汽源源不断地输入到"尤特"环流中,同时该次过程强降水区域的850 h Pa假相当位温长时间维持在350K以上;(3)此次过程中同一个降水中心在台风外围环流影响和西南季风辐合影响下,其强上升速度区高度明显不同。     

惠东高潭三次极端强降水过程成因对比分析

基于ECMWF的ERA-Interim全球大气再分析资料、MICAPS实况数据和广东省气象观测资料,对比分析了广东惠东高潭1979年、2013年和2018年的三次极端强降水过程的成因。结果表明:造成高潭极端强降水的影响系统有台风本体环流、登陆后的台风残余环流、季风低压外围环流等,其中2018年季风低压影响过程降水量最大;不同过程对流层低层强迫暖湿气流辐合抬升方式不同,分别为冷暖气流相互作用、西南季风和偏南季风地交汇、季风涌、边界层急流等;各过程中伴随的低空西南气流和偏南气流的风速大小差异明显,2013年台风残余环流影响时低空西南(偏南)风风速最大。相同点有:影响天气系统移动缓慢,并长时间维持,为极端强降水的发生发展和维持提供有利的动力条件;西南(偏南)季风、边界层急流或西南气流源源不断的水汽输送,为极端强降水的发展和维持提供了充足的水汽条件,同时低空暖湿气流的输送使得暴雨区大气层结不稳定状态长时间维持,利于持续性强降水的发展。研究结论可为今后高潭及其附近地区极端强降水的预报和决策服务提供理论支撑。      

边界层急流在粤东暴雨中心两次极端强降水过程中的作用

基于广东省气象观测资料、汕尾多普勒天气雷达产品和全球再分析资料CSFR,分析了2013年8月和2018年8月发生在粤东暴雨中心的破纪录极端强降水过程,阐明边界层急流的作用。结果表明:(1)两次过程的主要影响系统分别为长时间缓慢移动的1311号台风尤特残余环流和季风低压外围环流,当粤东暴雨中心处于台风环流东南侧和季风低压东侧时,边界层急流在该区域辐合抬升,形成的中尺度能量锋利于强降水的触发;(2)边界层急流为强降水提供了充沛的、源源不断的水汽条件,同时配合特殊地形的摩擦、阻挡等作用,在粤东暴雨中心内形成了明显的水汽通量辐合;(3)持续性强降水发展期间,大气层结长时间处于不稳定状态与对流层低空暖湿平流的不断输送密切相关。两次过程中不同点主要表现为边界层急流强度和风向不同,由此带来的气流辐合方式和强降水范围有明显的差异,季风低压影响过程中边界层急流作用更显著。     

0509号台风麦莎的结构与外围暴雨分布特征

利用地面加密观测资料、FY-2C卫星TBB资料和NCEP再分析资料，对2005年8月6～8日0509号台风麦莎登陆后环流结构及暴雨分布特征进行了综合分析。结果表明：台风麦莎具有明显不对称结构，台风东侧和北侧的积云对流较为旺盛；台风环流地面正涡度中心位于台风东侧，并随着台风北上移向台风东北象限并加强。地面强辐合区随着倒槽发展向偏北方向伸展；850hPa台风环流场表现为东侧和北侧的环流强盛，偏东风低空急流在台风北上过程中从东南风急流转为东北风急流；台风东侧暖，西侧冷，其东北侧有强暖平流输送。200hPa高空急流发展，急流入口区右侧强辐散有利于台风登陆后长时间维持。500hPa强上升运动区与台风外围暴雨区有较好对应关系。     

“凡亚比”登陆引发粤西大范围强降水的对流降水分析

利用热带气旋业务资料、业务地面观测、探空观测以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,从对流降水分析角度分析了1011号热带气旋“凡亚比”登陆减弱后造成粤西的一次大范围大暴雨局部特大暴雨过程.研究发现,强降水爆发前,粤西上空大气处于强不稳定状态,经中南半岛北部和北部湾输向粤西的一支低空急流爆发性增强,进一步加剧粤西大气不稳定度.在此背景下,低空急流核前缘以及急流与“凡亚比”西侧的西北部在粤西的汇合提供了强对流系统的触发条件.同时讨论了不同大气层结条件下低层动力辐合可能造成的降水性质及降水强度差异,提出一种新的台风登陆减弱后的暴雨业务预报思路.     

引起“碧利斯”强降水的MCS数值模拟研究

利用多种观测资料和数值模拟,对0604号强热带风暴碧利斯登陆后在湖南、广东等地引发强降水的中尺度对流系统活动特征进行了分析.结果表明,在"碧利斯"登陆后西行减弱过程中,由于西南季风的持续维持,"碧利斯"减弱后的低压环流中仍保持有强降水所需的充足水汽供应,造成局地强降水的MCS十分活跃.ARPS模式较好地模拟了7月15日发生在湖南南部的中尺度降雨过程,并揭示出"碧利斯"变性过程中,环境风场垂直切变结构强迫的次级环流决定了MCS活动特点,同时利用湿Q矢量诊断了低压次级环流的垂直运动特征.造成这次强降水过程的MCS在台风低压切变线以北的偏北潮湿气流中生成发展,低层偏北急流造成的动力辐合效应、对流不稳定性层结的建立是MCS在湖南南部迅速发展的重要原因.     

台风“鹦鹉”登陆过程中肇庆降水显著偏弱的原因

主要从环流特征、动力条件等方面分析台风“鹦鹉”登陆过程中肇庆市降水显著偏弱的原因：华南沿海特定的环流背景使台风“鹦鹉”在登陆广东过程中形成“偏心”台风,台风降水云团偏向低层环流西南侧,使台风低层环流正面袭击肇庆所带来的降水显著偏弱。而形成“偏心”台风的主要环流背景是对流层高层强盛的南亚高压及其南侧强劲的偏东风急流;同时,台风前进方向上的副热带高压使台风登陆后迅速减弱,也是一方面的原因。此外,动力条件方面,台风登陆后,肇庆市低层为弱的上升运动,中高层是下沉运动,也不利于强降水的发生。     

2013年影响湖南的两次相似路径台风暴雨对比分析

应用多种常规观测资料、加密自动气象站资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对2013年影响湖南的两次相似路径台风暴雨过程进行了对比分析。研究表明：“尤特”台风暴雨直接由台风环流引起,具有锋前暖区降水的特点;而“天兔”台风暴雨由台风低压倒槽与西风带天气系统相互作用引起的,其降水属于典型的锋面降水。“尤特”由东风带进入西风带,其与副高相对位置的变化是导致其登陆后路径北翘的主要原因。“尤特”低压环流与南海季风相互作用,充沛的水汽输送对台风低压环流的长时间维持以及湘东南暴雨的形成和发展起到了重要的组织和促进作用。而“天兔”登陆后南海季风位置偏南,不利于“天兔”的长时间维持以及向暴雨区的水汽输送。低层暖式切变线附近强辐合与高层强辐散耦合、低层强正涡度与高层负涡度的耦合为“尤特”台风暴雨的发生发展提供了动力条件。由中低层冷空气入侵导致的锋生强迫和高低空急流耦合形成的次级环流,加强了“天兔”低压倒槽内冷暖气流的辐合,是触发倒槽内中尺度对流发展和暴雨产生的重要动力机制。     

"北冕"和"黑格比"台风暴雨对比分析

采用多种物理量综合诊断分析方法,对路径相似的强热带风暴"北冕"和强台风"黑格比"在西进途中进行水汽来源、不稳定层结的维持等方面的研究,探讨台风及其减弱后的低压环流发生大暴雨的成因.结果表明:"北冕"和"黑格比"路径相似,两次台风大暴雨落区比较一致,而它们减弱后台风低压环流仍对桂西南造成强降水,低空急流的存在是台风低压环流维持并造成强降水的主要因素.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Connections between the Eurasian teleconnection and concurrent variation of upper-level jets over East Asia

The variation of the East Asian jet stream(EAJS) associated with the Eurasian(EU) teleconnection pattern is investigated using 60-yr NCEP–NCAR daily reanalysis data over the period 1951–2010. The EAJS consists of three components: the polar front jet(PFJ); the plateau subtropical jet(PSJ); and the ocean subtropical jet(OSJ). Of these three jets over East Asia,the EU pattern exhibits a significant influence on the PFJ and OSJ. There is a simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ. A significant positive correlation is found between the EU pattern and the OSJ when the EU pattern leads the OSJ by about 5 days. There is no obvious correlation between the EU pattern and the PSJ. The positive EU phase is accompanied by a weakened and poleward-shifted PFJ, which coincides with an intensified OSJ. A possible mechanism for the variation of the EAJS during different EU phases is explored via analyzing the effects of 10-day high-and low-frequency eddy forcing. The zonal wind tendency due to high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the simultaneous negative correlation between the EU pattern and the PFJ, as well as the northward/southward shift of the PFJ. High- and low-frequency eddy forcing are both responsible for the positive correlation between the EU pattern and the OSJ, but only high-frequency eddy forcing contributes to the lagged variation of the OSJ relative to the EU pattern. The negative correlation between the EU pattern and winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China is maintained only when the PFJ and OSJ are out of phase with each other. Thus, the EAJS plays an important role in transmitting the EU signal to winter temperature and precipitation anomalies in China.     

THE INFLUENCES OF SSTA OVER KUROSHIO AND ITS EXTENSION ON RAINFALL IN NORTHEAST CHINA UNDER THE BACKGROUND OF TWO DIFFERENT EL NIO CASES

By using the gauged rainfall in 160 stations within mainland China and the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data, the impacts of anomalous SST in Kuroshio and its extension on precipitation in Northeast China were investigated. The results show that a difference in the meridional circulation such as the East Asia/Pacific teleconnection pattern(EAP)may be responsible for the difference in rainfall between 1998 and 2010. In comparison with 1998, the anomalous meridional circulation pattern in 2010 shifted northeastward, and then the western subtropical high, the mid-latitudinal trough and the northeastern Asia blocking high also shifted northeastward, causing intensified convergence of the cold and warm air masses at the southern region and thus more rainfall in the southwestern region and less in the northwestern region. In 1998, the anomalous cyclone, one component of the meridional pattern, located at the Songhuajiang-Nengjiang River basin, resulted in more rainfall in the majority of the area. The results of observation and the model show that the difference in SSTA in Kuroshio and its extension under the background of different El Ni觡o events is the key point:(1) The anomalous warmth moved westward from the mid-Pacific to the east of the Philippine Sea during the central event, which led the heat resources shifting to the northeast in 2010; subsequently, a shift occurred to the north of the anomalous ascent and decent, followed by a warm SSTA in the region of Kuroshio's extension in 2010 and Kuroshio in 1998.(2) The warm SSTA in the Kuroshio extension causing the Rossby wave activity flux strengthened in 2010, and then the westerly jet shifted northward and extended eastward. A warm SSTA in Kuroshio and cold SSTA in its extension in 1998 caused the westerly jet to shift southward and weaken. As a result,the anomalous anticyclone and cyclone shifted northward in 2010, and the blocking high also shifted northward.     

<p>PARTITION OF SEASON BASED ON MULTIELEMENTS AND THE DECADAL CHANGE OF SEASON DURATION IN CHINA</p>

<p>Using the multielements similarity measurement method and 1950–C2017 NCEP/NCAR gridded daily reanalysis datasets, we analyzed season duration in China during 1950–C2016, and we defined the element with maximum absolute sensitivity as the key impact element at each point using the sensitivity analysis method. The decadal change of season duration and its key impact element before and after 1980 were studied. The results indicated obvious meridional and zonal differences in the distribution of season duration for the 67-year average, and that the key impact element has the same distribution characteristics as season duration. In addition, complementary relationships were found between the durations of spring and summer, autumn and winter, and the cold and warm seasons. Of those, the complementary relationship between the durations of spring and summer was strongest and the regions of complementarity were numerous. The complementary regions of autumn and winter durations were found mainly in western China. In the cold and warm seasons, the complementary regions were widespread and the complementary relationship was generally weak. Comparison of the periods before and after 1980 revealed an east–Cwest difference in the interdecadal variation of season duration. Interdecadal variation in spring and summer was found concentrated in northern and western regions, while that in autumn and winter was concentrated in the western region. Areas of significant interdecadal variation of the key elements were found concentrated in northern and western regions, corresponding well with the areas of significant interdecadal variation of season duration.</p>     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Land-use and sustainability under intersecting global change and domestic policy scenarios: Trajectories for Australia to 2050

Understanding potential future influence of environmental, economic, and social drivers on land-use and sustainability is critical for guiding strategic decisions that can help nations adapt to change, anticipate opportunities, and cope with surprises. Using the Land-Use Trade-Offs (LUTO) model, we undertook a comprehensive, detailed, integrated, and quantitative scenario analysis of land-use and sustainability for Australia’s agricultural land from 2013–2050, under interacting global change and domestic policies, and considering key uncertainties. We assessed land use competition between multiple land-uses and assessed the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services at high spatial (1.1 km grid cells) and temporal (annual) resolution. We found substantial potential for land-use transition from agriculture to carbon plantings, environmental plantings, and biofuels cropping under certain scenarios, with impacts on the sustainability of economic returns and ecosystem services including food/fibre production, emissions abatement, water resource use, biodiversity services, and energy production. However, the type, magnitude, timing, and location of land-use responses and their impacts were highly dependent on scenario parameter assumptions including global outlook and emissions abatement effort, domestic land-use policy settings, land-use change adoption behaviour, productivity growth, and capacity constraints. With strong global abatement incentives complemented by biodiversity-focussed domestic land-use policy, land-use responses can substantially increase and diversify economic returns to land and produce a much wider range of ecosystem services such as emissions abatement, biodiversity, and energy, without major impacts on agricultural production. However, better governance is needed for managing potentially significant water resource impacts. The results have wide-ranging implications for land-use and sustainability policy and governance at global and domestic scales and can inform strategic thinking and decision-making about land-use and sustainability in Australia. A comprehensive and freely available 26 GB data pack (http://doi.org/10.4225/08/5604A2E8A00CC) provides a unique resource for further research. As similarly nuanced transformational change is also possible elsewhere, our template for comprehensive, integrated, quantitative, and high resolution scenario analysis can support other nations in strategic thinking and decision-making to prepare for an uncertain future.     

碳交易政策的经济影响:以广东省为例

通过构建广东省两区域动态模型,对广东省碳交易及其他政策措施进行定量评估,分析实施可调控总量的碳交易政策机制对广东省及参与交易部门的经济影响。研究结果表明,按照减排情景到2015年广东完成19.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景,GDP将减少0.7%;按照强减排情景到2015年将完成20.5%的碳强度下降目标,相比基准情景GDP将减少0.9%;如果在强减排情景的基础上实施碳交易政策,GDP相对基准情景减少0.8%,到2015年实施碳交易政策可减少GDP损失约90亿元,说明广东建立碳排放权交易机制能够发挥支持经济发展和节能减碳双赢的作用。