案例教学在气象培训中的运用及探索

案例教学是符合现代成人教育的一种教学方法,学员可以通过对案例文本研究和案例问题的交流讨论,来提高对实际问题的分析和解决能力。以陕西气象为农服务案例为例,介绍陕西省气象干部培训学院在案例教学中取得的一些经验,分析存在的不足,探讨改进措施,为气象培训同行提供参考。     

气象培训教师授课技能提升方法

讨论了气象培训教师应该具备的教学基本功,通过剖析中国气象局气象干部培训学院第三届青年教师教学基本功竞赛优秀课程,评析气象专业获奖教师展现的优秀教学技能与经验,分析陕西气象培训教师在培训授课中存在的问题,进一步阐明提升气象培训教师教学能力的主要方法,对加强气象培训教师的培养提出建议。     

访谈式教学在气象干部综合素质培训中的运用

在气象干部综合素质培训中尝试开展访谈式教学,能更好地激发学员的热情和参与度,提升教学效果。通过对陕西省气象干部培训学院开展的访谈式教学实践的分析,提出了做好访谈式教学应把握课程设计、课堂实施等关键环节及应该注意的问题。     

B-Learning模式在陕西气象培训中的应用

通过对陕西省气象干部培训学院基于B-Learning模式的两次教学活动进行分析,总结得出B-Learning模式在陕西气象干部培训应用中存在的问题,就一体化B-Learning模型设计、培训课件的开发和审核机制完善及培训质量管理等方面提出改进建议。     

从远程培训班分析陕西气象远程教育培训发展

陕西气象远程教育培训工作起步于2007年,通过对远程教育培训开展情况进行分析,可以看出远程教育培训的发展过程和方向。从培训班数量、培训内容、培训人次、培训时长、考试等关键要素对2007—2016年陕西省气象干部培训学院年度远程教育培训情况统计分析,总结陕西气象远程教育培训的发展特点,并对远程教育培训未来发展提出建议。     

广西气象综合素质培训的有效价值探讨

通过对气象综合素质培训班学员的交流讨论情况及培训结束后提交的心得体会的分析,探究此项培训的有效价值,明晰此项培训是能够提高广西气象"干部思想政治素质、科学文化素养、业务素质和健康素质",从而推动气象综合素质培训常态化。     

提升陕西气象培训能力的思考

通过调研和调查相结合的方法,总结中国气象局气象干部培训学院培训分中心（以下简称分中心）发展的先进经验,调查全省气象职工的培训需求,指出目前陕西气象培训能力提升的迫切任务。     

气象预警预报培训效果影响因素浅析

通过对2021年中国气象局气象干部培训学院湖北分院举办的气象预警预报培训的107名学员进行问卷调查,使用层次分析法对调查数据进行分析,得出学员的学习态度、学习能力、学习意愿、单位领导的支持和培训教师的授课水平是影响气象预警预报培训效果的主要因素。其中,属培训对象的因素有5项,属培训组织的有3项,属培训环境的有2项。在培训教育中应充分调动培训学员的主观能动性,从师资水平和培训设计上提升培训效果,并创造良好的培训环境以保障培训效果。     

气象教育改革必须适应气象事业的新型结构

气象教育改革必须适应气象事业的新型结构谢勇华近十年来，在气象院校中，先后停止了大学专科生的招生和培养．代之以干部专修科和专科函授生的培训。这虽然对于提高气象邵门在职职工的整体素质起到了一定作用，但是由于气象事业新型结构的建立、业务技术体制的改革以及在...     

气象干部教育培训：课程设计与教学实施

本文结合气象干部教育培训的实际情况,论述了气象干部教育培训中课程设计和教学实施的依据,即学员差异化特点、多元化培训需求和成人的学习特点,并据此探讨教学实施的方案。     

Flow reactor and triple quadrupole mass spectrometer investigations of negative ion reactions involving nitric acid: Implications for atmospheric HNO3 detection by chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Atmospheric nitric acid measurements by ACIMS (Active Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry) are based on ion-molecule reactions of CO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n and NO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n with HNO₃. We have studied these reactions in the laboratory using a flow tube apparatus with mass spectrometric detection of reactant and product ions. Both product ion distributions and rate coefficients were measured. All reactions were investigated in an N₂-buffer (1–3 hPa) at room temperature. The reaction rate coefficients of OH^-, O₂ ^-, O₃ ^-, CO₄ ^-, CO₃ ^-, CO₃ ^-H₂O, NO₃ ^-, and NO₃ ^-H₂O were measured relative to the known rate k=3.0×10^-9 cm³ s^-1 for the reaction of O^- with HNO₃. The main product ion of the reaction of CO₃ ^-H₂O with HNO₃ was found to be (CO₃HNO₃)^- supporting a previous suggestion made on the basis of balloon-borne ACIMS measurements. For the reaction of bare CO₃ ^- with HNO₃ three product ions were observed, namely NO₃ ^-, (NO₃OH)^-, and (CO₃HNO₃)^-. The reaction rate coefficients for CO₃ ^-H₂O (1.7×10^-9 cm³ s^-1) and NO₃ ^-H₂O (1.6×10^-9 cm³ s^-1) were found to be close to the collision rate. The measured k values for bare CO₃ ^- (1.3×10^-9 cm³ s^-1) and NO₃ ^- (0.7×10^-9 cm³ s^-1) are somewhat smaller. The collisional dissociations of CO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n , NO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n (n=1, 2), (CO₃HNO₃)^- and (NO₃HNO₃)^-, occasionally influencing ACIMS measurements, were also studied. Fragment ion distributions were measured using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The results showed that previous stratospheric nitric acid measurements were unimpaired from collisional dissociation processes whereas these processes played a major role during previous tropospheric measurements leading to an underestimation of nitric acid concentrations. Previous ACIMS HNO₃ detection was also affected by the conversion of CO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n to NO₃ ^-(H₂O) _n due to ion source-produced neutral radicals. A novel ACIMS ion source was developed in order to avoid these problems and to improve the ACIMS method.     

Kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with aliphatic ethers studied under simulated atmospheric conditions: Temperature dependences of the rate coefficients

Rate coefficients have been measured for the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with five aliphatic ethers over the temperature range 242–328 K. Competitive studies were carried out in an atmospheric flow reactor in which the hydroxyl radicals were generated by the photolysis of methyl nitrite in the presence of air containing nitric oxide. The reaction of OH with 2,3-dimethyl-butane was used as the reference reaction and the following Arrhenius parameters have been obtained for the reactions: OH+RORproducts:

The solubility of SO2 and the dissociation of H2SO3 in NaCl solutions

The pK ₁ ^* and pK ₂ ^* of H₂SO₃ have been determined in NaCl solutions as a function of ionic strength (0.1 to 6 m) and temperature (5 and 25 °C). The extrapolated values in water were found to be in good agreement with literature data. The experimental results have been used to determine the Pitzer interaction parameters for SO₂, HSO ₃ ^- and SO ₃ ^- in NaCl solutions. The resultant parameters for NaHSO₃ and Na₂SO₃ were found to be in reasonable agreement with the values for NaHSO₄ and Na₂SO₄. It, thus, seems reasonable to assume that the interactions of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ with HSO ₃ ^- and SO ₃ ^- can be estimated from the values with HSO ₄ ^- and SO ₄ ^- until experimental values are available. Measurements of pK ₁ ^* and pK ₂ ^* in artificial seawater were found to be in good agreement with the calculated values using the derived Pitzer parameters. It is, thus, possible to make reasonable estimates of the activity coefficients of HSO ₃ ^- and SO ₃ ^- ions and pK ₁ ^* and pK ₂ ^* for the ionization of H₂SO₃ in marine aerosols.     

Rate constants for reactions of OH radicals with some Br-containing haloalkanes

Rate constants have been measured for the gas-phase reactions of hydroxyl radical with two halons and three of their proposed substitutes and also with CHClBr-CF₃ using the discharge-flow-EPR technique over the temperature range 298–460 K. The following Arrhenius expressions have been derived (units are 10^–13 cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1): (9.3 _–0.9 ^+1.0 ) exp{–(1326±33)/T} for CHF₂Br; (7.2 _–0.6 ^+0.7 ) exp{–(1111±32)/T} for CHFBrCF₃; (8.5 _–0.8 ^+0.9 ) exp{–(1113±35)/T} for CH₂BrCF₃; (12.8 _–1.2 ^+1.5 ) exp{–(995±38)/T} for CHClBrCF₃. The rate constants at 298 K have been estimated to be <2×10^–17 cm³ molecule^–1 s^–1 for CF₃Br and CF₂Br—CF₂Br. The atmospheric lifetimes due to hydroxyl attack have been estimated to be 5.5, 3.3, 2.8, and 1.2 years for CHF₂Br, CHFBr—CF₃, CH₂Br—CF₃ and CHClBr—CF₃, respectively.     

Chemical characteristics of wet precipitation at an urban site of Guangzhou, South China

The pH variation and chemical characteristics of rainwater were investigated from January 2006 to December 2006 at an urban site of Guangzhou, South China. The rainwater was typically acidic with a volume-weighted mean pH value of 4.49, which ranged from 3.52 to 6.28. The volume-weighted mean equivalent concentration of components followed the order: SO₄²⁻ > Ca²⁺ > Cl⁻ > NH₄⁺ > Na⁺ > NO₃⁻ > K⁺ > Mg²⁺ > F⁻, indicating that SO₄²⁻, Cl⁻ and NO₃⁻ were the main anions, while Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺, were the main cations. Ca²⁺ and NH₄⁺ were major neutralization constituents of the precipitation. Furthermore, correlation analysis and principal component analysis method were performed to identify possible common sources of major ions. Sources of the major ions were assessed based on enrichment factor method.     

Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Variations in the Atmosphere of Srednja Bijambarska Cave,Bosnia and Herzegovina

The results of one year’s monitoring in Srednja Bijambarska Cave (Bosnia and Herzegovina) are presented and discussed. Temporal variations of the carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration are controlled by the switching between two ventilation regimes driven by outside temperature changes. A regression model with a simple perfectly mixed volume applied to a cave sector (“Music hall”) resulted in an estimate of ventilation rates between 0.02 h⁻¹ and 0.54 h⁻¹. Carbon dioxide input per plan surface unit is estimated by the model at around 50 × 10⁻⁶ mh⁻¹ during the winter season and up to more than 1000 × 10⁻⁶ mh⁻¹ during the first temperature falls at the end of summer (0.62 μmoles m⁻² s⁻¹ and 12.40 μmoles m⁻² s⁻¹ for normal conditions respectively). These values have been found to be related to the cave ventilation rate and dependent on the availability of CO₂ in the surrounding environment. For airflow close to zero the values of CO₂ input per plan surface have a range in the order of magnitude of a few units × 10⁻⁶ mh⁻¹. Based on two experiments, the anthropogenic contribution from cave visitors has been calculated, at between 0.35 l_CO2 min⁻¹ person⁻¹ and 0.45 l_CO2min⁻¹person⁻¹.     

Quantitatives zur Elektrizitätserzeugung durch den Wasserfalleffekt auf Eis

Zusammenfassung Um die Wirksamkeit des Aufschlags von Wolkentröpfchen auf Eis (Faraday-Sohncke-Effekt) für die Elektrizitätserzeugung in Gewittern beurteilen zu können, werden quantitative Ladungsmessungen im Laboratorium beim Aufprall fallender Wassertropfen auf Hindernisse aus Eis unter möglichst variierten Bedingungen vorgenommen. Ein Tropfen von 20 mg und 20° C aus 75 cm Höhe befreit die Ladung von 3,6·10^–13 Coul. Während eine Änderung der Tropfentemperatur den Effekt wenig beeinflußt wird er stark reduziert, wenn man die Temperatur der Eisplatte kräftig erniedrigt, da der Tropfen schließlich sofort festfriert. Veränderung der Fallhöhe und der Tropfenmasse führt zu dem Ergebnis, daß in gewissem Bereich die getrennte LadungQ in Annäherung allein der kinetischen EnergieW des Tropfens proportional ist:Q=2,75·10^–16 Coul/erg·W für einen Tropfen von 20° C auf Eis von 0° C. Die Anwendbarkeit dieser Gleichung auf Wolkentröpfchen wird diskutiert. Messungen bei verringertem Reinheitsgrad des Wassers bestätigen die Erfahrung, daß gleichzeitig die befreite Ladung abnimmt.

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Summary To study the effect of the impact of cloud droplets upon ice (Faraday-Sohncke-effect) for the production of electricity in thunderstorms laboratory experiments were carried out under various conditions to measure quantitatively electric charges originating from the collision of falling water drops with ice. A droplet of 20 mg and 20° C falling from a height of 75 cm releases the charge of 3,6·10^–13 Coul. While the effect is not considerably influenced by a change of the temperature of the droplet it is strongly reduced if the temperature of the ice plate is lowered to such a degree that the droplet immediately freezes. Variation of falling-height and mass of droplets leads to the result that, in a certain range, the separated chargeQ is approximately proportional solely to the kinetic energyW of the droplet:Q=2,75·10^–16 Coul/erg·W for a droplet of 20° C on ice of 0° C. Applicability of this equation to cloud droplets is discussed. Measurements carried out with water of reduced purity confirm the experience that in such cases the released charge is smaller.

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Résumé En vue d'étudier quantitativement la production d'électricité orageuse par la chute de gouttelettes d'eau sur des grêlons (effet Faraday-Sohncke), les auteurs ont réalisé des expériences et mesuré la charge libérée lors de la chute de gouttelettes sur de la glace dans des conditions variées. Une goutte de 20 mg à 20° C, tombant de 75 cm de hauteur libère la charge de 3,6·10^–13 Coul. Tandis que l'effet ne dépend que peu de la température de la goutte, il est fortement réduit si la température de la glace s'abaisse, car la goutte se congèle alors aussitôt. Des essais avec des variations de la hauteur de chute et de la masse des gouttes ont en outre montré que la charge libéréQ est en première approximation proportionelle à la seule énergie cinétiqueW de la goutte:Q=2,75·10^–16 Coul/erg·W pour une goutte à 20° C tombant sur de la glace à 0° C. On discute l'application de la formule à des gouttelettes nuageuses. Des mesures faites avec de l'eau non pure confirment le fait connu que la charge libérée diminue alors.

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