影响莫高窟小气候的环境因子对比分析

应用不同时空尺度对莫高窟的小气候进行对比分析,发现莫高窟的地形地貌、水系统、植被等环境因子对其小气候有重要影响。莫高窟的小地形结构和水系统对其风速、湿度、太阳辐射等有显著影响。2005年4—12月窟前与窟顶月平均相比,太阳辐射总量降低411．21MJ／m^2,地表温度降低2．7℃,相对湿度增大9％,风速降低3．7m／s。窟前月较差小于戈壁0．9℃。但对于气温而言,主要受较大尺度因素的控制,窟前、窟顶、戈壁均处于同一温度层。2004年莫高窟日较差比敦煌小4．8℃。莫高窟的环境因子使莫高窟周边形成了更为稳定的小气候,非常有利于文物保护,这也是千年莫高窟保存至今的一个重要原因。     

敦煌近56a气候特征分析

利用1954～2009年敦煌国家基准气候站56a的气温、降水量、日照时数资料,分析了敦煌年平均气温、降水量、日照时数变化特征,初步探讨了敦煌干旱化气候特征以及对敦煌莫高窟文物的影响。结果表明:气温变化逐年升高,降水量总体呈增加趋势,日照时数变化相对稳定且略有增多趋势。虽然降水有所增多,但温度上升、日照增多导致蒸发增大,干旱化趋势明显。干旱气候变化有利于敦煌莫高窟的保护。     

中国夏季风影响过渡区与其他地区蒸发皿蒸发量趋势相反的原因

夏季风影响过渡区是天气和气候的敏感区,随着全球和区域的变暖,该区域特殊的气候环境响应引起人们重点关注。以南昌、定西、乌鲁木齐作为夏季风影响区、夏季风影响过渡区以及非夏季风影响区的代表站,通过对比中国夏季风影响过渡区和其他地区50年来温度、日照时数、相对湿度、降水量、低云量、风速的变化趋势,以及分析各气象因子单独变化对蒸发皿蒸发量的影响,发现在夏季风影响过渡区各个气象因子的变化均使蒸发皿蒸发量增加,而在其他地区,只有温度变化会使蒸发皿蒸发量增加,其他各因子的变化均会造成蒸发皿蒸发量的下降。贡献度更直观的反映各气象因子对不同地区蒸发皿蒸发的作用。结果表明温度变化对夏季风影响过渡区蒸发皿蒸发变率的贡献最大,贡献度为48.93%。风速变化对夏季风影响区蒸发皿蒸发变率的贡献最大,贡献度为51.54%。降水变化对非夏季风影响区蒸发皿蒸发变率的贡献最大,贡献度为58.57%。此外,低云量的变化对夏季风影响过渡区、夏季风影响区和非夏季风影响区的贡献均达到20%以上。因此,不同地区影响蒸发皿蒸发的最主要的因子是不同的,但低云量对任何地区蒸发皿蒸发的影响都非常重要。     

重庆合川近28a蒸发特征分析

利用合川区1980-2007年小型蒸发皿蒸发量资料,分析了合川区蒸发量的变化特征及其影响变化的原因.结果表明:合川年、季和月蒸发量均存在明显的上升趋势,影响蒸发量变化的因子有风速、日照、相对湿度、温度、气压、水汽压、降水等,并对影响因子与蒸发的关系进行相关分析.     

天津地区蒸发演变及对本地气候干旱化影响的研究

使用天津地区 41年的气象资料 ,分析了潜在蒸发量季节与年际演变的基本特征 ,潜在蒸发量的热力和动力两部分在不同季节彼此消涨的规律 ,以及不同气象要素对潜在蒸发的影响。提出了累积干燥度 (accumulateddryness)的概念 ,定量地讨论了蒸发和气候变暖对干旱的影响。研究表明 ,对蒸发影响最大的是热力作用 ,其对潜在蒸发的贡献年平均可达 70 % ;动力作用则在冬季最突出。气象要素中对蒸发影响最大的是气温 ,当年均气温增加 1℃时 ,年蒸发总量可增加 30 33mm ;风速的影响次之 ;水汽压和日照的影响较小。潜在蒸发量以逐年增大的趋势发展 ,尤其是近 1 0年 ,增长速率达 4 2 2mma- 1 ,使得累积干燥度逐年增大。在气候变暖的背景下 ,增温使潜在蒸发量增大 ,在很大程度上导致了年际间的持续干旱 ,使气候呈干旱化趋势发展。     

雨养玉米农田水热交换的环境控制机理研究

基于连续3年的涡相关观测数据分析了雨养玉米农田水热交换的环境控制机理.结果表明:热量(辐射与温度)与水分(土壤含水量与大气水汽压亏缺)因子是控制农田水热交换的关键因子,但随着研究时间尺度变化,其作用强度显著不同.当研究时间尺度由小时—日—月—季—年逐渐增大时,热量因子对玉米农田水热交换的影响逐渐减弱,而水分因子的影响却逐渐增强.因而,模拟玉米农田水热交换,以小时时间分辨率模拟时,能量输入应以辐射为主;以月为时间分辨率时,能量输入应以温度为主,可以提高模拟精度.另外,不同水文年型控制雨养农田水热交换的主要因子也有显著差异.湿润年,土壤水分充足,决定蒸发强度的可用能量是限制水分交换的关键因子;偏干年,农田水热交换受制于水分与能量的双重制约.因此,在估算半干旱地区水热交换时,同时还应关注不同水文年型的迥异环境控制机理,以提高不同时间尺度模型模拟精度.     

45年来中国蒸发皿蒸发量的变化特征及其成因

蒸发是地表热量平衡和水分平衡的组成部分,是水循环中最直接受土地利用和气候变化影响的一项.进行蒸发量变化的研究,对深入了解气候变化、探讨区域与水分循环变化规律具有十分重要的意义.文中利用中国472个气象站1957-2001年20 cm口径蒸发皿的实测资料,分析了中国小型蒸发皿蒸发量的变化趋势及其变化原因.结果表明,尽管在这45年间中国年平均气温以0.2 ℃/(10 a)的趋势递增,但是蒸发皿蒸发量总体上却以-34.12 mm/(10 a)的速度递减.蒸发皿蒸发量显著上升的地区只集中在少部分地区,如大兴安岭北部和北山地区;下降幅度最大的地区则集中在东部、西北北部和南部及西藏南部.通过对彭曼公式中能量平衡项和空气动力项的分析表明,东部蒸发皿蒸发量的下降主要是因为供蒸发的能量显著减少,而西部地区蒸发皿蒸发量的下降主要是供蒸发的动力下降所致.对各气象因子的趋势分析和相关分析表明,影响蒸发量的主要因子为风速和日照时数.     

陕西长武塬区蒸发皿蒸发量影响因子及预测

以长武农业生态试验站2007—2015年的蒸发皿蒸发量与气象因子进行灰色关联和主成分分析,研究不同时间尺度下影响蒸发皿蒸发的主要因子。结果表明:年尺度下,温度、水汽压、气压和日照时数是影响蒸发皿蒸发量的主要因子;季节尺度下,影响蒸发皿蒸发的主要因素表现为:春季受日照时数和温度的影响,夏季受温度和气压的影响,秋季和冬季受日照时数和水汽压的影响;月尺度下,温度、日照时数、气压是影响蒸发皿蒸发的重要因子。基于主成分分析方法和多元线性回归分析法建立了蒸发皿蒸发的预测公式,预测的相对误差为0.45%~90%,均方根误差为5.56 mm。     

敦煌莫高窟区大气环境成分的监测分析

利用1996—2001年在莫高窟区及敦煌农区的同步监测资料,分析了对敦煌壁画有害成分的SO2、NOX和TSP质量浓度的年际变化、年变化及季节变化特征。结果表明:莫高窟大气环境中SO2和NOX平均质量浓度分别为0.0268 mg.m-3和0.0217 mg.m-3,达到国家(GB3095-1996)中规定的二级标准;TSP质量浓度为0.3077 mg.m-3,是国家二级标准的153.9%。莫高窟SO2质量浓度呈明显的上升趋势,应引起高度重视。     

东疆地区蒸发量变化趋势及气象影响因子研究

对东疆地区1961-2001年小型蒸发皿蒸发量及其相关气象影响因子进行了分析,结果表明,东疆地区蒸发量呈显著下降趋势,蒸发量1970年代至1980年代初期的增多和1980年代中期至21世纪初的减少是突变现象;6种气象因子对蒸发的决定程度相对湿度>水汽压>气温>风速>日照时数>净地表辐射,风速与日照时数、相对湿度与水汽压、气温与水汽压、气温与相对湿度的协同作用对蒸发量的决定作用很大.相对湿度的显著增加是导致东疆地区蒸发量逐年减少的重要原因.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.