苏北地区超级单体风暴环境条件与雷达回波特征

利用江苏3个探空站、5部CINRAD/SA型多普勒天气雷达、地面常规与加密自动站等观测资料,分析2005—2009年苏北地区72个超级单体风暴发生的环境条件和多普勒天气雷达回波特征。探空和地面资料分析表明,苏北地区超级单体风暴可以产生在差别相当大的环境条件下:强降水超级单体通常产生在对流有效位能较高和垂直风切变中等的环境下,经典超级单体更多地产生在对流有效位能较高和垂直风切变较强环境下;产生大冰雹和(或)雷暴大风的超级单体,无论是经典还是强降水型超级单体,其环境特征均为0℃层、-20℃等温线高度较低,850—500 hPa温差较大,低层露点不高;产生龙卷特别是F2级以上强龙卷超级单体环境特征常常表现为低层(0—1 km)垂直风切变大、850—500 hPa温差相对较小、抬升凝结高度低、低层露点高,这类超级单体在产生龙卷的同时也常常伴有短时强降水甚至极端短时强降水。多普勒天气雷达资料分析表明,苏北地区超级单体具有持久的中气旋、回波墙和有界弱回波区或弱回波区结构,可以产生大冰雹、龙卷、短时强降水和下击暴流等强对流天气;超级单体的类型主要有经典超级单体、强降水超级单体以及强降水超级单体组成的复合风暴。经典超级单体一般为孤立风暴,中气旋多数情况下位于其右后侧(相对于风暴移动方向),低层有明显的钩状回波和入流缺口,入流缺口之上存在宽大的有界弱回波区,其上有强反射率因子组成的风暴核,最强的反射率因子可达75 dBz;强降水超级单体前侧有入流缺口和旁边粗胖的凸起部分与中气旋相伴,与经典超级单体的钩状回波在形态上区别明显,同样存在有界弱回波区或弱回波区,中气旋环流中有明显的降水回波;强降水超级单体组成的复合风暴内中气旋一般位于其前侧,主要结构与强降水超级单体相似,生命史较长。超级单体结构属性分析表明,绝大多数情况下,苏北地区超级单体风暴的最大反射率因子为55—76 dBz,基于单体的垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)为35—90 kg/m~2,垂直累积液态水含量超过60 kg/m~2时风暴有可能产生大冰雹,特别是在4—6月,冰雹直径随着垂直累积液态水含量的增大而增大,因此,垂直累积液态水含量季节性高值可以用来辨别产生大冰雹的超级单体;绝大多数情况下,中气旋旋转速度大于15 m/s,直径在3—10 km,持续时间超过40 min;中气旋的底越低,直径越小,产生龙卷的可能性越大。     

“2011.7.14”沈阳短时强降水多普勒雷达回波特征

为了更好的预报、预警超级风暴单体引起的短时强降水,利用沈阳棋盘山多普勒雷达、营口多普勒雷达和自动站及地面、高空等气象资料,对2011年7月14日沈阳强降水超级单体风暴进行分析。结果表明：地面辐合线和切变线提前于降水2 h产生,而且地面辐合线和切变线的位置与风暴的生成位置重合。强对流风暴具有超级单体风暴特征,风暴出现弓形回波;速度图上存在“v”型入流缺口,相应速度场上出现中气旋,营口雷达基本反射率最大值达到61 dBz,反射率因子垂直剖面出现弱回波区和回波悬垂。当雷达回波发现中气旋,并预计此中气旋能维持1 h左右或者雷达回波发现弓形回波,沈阳棋盘山雷达基本反射率强度超过45 dBz时,可发布短时暴雨或雷雨大风等强对流气象灾害预警。     

2004年4月29日常德超级单体研究

利用常德和长沙多普勒天气雷达资料和常规资料,对2004年4月29日发生在湖南安乡且产生了10 cm直径降雹和广泛8级大风的超级单体风暴进行了详细分析.该超级单体风暴发生在西南高空急流和西南南低空急流的交汇区域,加强的热力不稳定趋势和较大的垂直风切变条件非常有利于超级单体的产生.超级单体风暴呈现出典型的钩状回波,钩状回波位于该超级单体风暴移动方向的右后侧,从低层一直扩展到将近6 km高度;同时出现了指示存在大冰雹的三体散射回波.此次超级单体风暴成熟阶段中气旋的最大旋转速度为24 m·s-1,属于强中气旋,相应的垂直涡度为1.6×10-2 s-1.反射率因子的垂直剖面显示该超级单体风暴具有一个宽大的有界弱回波区(穹窿),其水平尺度超过10 km,垂直扩展超过4 km.在有界弱回波区之上,是一个强度超过70 dBZ的反射率因子核区,其中心高度为9 km,展现出典型的强烈超级单体雹暴结构.超级单体风暴在演变过程中经历了3次分裂过程.     

新一代天气雷达超级单体风暴中气旋特征分析

超级单体风暴常伴随着冰雹、雷雨大风等强对流天气,最本质的特征是有一持久深厚的几千米尺度的涡旋——中气旋。利用2003--2009年福建龙岩新一代天气雷达观测到的32次超级单体风暴,分析了超级单体风暴中气旋的时空分布、结构特征以及旋转速度大小、中气旋顶和底的高度、伸长厚度以及切变值等特征量。结果表明：90％以上的超级单体中尺度气旋是与冰雹、雷雨大风、短时强降水等强对流天气相联系的。统计8次有详细灾情的雷雨大风或冰雹天气过程发现,中气旋强度不断加强,中气旋厚度加大,最强切变中心突降时将产生大风或冰雹等强对流天气。     

一次强飑线内强降水超级单体风暴的单多普勒雷达分析

文中利用位于福建建阳新一代S波段多普勒天气雷达资料和探空、地面观测资料,对2003年4月12日07-09时发生在建阳附近的一次强降水超级单体风暴进行了分析.天气分析显示,风暴发生于地面冷锋北侧、低层高湿、中等对流不稳定(1601 J/kg)和强风切变(0-5 km,22 m/s)环境,总理查逊数为16,同典型的强降水超级单体生成环境相当接近.雷达回波分析揭示,风暴发生在一强飑线系统的前沿,初期为一普通单体,随后逐渐发展成为弓状并发生分裂,分裂后风暴移动方向左侧单体逐渐减弱.而右侧的单体发展成为超级单体,持续时间约为1 h.在强降水超级单体成熟期,其移动前侧的低层反射率因子出现明显的钩状回波,中层反射率则显示在宽广的反射率高值区(>60 dBz)内存在有界弱回波区,强度大于40 dBz.沿入流方向穿过最强回波位置的反射率因子也呈现典型的回波悬垂和有界弱回波区.相应的中低层径向速度场显示在钩状回刎波附近的强降水区中存在一个强烈的中气旋,其起源于中层3.5-5 km,随后向上、下发展,最大旋转速度达到24 m/s,持续时间达1 h.由GBVTD方法分析,中气旋成熟时(08:33 UTC)轴对称环流结构显示,轴对称切向风分布在中层接近兰金涡旋模型,最大轴对称切线风位于高度4-5 km,离气旋中心约3 km,强度约20 m/s.4 km高度以下为气旋式辐合,气旋中心为上升运动.至4-7 km以旋转为主,在最大切向风半径以内为外流,以外为内流,相应的在最大风速半径处伴随较强的辐合和上升运动,7 km以上则为辐散对应的出流.此结构同经典超级单体内的中气旋结构相当一致.此外.风暴结构同Moller(1994)提出的中纬度强降水超级单体风暴的特征非常相似.但演变过程却明显不同,是由普通单体形成弓状回波,弓状回波分裂后沿移动方向右侧的单体发展成为强降水超级单体.     

云南中部一次出现多个超级单体雹暴的强对流过程环境场和雷达回波特征

利用常规观测、地面加密自动站、多普勒天气雷达、NCEP(1°×1°)逐6 h再分析资料对2017年8月23日云南中部地区一次强对流风暴的环境参数和雷达回波特征进行分析,结果表明:此次强对流风暴发生在台风低压前侧、中高纬冷槽后部的强不稳定层结背景下,地面辐合线和强垂直风切变有利于对流风暴的维持和加强。强对流风暴受地形影响较为明显,共激发形成6个超级单体或类超级单体,在超级单体发展成熟前10 min,3个降雹超级单体强中心沿地形爬升,未降雹和小雹超级单体沿地形下降。6个超级单体或类超级单体呈现出中气旋或γ中尺度弱涡旋特征,最大速度对转动值超过10 m·s~(-1)时出现不同程度冰雹,冰雹直径15 mm的超级单体在2.4°～3.4°仰角上径向速度值达到中气旋标准,冰雹直径为15～20 mm的超级单体反射率因子质心点较高,回波核前倾,具有悬垂回波、弱回波区、回波墙和三体散射特征,其零速度线后倾,辐合区高度超过- 10℃层,顶部为强辐散区,- 20～0℃层回波最大强度超过55 dBz,50 dBz回波厚度6 km,垂直累积液态水含量(VIL)密度2.2 g·m~(-3)。冰雹直径5～8 mm和未降雹超级单体回波核直立,悬垂回波特征不显著,辐合区高度偏低,辐散区厚度大于辐合区厚度,不同等温层回波强度差别小,但50 dBz回波厚度6 km,VIL密度2.2 g·m~(-3)。     

天山北坡一次致灾冰雹的多普勒雷达回波特征分析

利用石河子c波段多普勒天气雷达资料,对2007年7月3日下午发生在石河子垦区南部山脉与平原交界区151团的冰雹等强对流风暴的多普勒雷达回波演变特征进行详细分析。结果表明：该强对流风暴具有超级单体风暴的典型特征,强风暴前进方向的右侧出现钩状回波,西北侧呈现出“V”字型缺口;反射率因子垂直剖面呈现出弱回波区、回波悬垂和弱回波区左侧的回波墙,最大回波强度超过65 dBz,垂直累积液态水含量超过70 kg/m²;相应的径向速度图上出现中气旋。该超级单体的移动方向在盛行风向的右侧约30°,属于右移风暴。     

甘南地区一次强对流天气的多普勒雷达特征分析

针对甘南地区2006年7月12日出现的冰雹天气过程,利用兰州CINRAD/CC多普勒雷达回波资料以及MICAPS资料对此次强对流天气过程进行了初步的分析,分析了冰雹天气过程中雷达回波的形态特征、结构和动态特征,发现在此次强对流天气是雷达回波具有明显的超级单体风暴特征,且呈现出三体散射、有界弱回波、钩状回波等特征;雷达回波强度值55dB;回波顶16km;径向速度图上出现较强的气旋性辐合,在中高层辐合中还存在着中尺度气旋;此外,降雹过程前后垂直液态水含量(VIL)变化较大。     

豫西深秋一次典型超级单体风暴的多普勒雷达分析

利用三门峡市多普勒天气雷达资料,分析了2009年10月4日发生在河南渑池县的一次产生冰雹的超级单体风暴的回波结构及演变特征,结果表明:超级单体是在上冷下暖的大尺度环流背景和不稳定层结下产生的;其演变过程经历了生成、发展、成熟、消亡四个阶段;局地生成的弱回波若发展较快,速度场中又有逆风区与之配合,则容易发展成超级单体风暴,应引起高度重视;发展阶段回波强度加速增大,诸如底层钩状回波、有界弱回波区、中气旋等超级单体的典型结构特征开始出现,是发布预警的关键时段,大约可以提前15-30 min;成熟阶段最重要的特征是持续存在的中气旋。超级单体风暴其初始回波出现在4 km左右的中空,具有向上向下迅速发展的特点;最强回波强度大,顶高伸展高;当最强回波底到达地面时意味着冰雹、降水的开始,因而可以通过分析最强回波顶高的演变趋势来确定降雹强弱和时间;VIL可用来判断对流风暴强度,持续高的VIL值可能与超级单体风暴有关。     

"2005.5.30"庆阳特大冰雹新一代天气雷达回波资料分析

通过对2005年5月30日庆阳市区域性冰雹天气西峰新一代天气雷达回波资料的分析,得到了冰雹云在新一代天气雷达强度回波、速度回波和物理量产品中的特征,揭示了这次区域性冰雹是低涡底部切变线造成的,庆阳市区的特大冰雹并不是带状冰雹云系移动到当地产生的,而是飑线移动中在庆阳市区产生超级单体风暴造成的。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.