加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

接地降阻剂的PH值的探讨

1引言我国执行接地降阻剂测试的技术标准是全国电力系统起草的:“接地降阻剂暂行技术条件修改稿”。在技术要求中要求接地降阻剂的酸碱值应在7￣12范围内。在实际使用中发现该技术要求对接地降阻剂的酸碱值要求范围并不合理,需要分析和讨论。2接地降阻剂的PH值接地降阻剂的酸碱性对地网的使用寿命至关重要,为了不让接地降阻剂腐蚀接地体或者减弱接地降阻剂对接地体的腐蚀,在接地降阻剂测试的技术要求中,对接地降阻剂的酸碱度有一定的限制。国内各厂家用于生产接地降阻剂的偏弱酸的盐类进行了对镀锌钢材腐蚀的试验,结果是这些镀锌钢材均受到…     

On the determination of the height of the Ekman boundary layer

The heighth of the Ekman turbulent boundary layer determined by the momentum flux profile is estimated with the aid of considerations of similarity and an analysis of the dynamic equations. Asymptotic formulae have been obtained showing that, with increasing instability,h increases as ¦¦^1/2 (where is the non-dimensional stratification parameter); with increasing stability, on the other hand,h decreases as ^–1/2. For comparison, a simple estimate of the boundary-layer heighth _u determined by the velocity profile is given. As is shown, in unstable stratification,h _u behaves asymptotically as ¦¦^–1, i.e., in a manner entirely different from that ofh .     

阴山山脉对内蒙古中部地区气象要素影响初探

文章选用阴山山脉山北乌拉特后旗、白云、达茂旗、苏尼特左旗、化德,山南杭后旗、包头、呼和浩特、察右前旗、兴和1971—2000年气温、降水量、天气现象等资料进行对比分析,得到阴山山脉对内蒙古自治区中部地区气象要素影响初步结论。     

2003年黑龙江省主要灾害性天气及其对作物生长发育和粮食产量的影响

利用40年气温、降水资料和历史上千旱、低温严重的年份与2003年进行对比分析．评估黑龙江省2003年发生的严重灾害的分布范同，灾害程度，及其对主要粮食作物生长发育和产量的影响。得出2003年的灾害是30年未遇的全省性严重灾害年，各种灾害对各种作物都产生了不同程度的影响，受害最重的作物是小麦。     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的研究综述

热带气旋的眼墙非对称结构与其发展过程密切相关。在热带气旋移动过程中,非对称风场伴随着边界层内非对称摩擦而引起的辐合,影响着热带气旋眼墙内的对流分布。此外,风垂直切变作为影响热带气旋强度的重要因子,将上层暖心吹离表层环流,引起眼墙垂直运动的非对称,导致云、降水在方位角方向的非均匀分布。当存在平均涡度的径向梯度时,罗斯贝类型的波动可以存在于涡旋内核区域,影响眼墙非对称结构。海洋为热带气旋提供潜热和感热形式的能量,是热带气旋发展的重要能量来源,关于海洋如何影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的相关研究较少。文中着重回顾了热带气旋与海洋相互作用的研究成果,并提出海洋影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构的机制。海洋对热带气旋最显著的响应特征是冷尾效应,该效应通过降低海表温度,减少海洋向大气输送的潜热和感热,从而影响热带气旋眼墙非对称结构。此外,海浪改变海表粗糙度,通过边界层影响移动热带气旋的眼墙结构。     

Contributions to the knowledge of the fluctuations of the Dead Sea level

Summary After an extended critical evaluation of a wealth of historical sources, the history of the Dead Sea level fluctuations is reviewed with accuracy since 1800 (Klein, 1961). Earlier data since 1100 AD based on landmarks and tree-ring data (Klein, 1982, 1985) are also summarized. Since 1930 interannual fluctuations are compared with area-averaged rainfall data from the western and eastern part of the catchment, as well as with rainfall records from Jerusalem and Amman. Correlation analysis lead to two linear regression equations for the period 1930/1931–1962/1963 (undisturbed) and 1963/1964–1983/1984 after diversion of water from Lake Tiberias and Jordan River. From these equations, the average annual effect of this diversion results to about –24 cm; in very moist years this effect is insignificant.

---

Zusammenfassung Auf der Grundlage einer kritischen Auswertung einer Fülle von Quellen werden zunächst die Spiegelschwankungen des Toten Meeres seit 1800 genau behandelt (Klein, 1961). Eine zusammenfassende Darstellung der Schwankungen ab 1100 A. D. wird aus historischen Quellen über die Landmarken des Seeufers und Baumringdaten (Klein, 1982, 1985) abgeleitet. Die interannulären Schwankungen des Seespiegels seit 1930 werden verglichen mit Gebietsmitteln des Niederschlages vom westlichen wie vom östlichen Teil des Einzugsgebietes, ebenso mit den Niederschlagsreihen von Jerusalem und Amman. Eine Korrelationsanalyse führt zu zwei linearen Regressionsgleichungen für die ungestörte Periode 1930/1931 bis 1962/1963, sowie für die Periode 1963/1964 bis 1983/1984, nach der Ableitung von Wasser zu Bewässerungszwecken aus dem See Genezareth und dem Jordan-Fluß. Eine Abschätzung des mittleren Effektes aus diesen Gleichungen ergibt etwa –24 cm pro Jahr; in sehr feuchten Jahren ist der Effekt unbedeutend.

---

---

With 4 Figures     

土壤水分常数测定之我见

通过对土壤容重、田间持水量、凋萎湿度测定方法的研究，提出了土壤水分常数测定规范中存在和应注意的问题，以利做好当前的土壤水分常数测定工作。     

Observations of the diurnal oscillation of the inversion over the Israeli coast

Vertical profiles of temperature and humidity were measured over the sea in two series of 48 hours each, during the summer near the Israeli coast of the Mediterranean. A prominent inversion was observed in the temperature profiles. In the first series the average height of the inversion base was 350m and in the second, 600m. In the inversion a very sharp decrease of the absolute humidity was found. Below the inversion down to the sea surface the atmosphere was well mixed. A significant diurnal oscillation was observed at the height of the inversion base. During the day the inversion moved up and during the night it moved down. This movement was 250m in the first series and 450m in the second. The movement of the inversion base was almost adiabatic. It is suggested that the fluctuation in the height of the inversion base is mainly due to the developing breeze.     

土壤水分常数测定之我见

通过对土壤容重、田间持水量、凋萎湿度测定方法的研究,提出了土壤水分常数测定规范中存在和应注意的问题,以利做好当前的土壤水分常数测定工作。     

以能量观点研究可见光辐射在大气中的衰减

2004年9月至2006年10月,在华北地区的4个站开展了太阳辐射、气象参数等的综合测量,得到了可见光辐射QVIS、总辐射Q等的变化特征。水汽和散射因子对QVIS/Q有明显的影响,同时对QVIS也有明显的作用。基于能量观点,建立了实际天气QVIS小时累计值(时累)的经验模式,得到了较好的计算结果。水汽因子对于QVIS在大气中的传输有一定的作用,应该给予足够重视。计算表明,华北地区受水汽因子衰减到达地面的QVIS以及占地面QVIS的比例分别为8.78W·m-2和4.24%,受散射因子衰减到达地面的QVIS以及占地面QVIS的比例分别为171.91W·m-2和95.76%。华北地区受水汽因子和散射因子影响损失于大气中的QVIS分别为16.54W·m-2和311.07W·m-2,这一能量损失有季节变化和区域差别。敏感性实验表明,到达地面的QVIS对水汽因子、散射因子的变化有不同的响应,QVIS对散射因子的变化比对水汽因子的变化更为敏感。水汽因子与可见光辐射之间的关系密切,水汽因子项的真正含义应该是大气中的各种物质成分(气、液、固态)对可见光辐射直接和间接(通过化学和光化学反应,包括均相和非均相过程)利用的总和。利用QVIS经验模式计算了大气顶的QVIS,其计算误差为3.5%。在目前及未来研究中,应重视和考虑消耗于大气中的这部分与水汽有关的能量。采用能量观点与实测资料相配合来理解和探索大气中的物理化学过程和规律是一种有效、实用的方法。     

大西洋阻塞高压上层冷中心的成因

基于ERA-40再分析资料以及多尺度子空间变换和多尺度能量分析方法,探讨了大西洋阻塞高压平流层底部冷中心的形成机制,发现该冷中心形成的根本原因为16 d以下(高频尺度)和64 d以上过程(基本气流)向阻高尺度有效位能的正则传输,所获得有效位能在阻高尺度内被输运到西北和东南侧,并转换成动能,起到使阻高强度增加或者维持的作用。这种过程在西北侧表现得尤为明显,这可能是阻高形态不断向西北侧扩展的原因。在传统的认知中,大气有效位能从大尺度向小尺度传输,但本研究发现,阻高发生时,有效位能在平流层底部的传输方向表现为从高频尺度和基本气流尺度同时向阻高尺度传输。此外,前人的研究表明,阻高发展加强之后对流层中阻高动能向有效位能转化使得阻高消亡,而本文的分析表明两种能量的转换方向在平流层底部完全相反——由有效位能向动能转换,起到了使阻高加强或维持的作用。最近的研究表明对流层顶附近的动力学对于阻高的发展和维持非常重要,上述发现增进了对这些动力学深层的了解。