基于3D GIS的新一代多普勒雷达预警分析系统

介绍了基于3D GIS的厦门新一代多普勒雷达预警分析系统的系统框架,阐述了雷达数据的坐标转换和地图投影、自动预警模型、应急通信和三维地理信息应用等关键技术问题,给出3D GIS的应用实例.该系统是完全基于GIS的短时临近预报系统,自动预警模型实现了临近预报的自动预警,应急响应处理方便快捷,提高了临近预报服务的效率.系统...     

奥运气象服务中的短时预报及预警

2008年奥运会和残奥会期间,北京正值盛夏和主汛期,天气系统复杂多变。为北京奥运会提供有特色、高水平的一流气象服务,采取了滚动天气会商,跟进式服务的方案。在短期预报的基础上,加强短时临近预报。在工作中应用了临近天气预报业务系统(BJ-ANC)、短时临近交互预报预警平台(VIPS)等新型系统平台和资料,为奥组委和公众提供了准确的精细化预报。尤其是局地突发性天气,如强降水、雷暴和强风等天气的短时临近预报,及时提供精细化服务,为比赛避开不利的天气时段、抓住降雨间歇时段,使比赛得以顺利进行。优质的气象服务受到中央领导和奥组委官员高度评价。     

哈尔滨市短时临近预报业务系统

从短时临近预报业务系统流程、地面要素加密信息收集显示、多普勒雷达预警信息和预报指标、重大灾害性短时临近预报的气象要素信息／预警信息／预报指标及物理量、不稳定指数预警信息／预报指标及合拼显示、卫星云图降水／冰雹估计、3h降水／温度预报方法、短时临近预报编辑系统设计等方面，阐述了哈尔滨市短时临近预报业务系统的建设过程，由此揭示短时临近预报业务开展的方式和方法。     

短时临近天气预警集约化业务系统研究

为实现短时临近预警业务集约化智能化运行和管理,采用B/S结构模式及Web GIS技术开发了省、市、县三级一体化的短时临近天气预警集约化业务系统。该系统集天气监控、预报预警产品制作、服务分发和业务管理为一体,具有业务整体性强、集约化程度高、有一定智能化功能等特点。系统开发集成的主要关键技术包括突发天气短时临近预报概念模型的建立,预警产品的制作与订正,强对流天气区的自动识别和追踪技术等。目前该系统已投入业务运行,成为广西区、市、县三级短临监测、预报一体化平台,实现了各级台站之间气象信息的快速交流共享,达到上下级台站短时天气快速联防互动的效果,预警产品制作比旧的业务系统效率更高效,流程更规范,生成的产品内容更标准,上下级业务互动更快速。该系统推进了气象业务的集约化、智能化运行及维护,服务器布置于省局,客户端以网页方式推送、展示,用户通过浏览器就能完成天气监测及预报预警产品制作到发布的所有流程。     

利用区域自动站资料作短时临近预报预警

利用区域自动气象站资料作指标,作黔东南州州区域短时临近预报预警。     

雷电临近预警系统在四川省的推广应用

为了提高四川省防雷减灾工作效率,推动雷电服务数字化、网络化、集约化、规范化、标准化,实现快速、准确、高效的雷电短时临近预警,四川省防雷中心协助中国气象科学研究院,共同研制开发了“四川省雷电短时临近预警系统”.目前四川省防雷中心已经结合本地的实际情况开展雷电临近预警业务试运行.同时在成都、凉山、眉山、绵阳、乐山等市州气象台进行区域化雷电监测预警预报推广应用,初步实现雷电监测预警预报业务和服务,并在2010 ～2011年几个重大天气过程中成功进行了雷电预警预报,同时对当地气象台站进行强天气过程预测预报提供了辅助手段,得到了有关职能部门及当地各级政府的充分肯定.     

浙江省致灾强风暴天气监测预警业务平台建设设计

用网格化管理的思路,应用卫星、雷达、闪电定位仪、中尺度自动气象站等探测信息和中尺度数值预报产品,建立一套基于地理信息系统基础上的“浙江省致灾强风暴客观短时临近预报和预警业务系统”,实现强降雨、强风等短时灾害天气的监测预警定性到定量的转变,从主观到客观的转变。     

短临交互预报系统VIPS设计开发与应用

介绍了短时临近交互预报系统VIPS(Very-short-range Interactive Prediction System)的设计理念、开发思路及其功能实现。该系统设计基于开放理念,采用Java语言及开源软件,可跨平台运行,便于系统的开发及升级维护。以开源地理信息软件OpenMap为核心,将丰富的实况探测资料(如区域雷达资料、自动站资料、闪电定位资料)、雷达外推预报和风暴追踪产品及0～6小时数值预报产品与精细的地理信息以图层形式进行叠加,可对风暴的发生、发展在短时临近时间段内进行综合分析。基于对短时临近预报相关实况探测资料及短时临近预报产品的综合分析,可实现预警产品的人机交互快速编辑、制作精细化的预警产品并快速分发,满足了北京奥运会气象预警制作发布及现场服务等需求。     

宁夏灾害性天气短时临近监测预警平台简介

根据完善气象预报预测系统的规划和需求,在继承和改进短时临近预报业务工作多年成果的基础上,宁夏气象台建立了灾害性天气短时临近监测预警平台。该平台设计为B／S和C／S架构有机结合,由数据运算程序集、数据库和网站3个部分交互协作的业务系统。本文从平台设计思路、结构特点、各模块主要功能等对宁夏灾害性天气短时临近监测预警平台作一简单介绍。该平台根据宁夏气象业务发展和防灾减灾实际需要研发,评估、优化、更新、整合了已有研究成果,融合多种探测资料与方法,突出短时临近灾害性天气实时监测预警和多模式预报产品检验评估与综合集成预报技术,建成以集成预报、国家指导预报、中尺度数值预报等定量化预报产品为基础,集“实时监测预警与综合分析、强对流灾害天气预报方法、检验评估与集成预报、预报预警快速制作分发”等为一体的业务平台。     

豫西地区雷暴预警预报系统构建方法研究

目前,基层台站在雷暴预警预报中主要依赖传统经验预报方法,而对卫星云图、大气电场、多普勒雷达回波和高分辨率数值预报产品等资料释用水平不高,存在主观定性分析多、客观定量计算少等不足。依托现有气象资料和雷暴预报方法,以雷暴预警预报系统构建为目标,从气象数据仓库构建、支持向量机雷暴预报、相似预报雷暴预报、Poor Man集合预报技术和多源数据融合分析等方面,探讨了雷暴预警预报系统构建方法,实现了雷暴中期预测、短期预报和短时临近预警三个层次的预报功能,解决了气象资料庞杂难以管理、数值预报产品释用水平不高、数值预报结果存在"跃变"、多源数据融合分析缺乏手段等问题,提高了基层台站雷暴预报工作效率和预报水平,同时也为其他地区类似系统构建提供了参考。     

Flow reactor and triple quadrupole mass spectrometer investigations of negative ion reactions involving nitric acid: Implications for atmospheric HNO3 detection by chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Atmospheric nitric acid measurements by ACIMS (Active Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry) are based on ion-molecule reactions of CO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n and NO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n with HNO₃. We have studied these reactions in the laboratory using a flow tube apparatus with mass spectrometric detection of reactant and product ions. Both product ion distributions and rate coefficients were measured. All reactions were investigated in an N₂-buffer (1–3 hPa) at room temperature. The reaction rate coefficients of OH^-, O₂ ^-, O₃ ^-, CO₄ ^-, CO₃ ^-, CO₃ ^-H₂O, NO₃ ^-, and NO₃ ^-H₂O were measured relative to the known rate k=3.0×10^-9 cm³ s^-1 for the reaction of O^- with HNO₃. The main product ion of the reaction of CO₃ ^-H₂O with HNO₃ was found to be (CO₃HNO₃)^- supporting a previous suggestion made on the basis of balloon-borne ACIMS measurements. For the reaction of bare CO₃ ^- with HNO₃ three product ions were observed, namely NO₃ ^-, (NO₃OH)^-, and (CO₃HNO₃)^-. The reaction rate coefficients for CO₃ ^-H₂O (1.7×10^-9 cm³ s^-1) and NO₃ ^-H₂O (1.6×10^-9 cm³ s^-1) were found to be close to the collision rate. The measured k values for bare CO₃ ^- (1.3×10^-9 cm³ s^-1) and NO₃ ^- (0.7×10^-9 cm³ s^-1) are somewhat smaller. The collisional dissociations of CO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n , NO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n (n=1, 2), (CO₃HNO₃)^- and (NO₃HNO₃)^-, occasionally influencing ACIMS measurements, were also studied. Fragment ion distributions were measured using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The results showed that previous stratospheric nitric acid measurements were unimpaired from collisional dissociation processes whereas these processes played a major role during previous tropospheric measurements leading to an underestimation of nitric acid concentrations. Previous ACIMS HNO₃ detection was also affected by the conversion of CO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n to NO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n due to ion source-produced neutral radicals. A novel ACIMS ion source was developed in order to avoid these problems and to improve the ACIMS method.     

The solubility of SO2 and the dissociation of H2SO3 in NaCl solutions

The pK ₁ ^* and pK ₂ ^* of H₂SO₃ have been determined in NaCl solutions as a function of ionic strength (0.1 to 6 m) and temperature (5 and 25 °C). The extrapolated values in water were found to be in good agreement with literature data. The experimental results have been used to determine the Pitzer interaction parameters for SO₂, HSO ₃ ^- and SO ₃ ^- in NaCl solutions. The resultant parameters for NaHSO₃ and Na₂SO₃ were found to be in reasonable agreement with the values for NaHSO₄ and Na₂SO₄. It, thus, seems reasonable to assume that the interactions of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ with HSO ₃ ^- and SO ₃ ^- can be estimated from the values with HSO ₄ ^- and SO ₄ ^- until experimental values are available. Measurements of pK ₁ ^* and pK ₂ ^* in artificial seawater were found to be in good agreement with the calculated values using the derived Pitzer parameters. It is, thus, possible to make reasonable estimates of the activity coefficients of HSO ₃ ^- and SO ₃ ^- ions and pK ₁ ^* and pK ₂ ^* for the ionization of H₂SO₃ in marine aerosols.     

Rate constants for reactions of OH radicals with some Br-containing haloalkanes

Rate constants have been measured for the gas-phase reactions of hydroxyl radical with two halons and three of their proposed substitutes and also with CHClBr-CF₃ using the discharge-flow-EPR technique over the temperature range 298–460 K. The following Arrhenius expressions have been derived (units are 10^–13 cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1): (9.3 _–0.9 ^+1.0 ) exp{–(1326±33)/T} for CHF₂Br; (7.2 _–0.6 ^+0.7 ) exp{–(1111±32)/T} for CHFBrCF₃; (8.5 _–0.8 ^+0.9 ) exp{–(1113±35)/T} for CH₂BrCF₃; (12.8 _–1.2 ^+1.5 ) exp{–(995±38)/T} for CHClBrCF₃. The rate constants at 298 K have been estimated to be <2×10^–17 cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1 for CF₃Br and CF₂Br—CF₂Br. The atmospheric lifetimes due to hydroxyl attack have been estimated to be 5.5, 3.3, 2.8, and 1.2 years for CHF₂Br, CHFBr—CF₃, CH₂Br—CF₃ and CHClBr—CF₃, respectively.     

Kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with aliphatic ethers studied under simulated atmospheric conditions: Temperature dependences of the rate coefficients

Rate coefficients have been measured for the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with five aliphatic ethers over the temperature range 242–328 K. Competitive studies were carried out in an atmospheric flow reactor in which the hydroxyl radicals were generated by the photolysis of methyl nitrite in the presence of air containing nitric oxide. The reaction of OH with 2,3-dimethyl-butane was used as the reference reaction and the following Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for the reactions: OH+RORproducts:

Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Variations in the Atmosphere of Srednja Bijambarska Cave,Bosnia and Herzegovina

The results of one year’s monitoring in Srednja Bijambarska Cave (Bosnia and Herzegovina) are presented and discussed. Temporal variations of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration are controlled by the switching between two ventilation regimes driven by outside temperature changes. A regression model with a simple perfectly mixed volume applied to a cave sector (“Music hall”) resulted in an estimate of ventilation rates between 0.02 h⁻¹ and 0.54 h⁻¹. Carbon dioxide input per plan surface unit is estimated by the model at around 50 × 10⁻⁶ mh⁻¹ during the winter season and up to more than 1000 × 10⁻⁶ mh⁻¹ during the first temperature falls at the end of summer (0.62 μmoles m⁻² s⁻¹ and 12.40 μmoles m⁻² s⁻¹ for normal conditions respectively). These values have been found to be related to the cave ventilation rate and dependent on the availability of CO₂ in the surrounding environment. For airflow close to zero the values of CO₂ input per plan surface have a range in the order of magnitude of a few units × 10⁻⁶ mh⁻¹. Based on two experiments, the anthropogenic contribution from cave visitors has been calculated, at between 0.35 l_CO2 min⁻¹ person⁻¹ and 0.45 l_CO2min⁻¹person⁻¹.     

Chemical characteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of Guangzhou, South China

The pH variation and chemical characteristics of rainwater were investigated from January 2006 to December 2006 at an urban site of Guangzhou, South China. The rainwater was typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH value of 4.49, which ranged from 3.52 to 6.28. The volume-weighted mean equivalent concentration of components followed the order: SO₄²⁻ > Ca²⁺ > Cl⁻ > NH₄⁺ > Na⁺ > NO₃⁻ > K⁺ > Mg²⁺ > F⁻, indicating that SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻ and NO₃⁻ were the main anions, while Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺, were the main cations. Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺ were major neutralization constituents of the precipitation. Furthermore, correlation analysis and principal component analysis method were performed to identify possible common sources of major ions. Sources of the major ions were assessed based on enrichment factor method.     

Quantitatives zur Elektrizitätserzeugung durch den Wasserfalleffekt auf Eis

Zusammenfassung Um die Wirksamkeit des Aufschlags von Wolkentröpfchen auf Eis (Faraday-Sohncke-Effekt) für die Elektrizitätserzeugung in Gewittern beurteilen zu können, werden quantitative Ladungsmessungen im Laboratorium beim Aufprall fallender Wassertropfen auf Hindernisse aus Eis unter möglichst variierten Bedingungen vorgenommen. Ein Tropfen von 20 mg und 20° C aus 75 cm Höhe befreit die Ladung von 3,6·10^–13 Coul. Während eine Änderung der Tropfentemperatur den Effekt wenig beeinflußt wird er stark reduziert, wenn man die Temperatur der Eisplatte kräftig erniedrigt, da der Tropfen schließlich sofort festfriert. Veränderung der Fallhöhe und der Tropfenmasse führt zu dem Ergebnis, daß in gewissem Bereich die getrennte LadungQ in Annäherung allein der kinetischen EnergieW des Tropfens proportional ist:Q=2,75·10^–16 Coul/erg·W für einen Tropfen von 20° C auf Eis von 0° C. Die Anwendbarkeit dieser Gleichung auf Wolkentröpfchen wird diskutiert. Messungen bei verringertem Reinheitsgrad des Wassers bestätigen die Erfahrung, daß gleichzeitig die befreite Ladung abnimmt.

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Summary To study the effect of the impact of cloud droplets upon ice (Faraday-Sohncke-effect) for the production of electricity in thunderstorms laboratory experiments were carried out under various conditions to measure quantitatively electric charges originating from the collision of falling water drops with ice. A droplet of 20 mg and 20° C falling from a height of 75 cm releases the charge of 3,6·10^–13 Coul. While the effect is not considerably influenced by a change of the temperature of the droplet it is strongly reduced if the temperature of the ice plate is lowered to such a degree that the droplet immediately freezes. Variation of falling-height and mass of droplets leads to the result that, in a certain range, the separated chargeQ is approximately proportional solely to the kinetic energyW of the droplet:Q=2,75·10^–16 Coul/erg·W for a droplet of 20° C on ice of 0° C. Applicability of this equation to cloud droplets is discussed. Measurements carried out with water of reduced purity confirm the experience that in such cases the released charge is smaller.

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Résumé En vue d'étudier quantitativement la production d'électricité orageuse par la chute de gouttelettes d'eau sur des grêlons (effet Faraday-Sohncke), les auteurs ont réalisé des expériences et mesuré la charge libérée lors de la chute de gouttelettes sur de la glace dans des conditions variées. Une goutte de 20 mg à 20° C, tombant de 75 cm de hauteur libère la charge de 3,6·10^–13 Coul. Tandis que l'effet ne dépend que peu de la température de la goutte, il est fortement réduit si la température de la glace s'abaisse, car la goutte se congèle alors aussitôt. Des essais avec des variations de la hauteur de chute et de la masse des gouttes ont en outre montré que la charge libéréQ est en première approximation proportionelle à la seule énergie cinétiqueW de la goutte:Q=2,75·10^–16 Coul/erg·W pour une goutte à 20° C tombant sur de la glace à 0° C. On discute l'application de la formule à des gouttelettes nuageuses. Des mesures faites avec de l'eau non pure confirment le fait connu que la charge libérée diminue alors.

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