精细化MOS相对湿度预报方法研究

利用2003年5~9月MM5模式每隔1 h的站点基本要素预报场和物理量诊断场资料,以及相应时段内宁夏25个测站的相对湿度自记观测资料,同时采用多元线性和逐步回归2种MOS统计方法,预报宁夏25个测站5~9月48 h逐时相对湿度。对2004年夏季6~8月预报效果检验表明:MOS方法制作宁夏48 h逐时相对湿度预报结果是可用的或是可参考的;2种MOS统计方法预报结果相近,逐步回归方法比多元线性方法预报效果稍好,08:00预报误差明显低于20:00;当天气形势变化较平稳时,MOS预报结果稳定,平均绝对误差控制在10%左右;当有明显的变温等特殊天气时,误差变率起伏波动大,预报结果不稳定。     

风的精细化MOS预报方法研究

利用MM5模式的站点输出产品,采用多元线性和逐步回归的MOS统计方法,预报宁夏25个测站48 h逐时风速、风向,通过对2004年6月~2005年4月近一年的预报效果检验,结果表明:该方法对逐时风速有较强的预报能力,对逐时风向有一定的预报能力,但尚未达到可用程度,还有待于进一步的改进,但都较原MM5模式预报水平有了显著的提高。     

MOS方法在动力延伸期候平均气温预报中的应用

利用1982年1月-2010年3月动力延伸预报产品及宁夏候平均气温,采用逐步回归的MOS统计方法,预报宁夏24个测站未来40 d逐候平均气温,为了对比模式直接输出结果与资料按月和按季节划分建立的MOS方法预报效果,对2009年和2010年1-3月的预报效果分别进行了对比检验.结果表明:MOS预报效果较模式直接输出有显著...     

支持向量机非线性回归方法的气象要素预报

该文介绍了基于基本的支持向量机非线性回归方法,该方法具有解决非线性问题的能力,在数值预报解释应用技术中,对某些预报量与预报因子之间相关性不显著的要素,如风、比湿等,采用支持向量机非线性回归技术较多元回归的MOS方法更具优势;利用北京市气象局中尺度业务模式 (MM5V3) 的12:00(世界时) 起始数值预报产品和观测资料,制作北京15个奥运场馆站点6~48 h逐3 h的气象要素释用产品。对比MM5V3模式,从均方根误差的平均减小率来看,2 m温度减小12.1%,10 m风u分量减小43.3%,10 m风v分量减小53.4%,2 m比湿减小38.2%。与同期的MOS方法预报结果相比,整体预报效果SVM略优于MOS。由此可见,支持向量机非线性回归方法解决与预报因子之间非线性相关的气象要素较好,具有较高的预报优势。     

MOS方法在短时要素预报中的应用与检验

通过对MM5数值预报产品的释用,将MOS统计方法应用到短时要素预报中,综合利用MM5数值预报产品、自动站实况数据和雷达数据等资料,建立降水和温度的4 h预报模型;降水作为不连续变量,将其通过建立降水可能函数的方法转化为连续变量,利用统计预报方法,可以达到定量预报的目的。通过对4140个时次的样本进行检验。结果表明：MOS预报结果较MM5直接输出结果整体有所改进,当数值模式误差较大时,统计方法显示出一定的优势;降水预报检验结果显示,TS评分为65%,预报正确率PC为91%。降水明显的样本(3 h雨量>5 mm)平均误差在8 mm以内,弱降水样本(3 h雨量<3 mm)平均误差在1 mm以内,预报方程对非雨日样本的整体预报效果较好,优于MM5模式预报,预报正确率高达98%,但对流性降水仍是预报难点;对于温度预报,20-08时段误差较小、平均在1.0℃以内,而11-17时、误差平均在1.5℃左右,但经过误差的季节订正,可以控制在1.0℃左右。     

三种数值模式对山西降水预报性能的对比检验

利用MM5、T213和Grapes3种数值模式的降水预报产品和山西省108个标准测站的降水实况资料,采用客观统计检验方法,对2008年7月各模式在山西省的累加降水预报进行了对比检验。结果表明：24h中雨以下预报1、213优于MM5,中雨以上MM5则略优于T213,48h预报各级降水MM5都优于T213,T213和MM5对暴雨都有一定的预报能力。无论哪个预报时效和降水量级,Grapes均无明显优势。Grapes预报降水量级和降水范围都偏小,空报较少,漏报严重,尤其48h和72h10mm以上降水基本都漏报。MM5预报降水量级和预报范围都偏大,10mm以上降水TS评分较其它模式高,但同时空报也比较严重。3种模式TS评分均随降水量级的增大而减小,T213和Grapes的TS评分随预报时效的增加而减小,MM5的TS评分随预报时效的增加变化不大。     

WRF和MM5对2008年6—9月温度数值预报结果的对比分析

使用WRF模式和MM5模式分别对吉林省50个地面观测站做了温度预报的数值模拟,并进行了检验分析和对比。结果表明：0-24h定时预报的预报准确率,WRF模式高于MM5模式5％～20％;24-48h定时预报的预报准确率,WRF模式高于MM5模式的6％～20％;0-24h最高和最低温度预报准确率,WRF模式分别高于MM5模式12．8％和10．9％;24-48h最高和最低温度预报准确率,WRF模式分别高于MM5模式11％和26．8％。表明WRF模式的温度预报性能优于MM5模式。     

ROAD模式渤海10 m风场预报误差订正

使用"递减平均法"和渤海28个石油、平台、浮标站资料分析得到的渤海10m风速逐时格点场,对ROAD模式(Regional Ocean and Atmosphere Model)渤海区域10m风速预报进行误差订正,不同权重系数试验表明:对于渤海10m风速预报场,权重系数取0.18,订正效果最佳,12～72h预报时效内,月逐时均方根误差和平均偏差均有明显改善,分别减小1.0～1.5m/s和2.3～3.0m/s;对比渤海北部、西部和中部代表格点72h预报时效内,逐12h最大风速评分结果发现:60h预报时效内,当风速预报在5～6级时,渤海北部、中部和西部订正后的预报评分大多有所提高;当风速预报在7级时,渤海北部和中部分别在36～72h和24～48h,预报评分有提高;在实况出现最多的风力分布范围内评分提高最多。     

GPS观测资料应用于中尺度数值预报模式的初步研究

利用建立在长江三角洲地区GPS观测网中 11个站点的可降水量资料 ,对 2 0 0 2年 6月 2 3～ 2 4日影响长江三角洲地区的降水过程进行了MM5模式初始湿度场调整和Nudging同化试验。试验表明 :利用GPS测量的可降水量对模式初始湿度场进行调整能明显增强模式初始场描述水汽分布的能力 ,从而有效地控制模式积分初期对可降水量预报的误差 ,并对模式 6h累积降水量预报有较明显的改善作用。利用Nudging技术同化GPS可降水量资料对MM5预报效果改善较小 ,并且Nudging系数的增加对预报效果的影响不大。总体上 ,利用GPS可降水量资料调整模式初始湿度场对模式 6h累积降水预报效果的改善明显好于连续Nudging同化。试验还表明 :GPS资料对模式初始湿度场调整改善模式对累积降水量的预报主要是通过改善网格降水预报来实现的 ,而Nudging同化主要是通过改善次网格降水而提高模式降水预报能力的。     

数值模式预报延迟量与GPS测量的比较研究

利用长江三角洲地区GPS观测网中4个站点的资料，研究了2002年梅雨期静力延迟和湿延迟的时、空变化，以上海宝山站为例用探空资料对GPS资料进行了验证，并将MM5模式24h的预报结果与GPS测量资料进行比较，以检验MM5模式对静力延迟和湿延迟的预报能力，在此基础上提出了订正模式预报静力延迟误差的方法。研究结果表明：GPS是一种与探空观测有可比性的大气静力延迟和湿延迟测量手段。GPS站点测得的静力延迟和湿延迟呈现出不同特征，静力延迟有明显的周期变化，湿延迟的变化与天气过程相关联。模式初始场对静力延迟有很好的描述能力，而对湿延迟却存在低估现象。MM5模式24h滚动预报基本能反映出静力延迟的日变化趋势，而模式在预报静力延迟的逐时次变化方面还存在一定的偏差。模式对湿延迟变化有一定的预报能力，但也存在低估现象。模式对总延迟的预报总体偏低，偏差主要集中在-3cm附近。可以通过订正地面气压的方法减小模式对静力延迟的预报误差。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.