新书架

<正>中国重大农业气象灾害研究王春乙等著该书为国家科学技术部"十一五"科技支撑计划重点项目"农业重大气象灾害监测预警与调控技术研究"的研究成果。主要介绍了我国北方农业干旱、低温冷害,华南寒害,长江中下游高温热害监测预警的最新研究方法与成果,也介绍了森林火灾监测预警     

生态与农业气象研究进展

2009年,生态环境与农业气象研究所在农业气象灾害、气候变化对农作物的影响、农作物模拟模式以及生态环境等领域开展了大量的研究工作,取得了显著的进展。特别是在农业气象灾害的监测预警方面,分别针对我同主要的农业气象灾害（北方农业干旱、北方农业低温冷害、华南寒害和长江中下游高温热害等）建立了灾害的指标体系和监测预警体系,     

近10年来中国主要农业气象灾害监测预警与评估技术研究进展

频繁发生的农业气象灾害制约着我国农业生产的快速、健康发展。农业气象灾害一直是广大气象科技工作者开展的主要研究课题之一。在国家科技攻关等计划的支持下,近10年来农业气象灾害研究取得了许多成果。完善农业气象灾害监测业务和预报服务,构建农业气象灾害风险评估、防御体系是农业气象灾害研究的重点。基于3S技术和地面监测相结合,构建了农业气象灾害动态监测系统,从宏观和微观角度来全面监测农业气象灾害的发生发展;建立和完善了卫星遥感监测系统,开展干旱、洪涝、冷害等灾害的动态监测,逐步建立集3S于一体的高空时空分辨率的灾害监测预警系统。农业气象灾害预警研究主要包括:数理统计预报方法进一步发展,农业气象模式与气候模式结合的初步尝试,GIS和网络等高技术在农业气象灾害预警中的应用,省级农业气象灾害预测系统的研制。我国农业气象灾害风险(影响)评估的研究,大致可以2001年为界分为二个阶段。第一阶段,以灾害风险分析技术方法探索研究为主的起步阶段,第二阶段,以灾害影响平度的风险化、数量化技术方法为主的研究发展阶段,构建灾害风险分析、跟踪评估、灾后评估、应变对策的技术体系;具体研究包括农业气象灾害风险分析、风险评估、风险区划和基于遥感监测信息的农业干旱评估。近年来我国农业气象灾害防御研究主要是将高效利用农业气候资源的主动防御技术和开发防灾制剂的被动防御技术相结合,在防御农业干旱和低温冷害方面取得了良好效果。     

生态与农业气象研究进展

1．农业气象灾害研究（1）北方农业干旱监测预警技术研究 本课题为多学科、多部门、国家及地方科研、教学单位相结合的联合攻关课题。按照项目组的统一部署和要求,经过中国气象科学研究院、河南省气象科学研究所、山东农业大学、国家气候中心、国家气象中心等单位科研人员5年共同努力,     

农林重大病虫害和农业气象灾害的预警及控制技术研究

1 农业气象灾害预警技术研究 对华北农业干旱、东北作物低温冷害、江淮小麦油菜渍害、华南经济林果寒害和水产寒害等农业气象灾害分别建立了统计预测模型和机理预测模型相结合、长中短不同预报时效相结合的预警预测模型。其中作物生长模型与区域气候模式相结合的新一代农业气象灾害预测技术在实现区域尺度预测应用上取得重要进展；各类预测模型在灾害指标、预测方法上取得新的突破，预报准确率进一步提高。在此基础上，成功研制出包含多种预测方法、不同预报时效、可供准业务运行的农业气象灾害多灾种综合预测预警系统。课题研制的模型进行了业务试验，部分成果如广东经济林果寒害预警已投入业务运行。课题于2005年12月顺利通过项目主持单位农业部组织的专家验收。该课题成果代表了我国目前农业气象灾害预警预测研究的最新进展和水平，对于进一步开展和提高其他地区、其他灾害的预报能力具有一定的推广借鉴作用和应用前景。     

作物低温冷害指标及风险评估研究进展

介绍了我国现有的作物低温冷害指标,并对比分析了其优缺点,同时介绍了国内外有关低温冷害风险评估研究进展.国外有关作物低温冷害方面的研究,主要集中在冷害机理研究方面,而在冷害指标、冷害监测预测和风险评估等方面的研究较少.国内主要从低温冷害出现的风险概率、温度变异系数出发进行了风险评估,并建立了综合风险指数,但结合产量灾损方面的风险评估还未开展.     

中国农业气象灾害监测预警系统建设

中国气象局多轨道业务建设项目"中国农业气象灾害监测预警系统建设"2007年取得了可喜成果.其中,"基于作物生长模拟模型的作物产量动态预报业务技术应用研究"对东北玉米、华北冬小麦和江南双季稻生长模拟模式及参数区域化技术进行了改进,完善了各类作物产量动态预测方法,初步建立了产量预测模型,探讨了该模型与当前业务系统连接过程中实时资料获取渠道及替代解决方案,最终研制完成了省级业务应用系统版本."东北玉米低温冷害监测研究"在前人单一监测和评估指标     

基于ArcGIS Engine的北方作物低温冷害监测评估系统

针对易受气候变化引发的低温冷害灾害,总结常用低温冷害监测、评估方法和指标,结合统计模型,利用地面气象观测数据、气象预报数据和卫星遥感数据,以Microsoft SQL Server 2005数据库作为支持,应用ArcGISEngine开发工具包,在Visual Studio 2005开发环境下,完成了以玉米、水稻为主要粮食作物的北方地区低温冷害监测评估系统的设计与开发,实现了玉米延迟型低温冷害、水稻障碍型低温冷害、年度低温冷害和遥感低温冷害监测,以及玉米、水稻低温冷害影响评估及预测.     

黑龙江省延迟型低温冷害气候指标研究

针对影响黑龙江省农业生产的延迟型低温冷害,探讨前人提出的东北地区低温冷害气候指标在黑龙江省的适用性,借鉴前人经验,考虑玉米和水稻种植面积不断北扩等因素,确定黑龙江省延迟型性低温冷害气候指标的技术路线、判识临界值和计算方案。利用1961-2012年黑龙江省27个气象台站5-9月平均气温,以热量指数距平冷害判识指标为参照,考虑低温冷害指标与纬度、经度和海拔高度的密切关系,采用逐步回归法建立黑龙江省延迟型低温冷害气候指标;经过验证,表明该指标判识的低温冷害年与黑龙江省低温冷害的实际和发生规律相符,可作为监测指标;该指标所需数据量小,计算简便,具有实用性和推广价值;可采用该指标对黑龙江省低温冷害的历史发生规律进行分析。     

水稻低温冷害遥感监测技术与方法进展

根据国内外水稻低温冷害遥感监测和遥感灾损评估研究进展情况，分析了水稻低温冷害遥感监测的可行性和各种方法的优缺点，提出了低温冷害遥感监测方面需要开展的相关研究领域和需要解决的几个问题。     

1,800 Years of abrupt climate change, severe fire, and accelerated erosion, Sierra Nevada, California, USA

This paper provides both a detailed history of environmental change in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years and evidence for climate teleconnections between the Sierra Nevada and Greenland during the late Holocene. A review of Greenland ice core data suggests that the magnitudes of abrupt changes in temperature and precipitation increased beginning c. 3,700 and 3,000 years ago, respectively. Precipitation increased abruptly 1,300 years ago. Comparing paleotemperature data from Cirque Peak, CA with paleoprecipitation data from Pyramid Lake, NV suggests that hot temperatures occurred at the beginnings of most severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. Severe fires and erosion also occurred at Coburn Lake, CA at the beginning of all severe droughts in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years. This suggests that abrupt climate change during the late Holocene caused vegetation and mountain slopes in some areas to be out of equilibrium with abruptly changed climates. Finally, the ending of drought conditions in Greenland coincided with the beginning of drought conditions in the Sierra Nevada over the past 1,800 years, perhaps as a result of the rapidly changed locations of the Earth??s major precipitation belts during abrupt climate change events.     

The microstructure of selected, small, isolated, cumulus clouds near Red Deer, Alberta

Physical experiments designed to explore the potential of rain augmentation through airborne glaciogenic seeding on small, isolated non-precipitating cumuliform clouds near Red Deer, Alberta were carried out during the period 1982–1985. The microstructure of 90 cumulus congestus clouds have been documented through repeated in-situ sampling using a cloud physics instrumented aircraft platform. Observations from the inspection passes of 57 clouds seeded with either dry ice pellets or silver iodide pyrotechnics, and all the passes of 33 natural clouds are presented.Measurements of the cloud droplet concentration indicate that Alberta cumulus clouds are typically continental in nature, with an average droplet concentration of 535 cm⁻³ and an average droplet diameter of 10.6 μm. Alberta clouds have average liquid water contents of 0.57 g m⁻³, with a peak 1-sec value of 3.17 g m⁻³. The 1-km average liquid water contents are 0.83 g m⁻³, with a peak value of 2.81 g m⁻³. Cloud lifetimes vary between 11 and 20 minutes. Concentrations of naturally occurring ice crystals are found to be low. The average maximum 1-km ice concentration was 31⁻¹, and the peak 1-km concentration was 73.11⁻¹ in the natural cloud dataset. Evidence of precipitation-sized particles was detected in 21% (7 of 33) of the clouds, and precipitation below cloud base was detected in 6% (2 of 33) of the clouds.A comparison of the Alberta cloud characteristics to the cumulus clouds from different locations showed that there are some distinct differences between Alberta clouds and the clouds from the other regions.     

Performance of CMORPH,TMPA, and PERSIANN rainfall datasets over plain,mountainous, and glacial regions of Pakistan

The present study aims at the assessment of six satellite rainfall estimates (SREs) in Pakistan. For each assessed products, both real-time (RT) and post adjusted (Adj) versions are considered to highlight their potential benefits in the rainfall estimation at annual, monthly, and daily temporal scales. Three geomorphological climatic zones, i.e., plain, mountainous, and glacial are taken under considerations for the determination of relative potentials of these SREs over Pakistan at global and regional scales. All SREs, in general, have well captured the annual north-south rainfall decreasing patterns and rainfall amounts over the typical arid regions of the country. Regarding the zonal approach, the performance of all SREs has remained good over mountainous region comparative to arid regions. This poor performance in accurate rainfall estimation of all the six SREs over arid regions has made their use questionable in these regions. Over glacier region, all SREs have highly overestimated the rainfall. One possible cause of this overestimation may be due to the low surface temperature and radiation absorption over snow and ice cover, resulting in their misidentification with rainy clouds as daily false alarm ratio has increased from mountainous to glacial regions. Among RT products, CMORPH-RT is the most biased product. The Bias was almost removed on CMORPH-Adj thanks to the gauge adjustment. On a general way, all Adj versions outperformed their respective RT versions at all considered temporal scales and have confirmed the positive effects of gauge adjustment. CMORPH-Adj and TMPA-Adj have shown the best agreement with in situ data in terms of Bias, RMSE, and CC over the entire study area.     

BDA方案对台风背景高温天气预报的改进

广州地Ⅸ的高温天气主要是受副热带高压和台风外围下沉气流的影响所致.文中采用BDA(Bogus Data Assimila-tion)方法,探讨BDA方案对广州地区台风背景条件下高温预报的改进能力.选取2005年7月中旬广州地区出现的高温天气进行研究.这是比较典型的受副热带高压和台风(海棠)共同影响造成高温的天气过程.分析有无采用BDA方案的模式初始场.结果表明:采用BDA方案同化Bogus模型可以调整台风中心位置和强度,使所得到的初始场中心位置与观测更为接近,台风强度(气压梯度力、风速)比末用Bogus的情况强,与观测值更为接近.数值模拟的结果表明,采用了BDA方案的敏感试验可以更好地预撤台风路径和台风中心强度变化,从而更好地预报高温天气,对高温区分布、日平均温度大小等的预报都有改进.文中对引起这种预报差异的原因进行了讨论,并探讨高温预报改进的可能机制.大气下沉运动的增强是高温预报改进的主要原因.敏感试验由于广州中低层大气的水汽减少,大气的下沉增强,致使天空的云量减少,对太阳短波辐射的阻挡减小,从而地面吸收热量增多,温度升高,输送给大气的感热增加,大气气温升高.采用BDA方案可以改进模式在台风"海棠"过程对广州高温的预报.     

Roughness length of sea,sand, and snow

Profiles of wind speed in driving sand and snow show roughness length increasing as the square of the friction velocity, in accordance with Charnock's relation for the roughness length of the sea.     

Distribution,speciation, and budget of atmospheric mercury

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) concentrations over the Atlantic Ocean and over Central Europe were measured repeatedly in the years 1978–1981. The latitudinal TGM distribution showed a pronounced and reproducible interhemispherical difference with higher TGM concentrations in the Northern Hemisphere. TGM was found to be vertically well mixed within the troposphere. The TGM concentration seems to increase with time at a rate of 10±8%/yr in the Northern and 8±3%/yr in the Southern Hemisphere. Measurements of mercury speciation showed that elemental mercury is the main TGM component contributing more than 92% and 83% of TGM in marine and continental air, respectively. The tropospheric mercury burden was calculated to be 6×10⁹g. The interhemispheric distribution and temporal and spatial variability of TGM imply a tropospheric residence time of TGM of about 1 yr. Sink strengths calculated independently from the measured mercury concentration on particles and in rainwater are consistent with the above figures.     

中国古诗词中的云雾雨雪

从云雾降水物理学的角度学习和分析了一些中国古诗词。内容有:1）分析和统计了唐诗300首和毛泽东诗词中用到云雾雨雪等字的百分比,其分别占总首数的45%和66%;2）列举和分析了描述自然过程、大气过程有云雨雪等字的诗(词)句;3）从现代科学观出发,分析了在一些古诗词中有关云、雨、霜、露等的理解,并作了一些评述;4）对古诗词中直接描述云、雾、雨、雪的内容进行了评论。       

Preliminary Comparison of the CMA, ECMWF, NCEP, and JMA Ensemble Prediction Systems

Based on The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Interactive Grand Global Ensemble (TIGGE) dataset,using various verification methods,the performances of four typical ense...