Spatiotemporal mapping of ENSO and PDO surface meteorological signals in British Columbia,Yukon, and southeast Alaska

Abstract

We assessed the impacts of some key Pacific ocean‐atmosphere circulation patterns on annual cycles of temperature and precipitation across British Columbia, Yukon, and southeast Alaska. The El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and ENSO conditional on PDO states were considered in composite analyses of 71 long, high‐quality datasets from surface meteorological stations. Month‐by‐month, station‐by‐station Monte Carlo bootstrap tests were employed to assess statistical significance. The results trace precipitation and temperature responses as a function of location, season, and climate mode. In summary, temperature responses were relatively uniform, with higher (lower) temperatures during the warm (cool) phases of these circulation patterns. Nevertheless, strength and seasonal persistence varied considerably with location and climate mode. Impacts were generally most consistent in winter and spring but could extend through most of the year. Overall spatiotemporal patterns in precipitation response were decoupled from those in temperature and were far more heterogeneous. Complexities in precipitation signals included north‐south inverse teleconnectivity along the Pacific coast, with a zero‐response hinge point in the approximate vicinity of northern Vancouver Island; seasonally opposite anomalies in several interior regions, which might conceivably reflect contrasting effects of Pacific climate modes on wintertime frontal storms versus summertime convective storms; and a consistent lack of substantial response in northwestern British Columbia and possibly southwestern Yukon, conjectured to reflect complications associated with the Icefield Ranges. The product is intended primarily as a basic‐level set of climate response maps for hydrologists, biologists, foresters, and others who require empirical assessments of relatively local‐scale, year‐round ENSO and PDO effects across this broad region.     

长江三峡枯水期出现区域性强降水的环流特征

该文以长江三峡地区６个站１９６１－１９９４年１０月－１月的逐日降水量来确定该地区发生区域性强降水的雨日，用同期的历史天气图分析产生区域性强降水的原因，影响系统和环流形势２，归纳出长江三峡地区产生区域性强降水的６类环流型，并进行逐日反查，概括出两类环流型产生区域性强降水的预报指标。     

Ecological Implications of Changes in Drought Patterns: Shifts in Forest Composition in Panama

CO₂ concentration is increasing, temperature is likely to rise, and precipitation patterns might change. Of these potential climatic shifts, it is precipitation that will have the most impact on tropical forests, and seasonal patterns of rainfall and drought will probably be more important than the total quantity of precipitation. Many tree species are limited in distribution by their inability to survive drought. In a 50 ha forest plot at Barro Colorado Island in Panama (BCI), nearly all tree and shrub species associated with moist microhabitats are declining in abundance due to a decline in rainfall and lengthening dry seasons. This information forms the basis for a simple, general prediction: drying trends can rapidly remove drought-sensitive species from a forest. If the drying trend continues at BCI, the invasion of drought-tolerant species would be anticipated, but computer models predict that it could take 500 or more years for tree species to invade and become established. Predicting climate-induced changes in tropical forest also requires geographic information on tree distribution relative to precipitation patterns. In central Panama, species with the most restricted ranges are those from areas with a short dry season (10–14 weeks): 26–39% of the tree species in these wet regions do not occur where it is drier. In comparison, just 11–19% of species from the drier side of Panama (18 week dry season) are restricted to the dry region. From this information, I predict that a four-week extension of the dry season could eliminate 25% of the species locally; a nine-week extension in very wet regions could cause 40% extinction. Since drier forests are more deciduous than wetter forests, satellite images that monitor deciduousness might provide a way to assess long-term forest changes caused by changes in drought patterns. I predict that increasing rainfall and shorter dry seasons would not cause major extinction in tropical forest, but that drying trends are a much greater concern. Longer dry seasons may cause considerable local extinction of tree species and rapid forest change, and they will also tend to exacerbate direct human damage, which tends to favor drought-adapted and invasive tree species in favor of moisture-demanding ones.     

Modulation of monthly precipitation patterns over East China by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation

Previous studies suggest that the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) modulates annual and summer precipitation patterns over East China. In this study, the effect of the PDO on monthly precipitation anomalies over this region is investigated. The new results show that the effect is month-dependent. The well-known North–South dipole patterns of annual precipitation are dominated by the July–August precipitation. In other months, the corresponding patterns vary in strength, position, and even shape. For example, the May and June precipitation patterns show opposite signs to the July–August or annual mean patterns, whereas the September–December monthly precipitation anomalies show a triple pattern. Monthly precipitation patterns over East China are largely determined by large-scale moisture transport controlled by atmospheric circulation. The PDO affects East China precipitation patterns by modulating the large-scale circulation pattern.     

The 15‐km version of the Canadian regional forecast system

Abstract

A new mesoscale version of the regional forecast system became operational at the Canadian Meteorological Centre on 18 May 2004. The main changes to the regional modelling system include an increase in both the horizontal and vertical resolutions (15‐km horizontal resolution and 58 vertical levels instead of 24‐km resolution and 28 levels) as well as major upgrades to the physics package. The latter consist of a new condensation package, with an improved formulation of the cloudy boundary layer, a new shallow convection scheme based on a Kuo‐type closure, and the Kain and Fritsch deep convection scheme, together with a subgrid‐scale orography parametrization scheme to represent gravity wave drag and low‐level blocking effects. The new forecast system also includes a few changes to the regional data assimilation such as additional radiance data from satellites.

Objective verifications using a series of cases and parallel runs, along with subjective evaluations by CMC meteorologists, indicate significantly improved performance using the new 15‐km resolution forecast system. We can conclude from these verifications that the model exhibits a marked reduction in errors, improved predictability by about 12 hours, better forecasts of precipitation, a significant reduction in the spin‐up time, and a different implicit‐explicit partitioning of precipitation. A number of other features include: sharper precipitation patterns, better representation of trace precipitation, and general improvements of deepening lows and hurricanes. In mountainous regions, several aspects are better represented due to combined higher‐resolution orography and the low‐level blocking term.     

基于自组织映射神经网络的吉林省春夏期降水统计模拟研究

利用1997—2015年吉林省春夏期(4—7月)逐日气象站地面观测资料,以气温、气压、相对湿度、水汽压、风速为协变量,建立各站点逐日降水量的基于自组织映射神经网络(Self-Organizing Maps,SOM)的统计预测模型;分析吉林省春夏期的主要天气模态,研究逐日降水和天气模态之间的关系,并基于此关系提出逐日降水量的蒙特卡罗模拟方法。结果表明:SOM对天气模态的分型质量较好,邻近天气模态的累积概率分布较相似,距离较远的天气模态累计概率分布差异较大。各天气模态下无降水的概率与日降水量区间宽度的相关系数为-0. 94,显著性水平小于0. 01。基于降水量累积概率分布,20种天气模态被划分成4类,并与降水易发程度和逐日降水量完全对应。在此基础上,对吉林省24个站点逐日降水量进行蒙特卡罗模拟,并进行预测性能分析。平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)和均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RM SE)的中位数分别为3. 12 mm和6. 13 mm,SBrier和Ssig分别为0. 06和0. 51,站点的逐日降水量预测性能整体较好。MAE和RMSE分布呈现东南大西北小,去除降水自然变异差异的影响,所有站点的误差都较小; SBrier和Ssig没有明显的空间分布特征。     

甘肃省秋季飞机人工增雨天气系统分型

为了探讨甘肃秋季人工增雨天气系统的影响特征，利用甘肃省1991-2002年飞机人工增雨作业资料，对秋季飞机人工增雨作业情况进行了统计分析；按照甘肃省秋季天气系统特征，利用探空资料，建立了甘肃省秋季天气系统自动化“判别模型”，得出甘肃秋季降水的高空环流可分为三种类型：平直多波动型、西南气流型和西北气流型，其中降水类型以平直多波动型为主。通过“判别模型”对飞机人工增雨天气系统的分型，结果表明飞机人工增雨作业的主要天气类型为西南气流型和平直多波动型。可为人工增雨作业区域选择和航线设计提供天气气候背景。     

Regional‐scale surface hydrologic simulations from global climate models: A case study

Abstract

Current understanding of the regional nature of global changes in the climato‐logical regime of the earth is limited. General circulation climate models (GCMs) cannot provide consistent and detailed information on the regional patterns of precipitation, soil moisture and runoff that are required by water resource planners. A case study is presented that couples a limited area model, with high spatial resolution and realistic land‐surface parametrization, to a global climate model. Results for July are presented for the continent of Australia.     

Moisture recycling over the Mackenzie basin

Abstract

Moisture recycling over the Mackenzie basin is investigated by estimating the precipitation recycling ratio (the ratio of precipitation derived from local evaporation to the total precipitation within the basin) for the region with the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) reanalysis dataset and the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) precipitation climatology. The results suggest that recycling is very active over the region during the warm season (April – August) and extremely inactive during the cold season. The annual recycling ratio estimated for the basin is about 0.25, which is close to that estimated by others for the Mississippi and Amazon basins despite the lower annual evapotranspiration over the Mackenzie basin.

The high recycling ratios and the recycling patterns estimated for the basin during the warm season are found to be consequences of the unique topographical and climatic settings characterizing the region. Analysis of conditions during the years having anomalous spring and summer precipitation suggests that the large‐scale atmospheric setting could act in concert with the basin's unique topographic and surface characteristics to increase or to decrease precipitation and its recycling over the basin, depending on whether the basin is under the influence of a persistent large‐scale low or a high pressure system. In the former case, much of the recycled precipitation would fall over the north‐western parts of the basin where the runoff ratios are relatively high, and thus enhance the summer discharge from the basin. When the basin is under the influence of a persistent high pressure system, much of the recycled precipitation would fall over the southern part of the basin where the runoff ratios are relatively low, and thus reduce the discharge from the basin. It is suggested that this latter effect might have contributed to the record low summer discharge from the basin during 1995.     

Predictable patterns and predictive skills of monsoon precipitation in Northern Hemisphere summer in NCEP CFSv2 reforecasts

The predictable patterns and predictive skills of monsoon precipitation in the Northern Hemisphere summer (June–July–August) are examined using reforecasts (1983–2010) from the National Center for Environmental Prediction Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSv2). The possible connections of these predictable patterns with global sea surface temperature (SST) are investigated. The empirical orthogonal function analysis with maximized signal-to-noise ratio is used to isolate the predictable patterns of the precipitation for three regional monsoons: the Asian and Indo-Pacific monsoon (AIPM), the Africa monsoon (AFM), and the North America monsoon (NAM). Overall, the CFSv2 well predicts the monsoon precipitation patterns associated with El Niño-South Oscillation (ENSO) due to its good prediction skill for ENSO. For AIPM, two identified predictable patterns are an equatorial dipole pattern characterized by opposite variations between the equatorial western Pacific and eastern Indian Ocean, and a tropical western Pacific pattern characterized by opposite variations over the tropical northwestern Pacific and the Philippines and over the regions to its west, north, and southeast. For NAM, the predictable patterns are a tropical eastern Pacific pattern with opposite variations in the tropical eastern Pacific and in Mexico, the Guyana Plateau and the equatorial Atlantic, and a Central American pattern with opposite variations in the eastern Pacific and the North Atlantic and in the Amazon Plains. The CFSv2 can predict these patterns at least 5 months in advance. However, compared with the good skill in predicting AIPM and NAM precipitation patterns, the CFSv2 exhibits little predictive skill for AFM precipitation, probably because the variability of the tropical Atlantic SST plays a more important than ENSO in the AFM precipitation variation and the prediction skill is lower for the tropical Atlantic SST than the tropical Pacific SST.     

Relations between atmospheric circulation and precipitation in Belgium

The objective Lamb circulation type (CT) classification method, based on the strength, direction and vorticity of the geostrophic flow, is applied to Belgium. Eleven different large-scale synoptic circulation patterns are derived on a daily scale for the period 1962 and 1999. The circulation patterns are subsequently related to precipitation amount and occurrence for six stations characterising different regions in Belgium, namely coastal, flat and hilly areas. Based on precipitation occurrence and intensity, five wet classes are defined, which are responsible for 83% of the total precipitation amount. It is shown that a regression model based on CT as predictors represents precipitation variability better in winter and autumn than in spring and summer. On the monthly scale and in winter, CTs explain 60.3% of the precipitation variability.     

浙江省分钟降水自记纸信息化数据与人工读取数据的对比及适用性分析

为了探讨信息化分钟降水自记纸数据在短历时时段下的适应能力,对比评估了1980-2000年浙江省19个国家基本（准）站信息化后的分钟降水自记纸数据和同期人工读取降水数据。利用滑动求和的方法提取信息化分钟降水不同历时下每年最大降水量,并使用偏差百分率、方差比、偏差概率、相关分析等统计方法,对比分析了信息化后的分钟降水自记数据与人工读取数据的时空特征差异及信息化数据的适用性。研究结果表明：信息化后的分钟降水数据与人工观测数据的结果在整体及单次降水过程中的表现较为一致,数值上整体略偏小,相关系数达到0.99。30min以上历时信息化后分钟数据与人工校核数据非常接近,且稳定性很高。信息化后分钟数据计算结果比人工读取结果更为客观,可以较好地代替人工读取结果的同时,有效地弥补了自动气象站建站之前逐分钟降水资料记录的空缺,为计算暴雨强度公式、设计暴雨雨型等需要长时间序列分钟降水的研究工作奠定了基础。     

我国夏季气温、降水场的时空特征分析

本文用主分量及转动主分量分析方法对我国夏季气温及降水量场(1951—1985年期间)的时空特征进行了研究。从所提取的空间模式中发现气温的解释方差较降水的大,且具有较好的均匀性;从对应的时间分量分析发现气温与降水均具有2—3年的主要变化周期,与东亚大气环流的关系分析中以气温表现较为密切。 对气温和降水场时空特征的稳定性分析表明,无论在持续性、周期性及与东亚大气环流的关系上,进入70年代后均有较明显的变化。比较表明气温场的稳定性较降水为好。 气温场与降水场相互关系分析发现它们有显著的反相关,表现显著的地区为长江中下游、华南及华北等。     

耦合不同陆面方案的WRF模式对2007年7月江淮强降水过程的模拟

利用WRF模式, 分别选用不同陆面参数化方案 (SLAB、 RUC、 NOAH、 UCM) 对2007年7月7～8日的江淮暴雨进行数值模拟试验, 模拟结果的对比分析表明: 虽然主要雨带的基本位置和大致走向受陆面方案的影响并不大, 但是降水强度的分布对陆面物理过程是敏感的, 耦合陆面方案比不耦合陆面方案的模拟效果更接近实况; 不同陆面方案模拟的降水量均较实况偏小, 然而由于考虑的要素和物理过程存在一定差异, 它们对降水的中心落点、 雨量值、 降水日变化、 降水类型以及降水条件的模拟各有所长; 特别值得指出, TRMM资料与4种方案的模拟结果均反映出本次降水日变化过程中夜间的峰值特征, 这是短时降水 (1～3 h) 和持续性降水 (≥6 h) 的综合反映, 而凌晨后的降水则主要由持续性降水造成; 在各种试验的综合比较中, NOAH方案较其他方案的模拟结果显得更稳定与合理, UCM方案针对城市下垫面的模拟有一定优越性。     

东北亚地区初夏、盛夏和传统夏季降水特征及环流型的异同性研究

本文利用1979~2015年GPCP（Global Precipitation Climatology Project）逐月降水资料,采用经验正交函数（EOF）分解和Morlet小波分析方法,对东北亚地区初夏、盛夏和传统夏季降水的时空分布特征以及环流型开展了系统性的研究,揭示了东北亚地区传统夏季降水表现为盛夏降水贡献占主导,其年际和年代际特征以及环流特征同盛夏降水特征相一致,而初夏降水和盛夏降水特征及形成机制则具有显著差异。空间分布上,初夏的降水EOF第一模态表现为“+－+”的三极型分布,而盛夏和传统夏季则表现为南北相反的偶极型特征;时间演变方面,初夏降水表现为5~6 a振荡周期,盛夏为2~3 a为主的振荡周期,传统夏季则兼具上述两类振荡周期;在年代际调整方面,在1990年代末,盛夏降水和传统夏季降水在华北和东北地区发生了显著的年代际转折。此外,分析降水与环流的联系发现:初夏,由于西太平洋上空异常反气旋将西太平洋等地的水汽向北方地区输送,且受欧亚Ⅱ型（EUII）遥相关的作用,东北亚地区初夏降水异常具有明显纬向特征。盛夏,东北亚地区降水主要受到西太平洋副热带高压西伸北进、孟加拉湾和南海等地水汽加强的影响。欧亚Ⅰ型（EUI）遥相关和亚洲太平洋型（EAP）遥相关与我国东北以西和沿海地区的降水具有显著相关性。EU型遥相关的作用使东北亚夏季降水的异常中心存在西北—东南向的波列特征,EAP型遥相关的作用则使夏季降水存在经向三极型或偶极型特征。     

新疆夏季温度和降水的典型空间分布

用奇异值分解法通过对新疆区域28站1961～2005年夏季(6～8月)平均温度和总降水量资料的分析,得到了新疆夏季主要三对温度和降水量空间分布的典型特征场。新疆夏季温度的空间分布与降水的空间分布基本呈反相关,多雨区的温度呈偏低趋势。夏季降水分布有南北反相、全疆一致、内外反相3种类型。前期5月份南、北疆的温度和降水特征一般会一直延续至夏季。     

A New Precipitation Index for the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Drought and Flooding in the Reaches of the Yangtze and Huaihe Rivers and Related Characteristics of Atmospheric Circulation

Characteristics of the spatiotemporal distributions of precipitation anomalies in the reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River (YHR) were studied using EOF method. Four main precipitation pat-terns for the YHR in summer identified by the first two modes: a region-wide flood over the entire YHR (RWF); a region-wide drought over the entire YHR (RWD); a flood in the south with a drought in the northern region of the Yangtze River (FS-DN); and a drought in the south with a flood in the northern region of the Yangtze River (DS-FN). Based on the first two modes and the actual precipitation departure percentage, a new precipitation index is defined in this paper. The typical flood/drought years associated with the various rainfall patterns defined by this precipitation index are more representative and closer to reality compared to some existing precipitation indexes which just use the area-mean precipitation or the EOF time components individually. The characteristics of atmospheric circulation in summer corresponding to the four main precipitation patterns over the YHR in summer show the features of atmospheric circulation differ in different precipitation pattern years. Although the different patterns share a common main influential circulation system, such as the blocking high over northeastern Asia, the low trough of westerly flows in the mid latitudes, the West Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), and the high ridge over the Tibet Plateau, the difference in location and intensity of these systems can lead to different distributions of precipitation anomalies.     

江苏近40a夏季降水异常及其成因分析

利用1961-2000年江苏省60个台站的月降水量资料，研究了江苏夏季(6、7、8月)降水量的异常空间分布特征和时间演变规律，分析了与江苏夏季降水有关的大气环流异常的基本特征及引起江苏降水异常的原因。结果表明：(1)江苏夏季降水异常主要表现出两种最为典型的空间分布。其中，第一类雨型反映了全省降水的一致性变化，表现出整体偏多或偏少的情形；而第二类雨型则反映了降水异常的南北反相分布，对应的降水分布为南多北少或南少北多的形势；(2)两类雨型均存在明显的年际变化，两类雨型均与西太平洋副热带高压的南北异常有密切关系，但二者的大气环流背景场又存在显著的不同；(3)不同区域、不同季节的SSTA与两类降水异常存在一定的相关关系，是造成江苏降水年际异常的可能原因之一。前冬北太平洋SSTA偏暖(冷)通常与江苏夏季降水的整体偏多(少)有关；而前期冬季南印度洋、春季热带印度洋、南海及我国东部沿海地区出现的SSTA大范围的冷(暖)异常，通常对应江苏夏季降水南少(多)北多(少)。     

梅雨锋上短时强降水系统的发展模态

利用2010、2011年5～7月我国东部地区梅雨锋盛行期的58次强降水个例,对产生短时强降水的中尺度对流系统回波演变模态及其系统特征进行了统计分析。本文中短时强降水特指小时降水超过30 mm。结果表明,与梅雨锋相伴的短时强降水系统回波演变模态主要为纬向型、经向型、转向型和合并型四类。纬向型、经向型和70%的转向型发展模态中中尺度对流系统（MCS）呈线状,合并型则主要为卵状。纬向型、转向型和合并型MCS以后向传播为主,但它们的生命史、移速和产生强降水持续时间有很大差别:纬向型生命史最长,强降水持续时间比转向型短;三类发展模态中转向型移速最快,生命史较纬向型短,但强降水持续时间最长;合并型移动最慢,生命史最短,强降水持续时间也最短。经向型MCS前向传播为主,移动最快,系统持续史短,约为纬向型的一半,30 mm h-1、50 mm h-1以上强降水持续时间约为转向型的1/3和1/5。纬向型MCS可向东或向南移动,经向型MCS通常向东或向西运动,合并型MCS可往任意方向移动,并且只有该发展模态中MCS会向北运动。虽然转向型MCS带来的短时强降水（尤其50 mm h-1以上）持续时间最长,经向型和合并型MCS产生短时强降水持续时间短,但四类发展模态中MCS的回波强度和回波高度的统计特征无明显区别。推测强降水持续时间可能与MCS的传播关系更加密切:经向型和合并型MCS前向传播占很大比重,生命史和产生的强降水更短;转向型和纬向型MCS的后向传播比重大,尤其转向型中不存在前向传播,对应短时强降水持续时间最长。     

海温异常对云南5月降水主要模态的影响

利用1961~2016年云南125个气象观测站逐月降水数据,结合同期NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和英国Hadley中心海表温度资料,在揭示云南5月降水主要模态特征的基础上,分析发现北太平洋、赤道中东太平洋和赤道印度洋是影响云南5月降水的三个主要关键海区,由此定义了对应不同关键区的类PDO指数、类ENSO指数、Dsst指数和Esst指数,进一步探究云南5月降水主要模态与海温异常的关系。结果表明:（1）云南5月降水的主要模态为全区一致型和东西差异型,其中东西差异型模态表现出明显不对称特征,东多西少时的东西差异特征比较明显,而东少西多时西部地区降水偏多的范围很小,主要以中东部地区降水偏少为主。（2）北太平洋地区的类PDO和类ENSO海温异常模态是影响云南降水全区一致型变化的主要因子,类PDO主要影响水汽输送变化,而类ENSO主要影响冷空气活动,即当北美沿岸海温偏低、北太平洋中部海温偏高和赤道中东太平洋海温偏低时,有利于云南全区一致型降水偏多,反之则有利于降水偏少。（3）Dsst指数表征的赤道印度洋海温变化是影响云南降水出现东西差异的主要因子,当印度洋海温偏高时,有利于云南降水西多东少,反之则有利于云南降水西少东多,而Esst指数表征的赤道中东太平洋海温变化却会减弱Dsst指数对降水东西差异型的影响,使云南降水更趋向于全区一致型的变化。