湖南6月区域持续性暴雨的强信号及预报概念模型

基于湖南汛期区域持续性暴雨典型环流分型,利用1961—2016年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和异常度方法对湖南6月区域持续性暴雨环流型进行客观识别,并结合动力和水汽输送条件,确定湖南6月区域持续性暴雨强信号并客观量化表征,建立湖南6月区域持续性暴雨预报定量化概念模型。结果表明:43次历史区域持续性暴雨过程的回报准确率达到81%,2017—2018年3次区域持续暴雨过程试报准确率为2/3,说明该概念模型有一定预报能力,能为湖南暴雨预报业务服务提供技术支持。将该概念模型与各类模式预报产品相结合,还可开展区域持续性暴雨的中期和延伸期预报。     

广东6月持续性暴雨期间的大气环流异常

利用1979—2011年共33年广东86个观测站日降水和全球大气多要素日平均资料,分析广东前汛期降水异常(包括暴雨和无雨)的环流特征。结果表明,广东6月持续性暴雨和持续性无雨期间大气存在显著的经向遥相关波列,其中,持续性暴雨过程波列更完整,非持续性暴雨(或非持续性无雨)则波列不显著,而4、5月的持续性暴雨或持续性无雨过程都没有波列出现。在经向波列存在的情况下,对流层中高层大气西风带环流经向度增大、槽脊发展增强,中高纬度这种持续稳定的环流形势,有利于冷空气和高空槽影响华南;在高层200 hPa,华南处于偏西风和西南风异常之间的气流辐散区域,有利于高层辐散;对流层中低层西太平洋副热带高压偏强、西脊点偏西,华南上升、南海下沉的垂直异常经圈环流建立;同时对流层低层来源于印度和孟加拉湾北部以及热带太平洋的水汽输送明显加强,从而为持续性暴雨过程提供有利的环流背景以及暴雨区所需的动力和水汽条件,可见经向波列通过对流层高、中、低层大气环流异常影响持续性暴雨。在没有经向波列的情况下,当500 hPa华南地区有西风槽活动、850 hPa南海北部西风偏强,广东局地动力上升条件和水汽输送条件达到一定程度,则只能出现非持续性暴雨。因此,经向波列可为区分持续暴雨与非持续暴雨预报提供参考。与广东降水持续异常相关的经向波列受中高纬度罗斯贝波、热带对流以及中低纬度太平洋地区大气异常等多方面的共同影响。     

南海季风爆发前罕见连续3场暴雨特征及成因

2010年5月上中旬南海季风尚未爆发,广东一周内出现罕见的连续3场区域性暴雨 (下称连场暴雨)。利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP分析资料,从降水时间特征和环流形势对比了连场暴雨和持续性暴雨的异同,并应用局地经向环流数值模式诊断探讨其可能形成机制。结果表明:中高纬度地区阻塞形势建立对广东5月连场暴雨和6月持续性暴雨发生均尤为关键,连场暴雨期间阻塞高压位于乌拉尔山附近,降水与中纬度短波槽南下密切相关;而持续性暴雨期间阻塞高压偏东位于亚洲大陆中部,降水主要受热带西南季风北推影响。尽管大尺度环流背景相似,但3场暴雨过程天气系统配置差异较大。数值诊断结果进一步表明:激发连续3场暴雨的主要物理因子为潜热加热、温度平流和西风动量输送。潜热加热是此次连场暴雨的正贡献和正反馈的最直接因子,而西风动量输送和温度平流对暴雨发生有一定触发作用和指示意义 (超前0~1.5 d)。因此,分析和预报季风爆发前的连场暴雨过程,应注意中高纬度地区西风动量输送、冷暖平流活动和相应的天气形势演变。     

广东前汛期持续性暴雨的变化特征及其环流形势

利用1961-2011年广东省86个测站地面观测逐日降水资料及1979-2011年NCEP-DOE第2套分析资料,提出了广东暴雨日的定义指标,分析了近51a广东前汛期及其各月持续性暴雨的变化特征,进一步诊断了持续性暴雨过程的环流特征和水汽输送来源.结果表明,广东暴雨新指标避免了原指标定义存在的不合理情况和需要人工操作等问题,并且得到的广东暴雨日数及暴雨累积雨量的年际变化更能反映广东的旱涝情况.51a平均前汛期持续性暴雨过程在4、5、6月分别占10%、29%和61%,20世纪60年代后期至80年代持续性暴雨多发生在5月,而60年代前中期、90年代至2011年持续性暴雨则主要在6月出现,这种年代际变化是由东亚地区中低纬度大气环流系统的变化所造成的.除了过去所认识的“三脊两槽”和“两脊一槽”两种类型天气形势外,广东前汛期持续性暴雨过程的500hPa中高纬度环流还有一种“高纬阻塞-中纬平缓型”(称为Ⅲ型),Ⅲ型主要出现于6月,占6月持续性暴雨过程的22%,因此,这种环流类型的补充提出,将减少6月持续性暴雨过程的漏报现象.由于气候背景场各月有所不同,无论是三脊二槽型还是二脊一槽型,各区域槽(或脊)的相对强弱和形态也随月份有所不同,例如二脊一槽型,东北亚地区高压脊4、5、6月逐月加强向北扩展,贝加尔湖槽区逐月变宽,中低纬度阿拉伯海以东槽逐月向西移动,孟加拉湾槽、西太平洋副热带高压逐月加强.前汛期持续性暴雨过程的主要水汽来源随月份发生变化,4月热带西太平洋地区水汽来源贡献最大,5月孟加拉湾、西太平洋和中国南海的水汽都有贡献,而6月则主要来源于孟加拉湾的水汽输送.所有类型持续性暴雨过程,广东大部分地区都处于水汽通量辐合区,说明动力辐合作用和水汽来源是暴雨的必备条件,持续性暴雨是各类中高纬度环流型的稳定维持与来源于热带的水汽输送共同作用的结果.     

“98.6”广西特大强降水过程成因探讨及暴雨落区预报诊断

通过对“９８．６”广西特大强降雨过程的环流背景分析,得出在中高纬度二脊一槽（倒Ω型）和稳定的南海高压组成的大环流形势,满足产生持续性大范围暴雨的基本条件,结合Ｔ１０６产品的物理量场资料分析,找出暴雨落区的诊断判据,用动力相似方法作暴雨落区预报的试验,取得了较好的结果,为业务预报提供参考依据     

NCEP/CFS模式对东亚夏季延伸预报的检验评估

利用NCEP的气候预报系统（Climate Forecast System, CFS）所提供的1981—2004年历史回报试验结果,检验和评估了该系统对夏季东亚地区大气环流的预报技巧和系统误差;在此基础上通过提取模式预报和观测的10~20 d及30~60 d低频振荡分量,重点对我国南方3次典型持续性暴雨过程的预报技巧进行检验和诊断分析。结果表明:CFS系统对东亚整体大气环流逐日预报的可靠时效为5 d左右,60°N以北的对流层中高层高度场预报系统性偏低,而在40°~60°N则为系统性偏高。系统性误差随预报时间的延长而增加,但10 d以上预报的系统性误差大小和空间分布逐渐趋于稳定;CFS系统对低频分量的延伸期预报技巧好于对其整体大气环流的预报技巧,并且在典型持续性暴雨过程中,CFS系统对影响强降水过程的主要环流系统低频振荡特征有一定预报能力。     

“98.6”广西特大强降水过程成因探讨及暴雨落区预报诊断

通过对“９８．６”广西特大强降雨过程的环流背景分析,得出在中高纬度二脊一槽和稳定的南海高压组成的大环流形势满足产生持续性大范围暴寸的基本条件,结合Ｔ１０６产品的物理场资料分析,找出暴雨落区的诊断判据,用动力相似方法作暴雨落区预报的试验,取得了较好的结果,为业务预报提供参考依据。     

江淮流域持续性暴雨过程前期的欧亚波列特征及其模拟研究

利用50余年的NCAR/NCEP再分析资料,对江淮流域持续性暴雨过程前期的环流特征进行了相关与合成分析。发现在过程前2—1周的对流层中高层西风带上,中西亚、中国东部沿海和白令海南侧相继有低压槽发展,呈现显著的罗斯贝波列信号特征。分析表明,正是该欧亚波列的东传和消失伴随的环流调整,导致了有利于持续性暴雨产生的稳定环流的形成。进一步采用区域数值模式检验了该波列特征对后期持续性暴雨的作用和影响过程,以1991年一次典型的江淮流域持续性暴雨过程为例,根据欧亚波列信号特征设计一组初始流场扰动,进行初值集合模拟试验。结果表明,过程强雨带及其环流背景的模拟对于初始场上欧亚波列信号区的扰动特征是相当敏感的,该初始扰动对模拟环流的后继影响,与持续性暴雨期间稳定环流特征的建立和维持确有密切关系。     

广东省前汛期连续暴雨的气候背景及中期环流特征

为了解中期连续暴雨的成因, 进一步做好4—6月广东省致洪连续暴雨的中期预报, 用统计和合成分析方法, 对1961—2001年广东省前汛期连续暴雨过程的气候背景及中期环流特征进行了分析。分析结果表明:广东省6月出现连续暴雨的几率最大; 小波分析和最大熵谱分析表明, 广东省的连续暴雨存在准2~5年和10年左右的周期振荡, 未来几年发生连续暴雨的次数将增多; 用500 hPa候平均高度场资料, 对出现在广东省的前汛期连续暴雨过程的中期环流特征及高、低纬地区的环流演变特点进行了分析归纳, 总结出两类造成连续暴雨过程的中期环流特征的2条指标, 它们的共同特点为:中高纬度具有十分稳定的“西阻”和“东阻”, 中高纬的“东阻”和低纬120°E以东的正距平区相叠加, 使得低纬维持稳定的东高西低形势, 有利于出现连续暴雨过程。在此基础上利用欧洲中心500 hPa高度场未来1~5 d的格点逐日预报资料得到候平均图, 用动力-相似诊断方法作出2003—2005年广东省有无连续暴雨过程的中期趋势预报。     

华南前汛期持续性暴雨统计特征及环流分型研究

利用1961—2013年华南区域305个国家级气象台站日降水资料、1980—2013年5—6月NCEP/CFSR再分析资料(分辨率0.5×0.5)等,定义华南前汛期持续性暴雨和暴雨持续日数,分析近53 a华南前汛期持续性暴雨特征及其大尺度环流形势;归纳有利于华南前汛期持续性暴雨发生的4种典型环流类型。结果表明:(1)华南前汛期持续性暴雨过程主要集中在5—6月,并存在准20 a振荡周期;1960年代前半段6月暴雨次数多,1960年代末期到1980年代5月暴雨次数明显增加,1990年代至2013年暴雨主要出现在6月,2006年后5月暴雨次数逐渐增加;暴雨过程持续日数一般3~4 d,超过10 d以上的单次过程仅4次。(2)华南前汛期持续性暴雨分为东亚槽底型、两脊一槽型、多涡旋型和纬向型,东亚槽底型和两脊一槽型次数相对较多,主要发生在5月下旬—6月下旬;纬向型次数最少,主要在5月上旬—6月初。(3)各型持续性暴雨过程500 h Pa中高纬地区环流特征各异,其共性是均有利于北方冷空气南下影响华南,低纬地区西太平洋副热带高压(副高)和孟加拉湾南支低槽维持少动,低层850 h Pa华南盛行西南暖湿急流;持续10 d左右的暴雨过程相较持续3~5 d的暴雨过程,副高位置偏西偏强,华南上空多短波槽活动,850 h Pa西南季风气流位置偏西偏北、风速偏大。     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences