陕西苹果成熟期连阴雨指数及预报方法研究

选取陕西苹果30个生产基地县中果业发展水平具有代表性的12个台站,近50年(1961—2009年)9月中旬至10月上旬苹果成熟期连续3天及以上降水日数和无降水日数资料,设计并计算其连阴雨指数。将连阴雨指数分成强、偏强、中等、偏弱和弱5个等级,并用典型K阶自回归AR(K)预测模式进行独立样本预测试验。结果表明连阴雨指数能够较客观地反映基地县的连阴雨强度,且典型K阶自回归预测模式预测准确及基本准确率在83%左右,预报效果尚好,具有实用价值。     

陇东伏旱的气候变化及预报

利用陇东伏期降水量和蒸发量两要素,定义了伏旱指数来定量表达伏旱,通过对陇东15县(区)伏期降水和伏旱指数的分析,探讨了陇东伏旱的气候特征。对陇东伏期的500hPa平均形势,早年及多雨年环流特征进行分析,找出早年、多雨年的主要差异。通过500hPa高度场、太平洋海温与伏旱的相关性,探讨影响陇东伏旱的成因。最后建立了伏旱的预测模型,并进行了预报,经评定效果良好。     

气候变暖前后我国热度日和冷度日的特征分析

基于全国1960—2011年气象台站的逐日资料,运用度日分析法、Mann-Kendall检验法研究了气候变暖前后我国热度日(HDD)、冷度日(CDD)的变化情况。结果表明,我国北方及高原地区冬季气温在1987年前后发生突变,气候变暖后HDD有所下降;我国南方夏季气温在1997年前后发生突变,气候变暖后CDD有所上升。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和环流指数资料进一步分析气候变暖前后的环流场特征,发现冬季AO指数与我国东北、华北、新疆西藏部分地区HDD具有显著的负相关关系,AO指数偏强(弱)时,强冷空气活动减少(增加),HDD减小(增大);夏季西太平洋副高面积指数与我国南方地区CDD具有显著的正相关关系,副高面积指数偏强(弱)时,晴热高温天气增加(减少),CDD增大(减小)。     

高分辨率模式对中国地表短波辐射季节预测

基于中国气象科学研究院T255全球高分辨率气候系统模式(CAMS-CSM)2011—2020年多样本集合回报试验,评估模式在中国及3个典型区域地表短波辐射(downward short-wave radiation flux,DSWRF)的季节预测能力。结果表明:CAMS-CSM模式能较好预测DSWRF的季节变化特征,但春季、夏季预测强度偏弱,秋季、冬季偏强。不同季节、不同地区DSWRF异常场的预报技巧差异明显。由DSWRF异常的空间相关系数和时间相关系数可以看到,内蒙古和西北地区秋季、冬季预报技巧较高,京津冀部分地区夏季、秋季节预报技巧较低。从趋势异常综合评分指数看,中国区域超前1个月预报各季节评分均超过70分,对西北地区夏季、秋季的评分指数最高,超过80分。整体而言,高分辨率气候模式对中国区域DSWRF超前0~1个月预报有一定预测能力,尤其是太阳能资源丰富的西北地区,可为未来DSWRF短期预测及太阳能清洁能源选址等提供参考。除模式系统性偏差外,春季、夏季DSWRF预报偏差主要来源于总云量预报的模拟偏差,改进模式云微物理过程是提高DSWRF季节预测能力的重要途径。     

秦岭及周边地区夏季降水的主模态分析

基于秦岭及周边地区394站气象观测资料、欧洲中期数值预报中心(ECMWF)再分析ERA-Interim数据,利用小波和回归等分析方法,讨论了秦岭及周边地区夏季降水年际变化的主模态以及与其相联系的大气环流异常。结果表明:1)在年际变化的时间尺度上,秦岭及周边地区夏季降水主要表现为秦岭南北降水的气候差异性变化(EOF1)、黄土高原第二地形抬升带与其两侧降水的反位相振荡(EOF2)、秦岭西南部降水正异常和其东北部降水负异常变化(EOF3)和关中平原的地形降水贡献(EOF4)4个模态,其解释方差总贡献为73%,并且具有显著的2~4 a周期,其中EOF3和EOF4还具有4~8 a左右的年际变化周期。2)回归分析表明,EOF1正位相环流特征表现为200 hPa急流偏弱,中纬度槽填塞,西太平洋副热带高压强度偏弱,有来源于东海的水汽输送,使得秦岭北部降水偏多;EOF2和EOF3分别具有显著的蒙古低压和东北冷涡环流特征;EOF4的500 hPa环流异常不显著。3)根据新定义的秦岭季风指数回归分析表明,回归场的季风指数和降水模态的时间系数显著相关,秦岭北部降水偏多(少),南部降水偏少(多),反映了强(弱)季风年的年际转换。反之则具有多态性,不同年份强(弱)秦岭回归季风指数的环流形势存在较大的差异,可能触发多种降水模态和位相振荡。     

登陆华南台风强度的前兆信号分析及预测

自20世纪90年代中期后,登陆华南台风频数减少、强度转弱,这一方面受台风和大尺度环流系统自身的年际和年代际变化共同影响,另一方面,可能受太平洋年代尺度振荡(PDO)调制。进一步选用年际增量法剔除年代际变化得到,若前冬呈现东部型拉尼娜(中部型厄尔尼诺)状态,随后的后汛期120°~130°E越赤道气流偏强(弱),继而是强(弱)辐合带、季风槽偏强偏北(偏弱偏南),有(不)利于台风在华南地区活跃,则对应累计气旋能量指数(ACE)年指数更强(弱),体现了台风、海温、大气环流的年际变化影响。最后,采用基于年际增量法的主成分回归方法对ACE指数进行建模,结果得到近30年回报相关系数高达0.80,2014和2015年的预报效果与实况较为一致。     

冬季北太平洋涛动异常与东亚冬季风和我国天气气候的关系

用1948-2000年的北半球海平面气压场月平均资料，计算了北太平洋涛动指数和东亚冬季风指数，并研究了北太平洋涛动与东亚冬季风及我国冬季天气气候的关系。研究表明，北太平洋涛动异常变化与我国冬季天气、气候关系密切。强涛动年，东亚冬季风偏弱，我国气温普遍偏高，长江中下游地区降水偏少，而华南降水偏多；而弱涛动指数年，东亚冬季风偏强，我国气温普遍偏低，降水偏少。此外，还指出，强(弱)INPO年大气环流具有弱(强)WP型和强(弱)EU遥相关型。     

重庆地区冬季冷暖变化及其异常成因分析

利用1961—2018年重庆地区34个国家气象站冬季逐月平均气温资料,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及大气环流指数和海温等资料,分析重庆冬季冷暖变化的时间演变特征及冷冬、暖冬年的异常环流形势。结果表明,近58 a重庆冬季平均气温整体呈增加趋势(约增加0.7℃),且变暖趋势通过α=0.05的显著性检验,增暖突变从1993年开始。重庆冷冬年和暖冬年的环流形势存在明显差异:前期夏、秋季的热带海温场偏冷(暖),冬季海平面气压场上西伯利亚高压偏强(弱),500 hPa高度距平场上欧亚大陆呈明显北高(低)南低(高)分布形势,乌拉尔山高压脊和东亚大槽偏强(弱);同时,西太平洋副热带高压和高原冷高压偏弱(强),印缅槽偏强(弱),导致东亚冬季风偏强(弱),有(不)利于冷空气南下影响重庆地区;印缅槽偏强(弱)导致槽前偏南风偏强(弱),有(不)利于槽前暖湿空气输送和重庆地区降水,这种环流配置导致重庆地区易出现冷(暖)冬。热带印度洋、西北太平洋和南半球赤道中太平洋是影响重庆冬季冷暖的关键海温区,对重庆冬季气温预测具有一定的指示意义。     

自回归模式的拟合

本文首先略述用自回归模式去拟合平稳时间序列的各种方法;其次,证明自回归模式的第末个参数就是偏自相关系数,所以用迭代法逐步估计出自回归模式的参数后,就可以应用t检验或F检验选定模式的阶,使自回归模式拟合的计算量大大简化。文中举出日降水量的气候预报实例,以便说明上述方法。最后,讨论了t检验使用中的问题。     

青藏高原雪盖与东亚季风异常对华南前汛期降水的影响

应用华南25个站1954~1998年4~6月降水量资料以及有关青藏高原雪盖异常年份资料和东亚季风强度指数, 通过典型旱涝年前期对比诊断与相关分析, 指出青藏高原雪盖对华南前汛期降水的影响相当显著, 前冬春多 (少) 雪年有利于前汛期雨涝 (干旱); 典型旱、涝年前冬500 hPa中高纬环流特征显然不同, 主要表现在典型旱 (涝) 年北半球极涡强度显著偏弱 (强)、东亚大槽强度偏强 (弱); 东亚季风, 特别是冬季风的强弱变化, 对前汛期降水具有较强的指示意义。同时还发现, 在青藏高原西侧的伊朗高原及邻近地区冬季500 hPa高度升降变化, 可作为华南前汛期降水一个强的前期征兆信号。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.