渭北地区苹果花期推迟气温特征分析

采用渭北优势苹果种植区8县（区）2008—2010年的苹果始花期观测资料和月平均气温、积温资料与2011年相应资料对比分析,建立始花期预测模型。结果显示：2011年苹果始花期明显推迟,花期低温冻害风险降低。花期推迟主要受前期气温、积温影响,3月气温偏低起决定性作用。前一年12月到当年2月负积温绝对值与始花期呈正相关,前一年12月到当年4月上旬≥0o C积温、3月上旬到4月上旬≥10 o C积温与始花期均呈反相关。当3月平均气温小于7 o C,始花期在4月12日以后;3月平均气温大于7 o C,则始花期在4月12日或之前;3月平均气温每偏低1 o C,始花期推迟1～2d。     

百里杜鹃景区杜鹃花始花期模式预报研究

为准确预报普底景区、金坡景区杜鹃花始花期,分析了百里杜鹃始花期的物候特征与气温的相关关系,找出影响百里杜鹃始花期的温度,建立普底景区与金坡景区百里杜鹃始花期预测模型.结果表明:①普底、金坡两个景区的杜鹃花始花期集中在3-4月.②影响杜鹃花始花期的主要气温是稳定通过10℃、12℃初日日期,③稳定通过12℃初日建立的预报模型可作为普底、金坡景区的始花期预报模型.将2008-2012年的资料回代检验,普底景区预测日期准确的年份有3a、较为准确的年份有2a,金坡景区预测日期准确的年份有2a、较为准确的年份有2a,两个景区均没有出现不准确的年份,预测效果较为理想.     

金川县雪梨始花期预报模型研究

为了研究气象要素对雪梨始花期的影响,并对雪梨始花期做出准确预报,利用2008—2017年金川县雪梨始花期物候资料和地面气象观测资料,对影响雪梨始花期的气象因子进行分析。结果显示:气温影响显著,日照次之,降水微弱;气温对雪梨始花期显著影响时段主要体现在冬末2月,2月平均气温≥10℃的天数和2月下旬平均气温对雪梨始花期早晚起主导作用,2月≥10℃的天数越多,2月下旬平均气温越高,雪梨始花期越早,反之相对较晚。应用SPSS软件,采用逐步回归分析法建立了雪梨始花期预测模型,模型拟合效果较好。所建模型预报准确率能满足业务要求,及时为政府和旅游部门提供准确的始花期预报。     

汉中春茶开采期预测方法探索

采用2014—2021年1—3月汉中种茶县区国家气象站和茶园区域气象站的观测资料、种茶区茶园春茶开采时间资料,分析2014—2021年汉中春茶开采期特点、春茶开采期前1—3月的气候特点;并采用数理统计方法,对不同阶段气温、降水、日照、活动积温与开采期进行相关性分析,建立预测模型。结果表明：汉中春茶开采期早晚存在明显的年份差异和地理差异,最早2021年3月11日,最晚2014年3月24日;地理位置靠南的低海拔丘陵茶区春茶开采较早,地理位置靠北的中高山区茶园开采时间较晚。开采期与2月平均气温、≥10 ℃活动积温、≥7 ℃活动积温,2月上旬—3月上旬平均气温、≥7 ℃活动积温之间存在001及以上水平显著的负相关,与2月降水量、2月上旬—3月上旬降水量呈005及以上水平显著的负相关,与日照时数相关性不明显。选用相关性较高的平均气温、活动积温、降水量因子建立开采期预测模型。预测模型具有一定的参考性,在实际应用和气象服务中,可结合当年气候背景、中短期天气预报和茶园管理措施等进行综合修正。     

新源县杏花始花期气象预报研究

为了更准确地提供杏花始花期的预报，利用新源县1996—2020年的始花期观测数据以及同期气象资料，统计分析关键影响因子，建立预报模式。结果表明：新源县杏花始花期平均出现在4月5日，最早最晚始花期相差28 d，近22a来始花期提前约4 d。始花期前的气温、日照、0℃积温等对始花期有明显影响，采用逐步回归方法，得到了新源县杏花始花期的预报模型,回代检验中始花期预报值与实际值相差0~2d的准确率达到63.6%，相差3 d的准确率为27.2%，2018—2020年的试报服务预测值与实际值之间相差分别2 d、1 d、3 d，可为花期专题气象服务提供理论参考。     

烟台市红富士苹果始花期预报模型研究

利用烟台地区苹果产区1994—2016年共23a的气象资料与红富士苹果始花期观测资料,根据气象因素对苹果发育期影响的物候学原理,选取与始花期相关的多个气象因子,建立基于气象因子的苹果始花期预测模型。利用数据回代验证及2017年的资料预测验证,模型计算结果与实况吻合度较高,能够较好地反映始花期的实际情况,可以应用于实际业务中。     

阿克苏地区苹果始花期预报模型研究

研究阿克苏地区苹果盛花期开放规律与温度之间的关系,为苹果花期之前相关农事的准备和预防不良天气对花期的影响提供参考依据。利用阿克苏地区2000-2019年苹果花期和气象数据,通过对苹果花期距平与3、4月的旬均温、≥0 ℃、3 ℃、5 ℃、10 ℃有效积温和活动积温的相关性分析,应用逐步回归方程,拟合出阿克苏地区苹果盛花期预报模型,对相关数据回代检测验证。研究表明：(1)与苹果树盛花期相关性大小依次为 3、4 月份有效积温>活动积温>逐旬平均气温；(2)花期距平与3月中旬均温为显著负相关,与其他指标具有极显著负相关性；(3)其中≥0℃的活动积温(X₁)和3月中旬平均温度(X₁₀)对阿克苏地区苹果盛花期影响较大,阿克苏地区苹果树花期预测模型Y= 39.882 - 0.075X₁+ 0.696X₁₀。模型拟合度较好,预测的盛花期实际值和拟合值相差绝对值为0-3d,满足生产需要。     

麻城龟峰山古杜鹃花期滚动预报方法探讨

利用麻城龟峰山杜鹃花海3个不同海拔高度和临近区域自动站连续2年观测的气温和物候资料,结合前期物候资料,统计不同高度、不同时段和不同要素的气象条件,结果表明:杜鹃花开放的临界温度为日平均气温稳定通过10℃,达到盛花期物候标准的积温指标为:1月1日起至盛花期前一日≥0℃活动积温大于等于730℃;3月1日起至盛花期前一日≥10℃活动积温大于等于450℃,对两项积温按不同高度、不同时间段进行垂直递减率计算并作相关分析,两因子与花期的线性相关显著。以两项积温作预报因子,建立从3月底到4月底,每隔5天一次的不同时段共7个花期预报方程。利用积温指标结合预报方程,可对杜鹃花期进行滚动预报和精细化预报,预报效果与实况基本吻合,误差较小。     

积温对比法在鸭梨始花期预报中的应用

利用2012—2018年鸭梨花芽发育实景观测照片,精准判定每个鸭梨花芽发育物候期节点发生时间,以此为依据统计鸭梨花芽每个发育物候期的气象要素数据,以物候期为单位分析气象影响因子对花芽发育过程的影响。研究表明:温度在鸭梨花芽发育各阶段起主导作用,筛选出鸭梨花芽萌发到始花、开绽到始花、露蕾到始花3个时段日平均气温≥0℃活动积温和≥3℃有效积温,作为制作鸭梨始花期预报的积温指标计算鸭梨开花日期,得到"积温对比预报法";经2016—2018年应用检验:预报时效10～12d时预报结果与鸭梨开花实况误差在1～2d以内,预报时效7d时预报结果与鸭梨开花实况完全吻合。本研究克服了传统植物花期预报研究因花前物候资料匮乏、不能进行花前发育期分析的缺陷,并把"中长期天气预报产品"引入了花期预报方法的使用,为植物花期预报研究方法提供了新思路。     

鸭梨初花期预报模式的研究

根据物候资料及春季气候特点，利用榆树初花期与鸭梨初花期期间≥0℃的积温，预报鸭梨初花期；根据花前生育期特点，利用逐步回归的方法，对开花前的29种气象要素进行回归筛选，建立鸭梨初花期统计预报模式。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.