近30 a影响皖北东部降水的台风环流场研究

分析1981—2014年7—9月影响皖北东部地区的台风特征,统计不同台风路径和降雨量之间的关系,研究不同路径下皖北东部出现暴雨的环流场特征,结果表明:(1)西北行、陆面转向、海面转向和其他类路径的台风都可以影响皖北东部,并产生降水。其中产生降水个例最多的台风路径为陆面转向类,次多为西北行类。(2)台风影响时无降水、非暴雨和暴雨3类降水个例的500 hPa平均环流场对比分析表明:当有台风影响皖北东部时,配合西风槽或副高阻挡更有利于产生强降水。(3)西北行类台风暴雨的环流场特征是华北到河套存在西南-东北走向高压带阻挡使台风停滞少动;海面转向类台风暴雨环流场特征是河套东部存在低槽与台风相互作用;陆面转向类台风暴雨环流场可以分为3类:贝湖两槽一脊型、贝湖单槽型和副热带高压阻挡型。     

环境流场和“派比安”结构变化对其异常北抬路径影响的诊断分析

利用NCEP的全球数据同化系统(GDAS)1°×1°分析资料、CIMSS微波亮温资料等,对0606号台风派比安的异常移动路径特征作了诊断分析。结果表明:"派比安"出现的两次异常北抬路径与中纬度西风槽活动、热带西南季风、副热带高压以及热带气旋结构影响密切相关,西风槽槽后经向风活动和台风最大风速中心轴向对台风未来移向有一定的指示意义。     

庐山台风暴雨天气系统配置与云型分析

使用近10a以来登陆台风对庐山暴雨影响的历史资料进行分析,结果表明:(1)影响庐山的台风移动路径主要为中路,细分为中路Ⅰ型和中路Ⅱ型,其中对庐山影响最大的是中路Ⅰ型,其它登陆台风,中心位置＜25 °N或＞30°N,对庐山的影响都很小.(2)中、低层以及地面合成场存在一定的共性,即(32 ～42 °N,100 ～ 110°E)一带形成高压阻挡坝,长江以南地区、南海以及台湾处于闭合低压区内.这种配置是庐山台风暴雨常见的天气系统配置类型.(3)庐山地形对台风降水的增幅作用十分明显.(4)庐山台风暴雨主要有3种云型:①台风外围环流云型;②台风螺旋雨带云型;(③台风低压(槽)云型.这3种云型表明了台风3个不同阶段的特征,庐山台风暴雨主要与西风带系统和副热带高压阻隔作用、涡旋Rossby波激发的螺旋雨带、中尺度对流云团发展以及低层西南暖湿低空急流等因素有关.     

亚洲上空西风带长波槽对西太平洋台风路径的影响

本文根据中纬度西风带和副热带地区的环流相互作用,讨论了西风带长波槽出现在亚洲上空几个特定地区时,出现的太平洋副高和台风路径的主要特征。指出,当西风大槽稳定在90°E附近时,西太平洋台风几乎总是西行的,对我国威胁最大;120°E附近有长波槽时,大多数台风将在海上转向,但这里的低槽突然发展、减弱、更替和倒退,对台风预报有举足轻重的影响;当150°E附近有长波槽发展时,由于上游华北和东北地区出现不同的气压系统而对副高和台风路径产生截然相反的作用。各类形势下的台风路径除给出相应的统计数据外,还列举了历史上较难预报的实际例子。     

2000—2021 年影响山东的北上台风分类及降水落区分析

将2000—2021年影响山东的15个台风，按大尺度环流形势进行分类，以台风登陆之后500 hPa中纬度是否存在槽进行分类，可以分为3类：（1）中纬度有槽且形成闭合中心，台风与槽结合，在山东产生暴雨以上量级的降水；（2）中纬度只有高空槽，降水范围最大；（3）中纬度无明显槽脊，降水量和降水范围最小。以西太平洋副热带高压（简称“副高”）的位置分类，可分为3类：（1）副高西伸脊点过120°E且北部边缘过40°N，台风沿副高外围移动，降水最少；（2）副高西伸脊点不过120°E且北部边缘过40°N，高空槽与副高在中国沿海交汇，降水范围广，山东降水与台风位置有关。位置偏西，降水范围大；位置偏东，降水主要集中在山东半岛地区；（3）副高西伸脊点不过120°E且北部边缘不过40°N，台风环流中心较强，降水最强。以700 hPa环流形势分类，分为3类：（1）700 hPa有高压坝，降水范围最小；（2）700 hPa无高压坝，东北地区有冷涡，山东降水量和降水范围最大；（3）700 hPa无高压坝，中纬度存在大槽，降水量均可达大暴雨量级。     

登陆台风与环境因子相互作用对暴雨的影响研究综述

综述登陆台风造成的暴雨强度和范围不仅受台风强度、范围及结构等的影响,还与环境场密切相关。对低空急流、中纬度西风槽及冷空气、季风、大陆高压、台风周围的残涡或小涡、下垫面以及边界层输送等环境因子,与登陆台风相互作用影响暴雨的机理进行了系统全面的综述,并对该领域内存在的问题作了初步讨论。     

“05.6”华南暴雨中低纬度系统活动及相互作用

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、FY-2C卫星逐时云顶亮温资料(分辨率为0.05°×0.05°)及射出长波辐射资料(分辨率为0.5°×0.5°)、实时地面加密观测和实况探空资料等,对"05.6"华南持续性暴雨过程期间南海季风活动、副热带高压演变、冷空气影响、高低空急流耦合等进行深入分析,探讨中低纬度不同尺度系统的活动特征及相互作用。结果表明:"05.6"华南暴雨是在中纬度地区位势高度场稳定的北高南低背景下,由东亚沿岸槽和青藏高原短波系统引导中纬度冷空气与低纬度地区季风系统相互作用下产生的;南海副热带季风的活跃与100°～120°E处越赤道气流通道的消失密切相关,其两次大规模向北推进是过程开始和结束的重要标志;副热带高压较多年平均明显偏南且强度达到最强,700 hPa中纬度冷空气的明显南侵对暴雨过程有重要贡献;高空急流入口区右后方与低空急流左侧由于强烈的高空辐散和非地转平衡强迫,构成一支横跨低空急流的经向次级环流,高低空急流耦合的正反馈机制是华南暴雨异常的重要原因之一。     

近50年广西大范围暴雨的大气环流异常分析

利用1961-2010年广西90个气象观测站的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,运用Lorenz环流分解方法分析了近50年广西大范围暴雨的大气环流异常特征。结果表明,近年来广西发生大范围暴雨过程和平均暴雨日数均呈增多趋势。不同天气系统造成广西大范围暴雨的环流形势主要表现在副热带高压所处位置和强度的不同。从长时间统计来看,广西大范围暴雨与副热带高压的强度、北冰洋(130°E- 140°W,70°N-90°N)区域的纬偏成正相关关系,与格陵兰岛北部、赤道印度洋中西部和哈萨克斯坦东北部的纬偏值成反相关关系。北半球高纬度地区(75°N-85°N)和低纬度地区(20°N-30°N)定常波强度增强,中纬度地区(40°N-70°N)定常波强度减弱,低纬度10°N-30°N和中纬度35°N-55°N定常波不平稳度增强,可能是造成广西大范围暴雨日数增多的原因之一。在广西大范围暴雨过程中,北极附近区域为定常波最不平稳的地区。     

影响山东半岛的两次台风暴雨对比分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°再分析资料,对比分析了2011年影响山东半岛的两次台风暴雨过程。结果表明,台风影响产生的强降水除与台风本身的强弱、移动速度、登陆后减弱快慢有关外,还与副高的强弱、位置有关。台风"米雷"影响时,副热带高压中心呈纬向分布,并与东北高压脊同位相叠加形成高压坝,造成"米雷"在荣成市成山镇登陆并缓慢西进;台风"梅花"影响时,副热带高压中心呈经向分布,华北地区有弱槽活动,造成"梅花"在朝鲜半岛北部海岸登陆。两个台风产生的暴雨多发生在台风中心路径左侧2个经度内,暴雨区与水汽辐合中心基本吻合,但"米雷"产生的暴雨基本是自身的能量产生的,"梅花"产生的暴雨是由台风和西风带弱的系统相互作用造成的。两次台风均给山东半岛带来了暴雨,降水中心均出现在台风中心左侧2个经度内和500h Pa上θse大于72℃的高能区内,"梅花"较"米雷"的能量场中高能区的水平范围要大得多。"米雷"强度明显弱于"梅花",但两者强降水强度和落区却相似,主要是因"米雷"在荣成市登陆后西行缓慢,有利于降水的增加和持续;山东半岛东部的山地地形对暴雨起到了增幅作用。     

南宁市台风暴雨特征分析

对1990-2006年间对南宁市造成暴雨的热带气旋进行分析统计,结果表明影响南宁市暴雨的台风多属于第二类路径台风。本文着重分析台风气候特征,抓住台风主要影响系统副热带高压特征,地面气压场特征值进行统计,并对常用物理量进行统计分析,希望有助于提高此类暴雨的预报预警能力。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.