防城港市短时强降雨气候特征及影响系统分析

利用1994~2004年NCEP再分析资料,及高空、地面等常规资料,分析了防城港市达到暴雨预警信号标准的短时强降雨过程,对主要影响系统进行天气分型,并对水汽条件、动力条件、不稳定条件等物理量进行诊断分析,以了解本地区短时暴雨的气候特征,天气类型和环境条件,提高暴雨预警信号发布的准确率。     

防城港市短时强降雨气候特征及影响系统分析

利用1994-2004年NCEP再分析资料，及高空、地面等常规资料，分析了防城港市达到暴雨预警信号标准的短时强降雨过程，对主要影响系统进行天气分型，并对水汽条件、动力条件、不稳定条件等物理量进行诊断分析，以了解本地区短时暴雨的气候特征，天气类型和环境条件，提高暴雨预警信号发布的准确率。     

基于5a区域站的贵州致灾强降雨特征分析

利用贵州省2010—2014年5—9月区域站小时降水资料,提出暴雨过程的标准,与国家站暴雨过程及暴雨集中区域进行对比,发现过程和集中区域均基本一致,证明区域站降水资料具有参考价值;在此基础上进一步分析贵州短时强降水与因灾死亡人员发生的关联性,研究致灾强降雨的时空分布特征,以期对预报服务和暴雨预警信号发布等有一定的指导意义。     

河北一次暴雨过程中不同时段强降水的成因

利用NECP再分析资料和常规观测资料,对2010年8月21日河北的一次暴雨过程进行了分析。结果发现:本次暴雨过程降水主要集中在3个时段内发生,并且成因各不相同。20日午夜前后,东北部地区暴雨主要是冷平流和干侵入,在副高外围产生对流不稳定,引发短时强降水;21日08点前后,保定、廊坊地区暴雨的主要成因是低层切变附近强烈的上升运动;而晴空区近地层辐射增温和低压倒槽幅合抬升是21日傍晚东北部地区再次出现短时强降水的触发条件。可见,随着系统的不断演变,暴雨过程的降水成因也在变化。利用最新时次的卫星、雷达、逐小时自动站等观测资料,对天气系统进行跟踪分析,是此类暴雨预报的有效手段。     

东莞一次短时强降水过程的多种资料特征

利用常规、非常规观测资料及灾害天气短时临近预报系统产品,对2015年9月7日上午发生在东莞的一次短时强降水过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)该次短时强降水是高空槽后偏西北气流引导低层弱冷空气南下,在华南强不稳定层结环境下,边界层弱冷空气诱发中尺度切变辐合抬升加强,触发高能高湿区能量释放,产生强降水;水汽来源主要为超低空及地面边界层。(2)Swan系统平台区域自动站网实时风演变能有效分析中、小尺度天气系统的短时发展,对短时临近预警有较好的指示性;1 h预估降水量(QPF1)与实况比较接近,对降水临近定量预报有较好参考作用;垂直液态含水量(VIL)值较低,降水次效率高,以强降水为主的对流天气。(3)垂直风廓线、GPS可降水量(PWV)在强降水产生前4~6 h都有明显的变化,对临近预警有较好的指示性。     

陕西盛夏一次强雷暴天气成因分析

利用常规观测资料、地面加密观测资料和NCEP 1°×1°逐6 h再分析资料,对2017年7月27—28日发生在西北地区东部的一次以短时暴雨为主、局地伴有强风和冰雹的强雷暴天气特征及成因进行分析。结果表明:此次过程发生在副热带高压控制区内部;过程期间500 hPa无低值系统影响,中层无干冷空气入侵,低层东路冷空气持续侵入是此次强雷暴天气发生的主要触发条件;高低空急流耦合产生的次级环流提供了持续强劲的上升运动,低层充沛的水汽、较强的动力以及不稳定的大气层结等条件对强降水的发展起到促进作用;过程开始阶段,陕北短时暴雨落区与水汽通量大值区完全对应,而在过程后期关中及陕南东部的暴雨出现在水汽通量大值区西北侧约30～40 km风速辐合的区域;雷达图上强反射率因子区与短时暴雨以及冰雹发生位置相对应,阵风锋的出现以及径向速度上强风速核和气旋式辐合也促使短时强降水和大风天气加强。     

梵净山一次局地特大暴雨雷达回波特征分析

利用铜仁市新一代天气雷达资料及贵阳和怀化探空站资料,对2015年5月14—15日发生在铜仁梵净山东侧的一次特大暴雨天气过程进行诊断分析。结果表明:高空向南加深的槽结合中低层低涡切变线、地面弱冷空气共同作用造成此次特大暴雨;近地层,暖湿气流北上受东北回流冷空气及梵净山地形的横向阻挡作用被迫抬升,使得对流回波维持,对特大暴雨的形成起到重要作用;对流有效位能(CAPE)值的突增是对流暴雨发生的一个重要指标;降水回波伸展高度较高、云层深厚是此次对流暴雨云团的主要特点;垂直液态水含量的突然跃增且高的VIL值长时间维持,可作为短时强降水发生的预报预警参考;较强回波伸展高度较高及强中气旋的发展及维持,为短时暴雨的发生提供了有利的动力条件。     

一次强降水天气过程特点及多普勒雷达产品特征

利用NCEP／NCAR的1000—100hPa日平均和每日4次再分析资料、逐日逐时站点气象资料、Mieaps3．0提供的分析工具，结合多普勒雷达图，对2008年5月30日江门地区出现的一次强降水过程的环流形势、物理量场及多普勒雷达图进行了天气学诊断分析，研究其变化规律。此次强天气过程是在有利的大尺度天气系统下产生的；正涡度平流、低空辐合、高空辐散，形成强烈的上升运动，加上西南地区有充沛的水汽供应，为暴雨的形成提供了必要的动力条件。多普勒雷达是监测中小尺度系统的强有力的工具，其速度场的变化先于强度场的变化，可为短时、临近预报及预警信号的发布提供背景依据。     

望谟近5a短时强降水特征及其形成机理分析

该文利用望谟县站逐小时降水量、MICAPS资料,对近5 a(2010—2014年)望谟短时强降水特征及暴雨主要影响系统进行分析,结果表明:1近5 a望谟16次暴雨天气过程中,春季暴雨及秋季暴雨的平均雨强明显小于夏季;短时强降水逐月变化呈现明显的单峰型结构,6月是短时强降水最频繁发生的月份;短时强降水日变化呈三峰型结构,夜间是强降水集中发生时间,09—20时是强降水不发生时段。2高空槽和切变线是影响望谟暴雨的主要系统;地面上的系统多为辐合线、冷锋或静止锋;冷空气的入侵一般发生在春末夏初及秋季;低空急流的建立多出现在盛夏;南支槽影响望谟暴雨的时间主要为5月。3夏季暴雨的比湿条件及水汽通量好于春末,但是水汽辐合的强度没有春末强,秋季暴雨的比湿条件及水汽通量条件更差,但是850 h Pa的水汽通量散度较好;秋季及春末暴雨发生时上升运动更为剧烈;春末和夏季大气层结最为不稳定。4对流云系主要源地位于贵州西部—云南东部富源、罗平一线,有7次对流云系的源地为六盘水,3次为毕节,3次为黔西南州内;云系的移动路径基本为东南路径或偏南路径;有6次为典型MCS,4次为分散对流云系;16次过程中有10次有其它对流云系的合并加入。     

六盘水市一次强降水天气过程分析

利用EC数值预报、FY2C云图、区域自动站、多普勒雷达以及实况资料,对2009年6月8日傍晚到10日08：00时发生在贵州省六盘市的强降水天气过程进行分析。结果表明：位于盘县坪地东北面的牛棚梁子（主峰2 865 m）和水城与赫章之间的韭菜坪（主峰2 901 m）在此次强降水过程中,对天气系统具有阻挡作用;地面辐合线对此次强降水落区有很好的指示作用;区域自动站、新一代天气雷达、卫星云图等资料以及本地开发的暴雨预报预警系统和区域内各站点近地面能量的变化,对临近预警、短时预报准确率的提高起到关键作用,从而可为复杂地形下的局地暴雨预报起到重要的参考意义。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...