冷高压

在北半球,围绕着某个中心作顺时针旋转的大气运动系统,在气象学上叫做反气旋,而把围绕某中心作反时针旋转的运动系统,叫做气旋。而南半球情况正好相反,作顺时针旋转的叫气旋,作反时针旋转的叫反气旋。反气旋是中心气压比四周高的水平涡旋,气旋是中心气压比四周低的水平涡旋。从气压场特征来说,反气旋称高压;气旋称低压。     

多时间尺度环流对台风“天鹅”(1515)突变路径的影响

利用NCL滤波方法将NCEP提供的FNL风场资料分离出天气尺度,准双周振荡(QBWO,Quasi-Biweekly Oscillation)和热带季节内振荡(MJO,Madden-Julian Oscillation)环流场,研究不同时间尺度环流对台风"天鹅"(1515)突变路径的影响。台风路径的特征能够分3个阶段,其中第二阶段台风发生突然转折。第一阶段,天气尺度上台风东侧的反气旋和QBWO环流场中的波列共同引导台风向西偏北方向运动,而MJO环流场中的引导气流作用较小;第二阶段,天气尺度上台风东侧的反气旋和低频环流场中台风附近的气旋共同促进了"天鹅"近90°的突然转向,其中,高、低频分量分别促使台风突然向北、向东转向;第三阶段,天气尺度上的气旋与反气旋、QBWO环流场中的反气旋以及MJO环流场中的脊共同引导"天鹅"向东北方向运动,其中MJO环流场中气旋附近的偏东风促使"天鹅"向西运动,但由于它被天气尺度上强烈的偏西风所抵消,故"天鹅"仍向东运动。     

CWRF对中国近海热带气旋活动季节和年际变化及环境场影响的模拟

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心的ERA-Interim再分析资料驱动CWRF模式对1982-2016年中国近海的热带气旋活动进行了模拟,分析了CWRF对热带气旋频数季节、年际变化和路径的模拟能力,并探讨了环境场模拟对热带气旋模拟的影响。结果表明:CWRF能够合理模拟热带气旋频数的季节和年际变化,但模拟的频数较观测总体偏低,季节变化模拟总体优于年际变化的模拟;模式基本上能模拟出热带气旋路径密度的空间分布,但CWRF明显总体低估了气旋路径密度。进一步分析发现,模式模拟的环境场对模拟结果具有十分重要的影响。850 hPa气旋性与反气旋性环流异常对热带气旋频数影响显著;200 hPa反气旋性环流异常与东亚西风急流对热带气旋路径影响较大;副高会影响洋面对流运动从而影响热带气旋频数,其南侧偏东风则会影响热带气旋路径;垂直风切变偏小,在不同纬度对热带气旋的影响是不同的。     

多时间尺度环流对热带气旋海棠(0505)路径的影响

利用滤波方法将NCEP/NCAR提供的FNL风场资料分离出天气尺度和低频环流场,研究不同时间尺度环流对台风海棠（0505）路径的影响。热带气旋海棠路径的特征可以分两个主要阶段,在第一阶段,海棠西侧的天气尺度反气旋和低频流场副高南侧气流共同引导海棠向西南运动;第二阶段初期,天气尺度环流抑制海棠向北转向,但海棠西侧的QBW气旋和MJO尺度的气流共同引导海棠向北运动。海棠运动后期,海棠与低频气旋的相互作用导致了天气尺度流场中波列的产生和发展,形成了热带气旋的传播分量,令海棠产生了向东北转向的趋势,但是由于MJO环流场中副高的北抬和QBW气旋的引导,最终导致海棠向西运动。     

青藏高原加热对南亚高压影响的数值模拟

利用５层Ｐ－σ坐标系统原始方程模式,以纬 向平均环流为初始场,模拟了高原加热后,大气环流演变的一些基本特征,其主要特征如对流层高层出现了闭合的反气旋环流、低层高度场和温度场均不所降低等,与实际天气极其相似。说明青藏高原的加热对高原上熔反气旋环流（南亚高压）和低层气旋环流以及东亚大槽等的形式和维持具有重要作用,对降水场的模拟也与客观分析结果一致。     

青藏高原加热对南亚高压影响的数值模拟

利用5层P-σ坐标系统原始方程模式,以纬向平均环流为初始场,模拟了高原加热后,大气环流演变的一些基本特征.其主要特征如对流层高层出现了闭合的反气旋环流、低层高度场和温度场均有所降低等,与实际天气极其相似.说明青藏高原的加热对高原上空反气旋环流(南亚高压)和低层气旋环流以及东亚大槽等的形成和维持具有重要作用,对降水场的模拟也与客观分析结果一致.     

大气中尺度涡旋的三维螺旋结构理论

文中应用描写大气运动的方程组求得了中尺度涡旋的三维定常流场以及相应的压力场和温度场 ,其中的三维流场构成了物理空间的一个非线性自治动力系统。理论分析和计算表明 :若中尺度涡旋的下层流体呈气旋 (反气旋 ) ,且伴有水平辐合 (散 )的螺旋转动 ,则通过上升(下沉 )运动 ,其上层流体呈反气旋 (气旋 )且伴有水平辐散 (合 )的螺旋转动 ,从而形成中尺度涡旋的三维螺旋结构。这些都与实际大气中的中尺度涡旋结构相似。它充分说明 :在旋转有粘性的大气中 ,为了保证质量守恒 ,必须有这种螺旋结构。     

爆发性气旋的合成诊断及形成机制研究

该文对发生在太平洋和大西洋的16个爆发性气旋作了合成分折, 对强弱爆发性气旋作了对比及诊断.研究发现, 基本场上存在不少明显的差异.分析得出, 强爆发性气旋的形成与高空急流的非纬向性以及反气旋性弯曲密切相关.非纬向高空急流为爆发性气旋提供了强的辐散、斜压性、斜压不稳定场.高层强爆发性气旋前部的反气旋曲率易造成重力惯性波在能量北传时发展, 促使气旋快速加深.暖平流及非绝热加热可使反气旋曲率加强.一般情况下, 当气旋西部位涡的大值区与北部位涡的大值区叠加下沉时, 有利于气旋爆发性发展.     

一次弓状回波、强对流风暴及合并过程研究Ⅱ：双多普勒雷达反演三维风场分析

利用济南和滨州两部新一代多普勒雷达反演的三维风场,分析了发展成熟和减弱阶段的弓状回波、强对流风暴的三维风场结构,以及两者合并过程的风场变化特征。结果表明：（1）弓状回波的头部和尾部分别对应气旋性和反气旋性环流,气旋性环流较强。在逗点云系阶段,回波强度、主上升气流,以及气旋和反气旋性环流开始减弱。（2）强对流风暴靠近处于...     

东亚夏季PJ遥相关型的年际及年代际变化机理

利用夏季东亚地区500 h Pa高度场和菲律宾附近的降水场进行SVD分析,将东亚500 h Pa高度场对应的时间序列定义为PJ指数,该指数不仅清楚地反映PJ型的年际变化,而且反应出PJ型的年代际变化,即500 h Pa高度场型态在20世纪70年代末由"气旋、反气旋、气旋"型突变为"反气旋、气旋、反气旋"型。本文研究表明PJ指数的年际变化与ENSO事件有密切的联系:El Ni1o事件通过电容器充电效应使印度洋海温增暖,而增暖的印度洋海温在菲律宾海附近强迫出异常反气旋,并沿东亚沿岸激发出PJ遥相关型。而PJ型态的年代际变化与热带印度洋SST的持续增暖有关。虽然许多学者认为是菲律宾附近海温异常引起对流异常,并沿东亚沿岸激发出PJ遥相关型,但我们认为该区域的海温变化并不是造成PJ型年际和年代际变化的原因,而是由于该区域有反气旋(或者气旋)异常,从而辐射增加(减少),蒸发减弱(增加),温跃层下降(上升),SST变暖(变冷),该区域的海温变暖意味着对流是减弱的。本文进一步利用大气环流模式ECHAM5.4进行数值试验,结果表明:当热带印度洋增暖时,在菲律宾海附近强迫出反气旋,并沿东亚激发出"反气旋、气旋、反气旋"PJ遥相关型。     

Extra-tropical cyclonic/anticyclonic activity in North-Eastern Pacific and air temperature extremes in Western North America

Synoptic extra-tropical cyclone and anticyclone trajectories have been constructed from mean daily sea level pressure (SLP) data using a new automated scheme. Frequency, intensity and trajectory characteristics of these transients have been summarized to form indices describing wintertime cyclonic and anticyclonic activity over the North-Eastern Pacific (east of 170°W) during 1950–2001. During this period, the strength of anticyclones gradually diminished and their frequency became more variable, while cyclones intensified in a discrete shift with deeper lows and further southerly trajectories occurring since the mid-1970s. These changes in synoptic transients translate into anomalously low seasonal mean SLP in the Aleutian Low, a low-level circulation anomaly consistent with the positive phase of the North Pacific Decadal Oscillation, with positive sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies along the west coast of North America and negative in the central North Pacific Ocean. A link between cyclonic/anticyclonic activity and tropical SST anomalies also exists, but this link only becomes significant after the mid-1970s, a period that coincides with more southerly cyclone trajectories. Southward excursions of mid-latitude cyclones during El Niño/positive NPO winters accomplish the northward advection of tropical air and discourage the southward penetration of polar air masses associated with transient anticyclones. Naturally, these changes in cyclonic/anticyclonic activity directly impact surface air temperatures, especially at night. We document these profound impacts on observed wintertime minimum temperatures over Western North America.     

North Pacific cyclonic and anticyclonic transients in a global warming context: possible consequences for Western North American daily precipitation and temperature extremes

Trajectories of surface cyclones and anticyclones were constructed using an automated scheme by tracking local minima and maxima of mean daily sea level pressure data in the NCEP-NCAR reanalysis and the Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques coupled global climate Model (CNRM-CM3) SRES A2 integration. Mid-latitude lows and highs traveling in the North Pacific were tracked and daily frequencies were gridded. Transient activity in the CNRM-CM3 historical simulation (1950–1999) was validated against reanalysis. The GCM correctly reproduces winter trajectories as well as mean geographical distributions of cyclones and anticyclones over the North Pacific in spite of a general under-estimation of cyclones’ frequency. On inter-annual time scales, frequencies of cyclones and anticyclones vary in accordance with the Aleutian Low (AL) strength. When the AL is stronger (weaker), cyclones are more (less) numerous over the central and eastern North Pacific, while anticyclones are significantly less (more) numerous over this region. The action of transient cyclones and anticyclones over the central and eastern North Pacific determines seasonal climate over the West Coast of North America, and specifically, winter weather over California. Relationships between winter cyclone/anticyclone behavior and daily precipitation/cold temperature extremes over Western North America (the West) were examined and yielded two simple indices summarizing North Pacific transient activity relevant to regional climates. These indices are strongly related to the observed inter-annual variability of daily precipitation and cold temperature extremes over the West as well as to large scale seasonally averaged near surface climate conditions (e.g., air temperature at 2 m and wind at 10 m). In fact, they represent the synoptic links that accomplish the teleconnections. Comparison of patterns derived from NCEP-NCAR and CNRM-CM3 revealed that the model reproduces links between cyclone/anticyclone frequencies over the Northeastern Pacific and extra-tropical climate conditions but is deficient in relation to tropical climate variability. The connections between these synoptic indices and Western weather are well reproduced by the model. Under advanced global warming conditions, that is, the last half of the century, the model predicts a significant reduction of cyclonic transients throughout the mid-latitude North Pacific with the exception of the far northern and northeastern domains. Anticyclonic transients respond somewhat more regionally but consistently to strong greenhouse forcing, with notably fewer anticyclones over the Okhotsk/Kamchatka sector and generally more anticyclones in the Northeastern Pacific. These modifications of synoptic weather result in regional feedbacks, that is, regional synoptic alterations of the anthropogenic warming signal around the North Pacific. In the eastern Pacific, for example, synoptic feedbacks, having to do especially with the northward shift of the eastern Pacific storm-track (responding, in turn, to a weaker equator-to-pole temperature gradient), are favorable to more anticyclonic conditions off the American mid-latitude west coast and more cyclonic conditions at higher latitudes. These circulation feedbacks further reduce the equator-to-pole temperature gradient by favoring high-latitude mean winter warming especially over a broad wedge of the Arctic north of the Bering Sea and moderating the warming along the mid-latitude west coast of north America while also reducing precipitation frequencies from California to Northern Mexico.     

鄂西南地区地面中-β尺度环流系统与暴雨

分析长江三峡—湖北西南部地区五年夏季的暴雨过程，发现80%的过程中都有中-β尺度的气旋（平均直径97km）和反气旋（平均直径114km）环流系统活动，它们各有其集中出现的区域，基本不相混杂。这些区域和该地区夏季地面平均流场图上的中-β尺度气旋及反气旋中心位置一致。在平均雨量及暴雨月数分布上也有反映。其中，气旋环流中心对暴雨的作用可能主要是触发机制。从它们经常出现的区域及位置集中的事实；并配合地形图来看，表明地形对它们的生成有决定性影响。     

青藏高原绕流和爬流的气候学特征

本文利用1951～2008 年NCEP/NCAR 再分析资料, 通过绕流和爬流方程, 将高原附近表层风场分解为绕流分量和爬流分量两部分, 计算出了实际大气中的绕流和爬流运动的强度, 分别探讨它们的气候态特征。结果表明:高原主体年平均绕流场围绕高原地形并在高原西南部(32°N, 75°E)附近产生分支, 分支点下游的高原主体南部和北部分别表现为气旋性和反气旋性流型;年平均的爬流分量场沿喜马拉雅山脉辐散, 高原主体为偏南上坡风, 东北部为偏北上坡风。夏季绕流场为气旋式流型, 中心位于高原中部(35°N, 90°E)附近;秋季绕流场围绕高原地形边缘基本为一个反气旋流型。夏季, 高原主体偏南风爬流与偏北风爬流在高原南北中线附近辐合, 除夏季外, 沿高原南侧喜马拉雅山脉为爬流辐散区。高原主体和高原附近的关键区内, 绕流和爬流存在不同的季节循环特征。从绕流和爬流分解公式出发, 本文详细探讨了表面流场的绕流和爬流运动各分量对地形高度及地形梯度的依赖性:经向绕流与纬向绕流比值、经向爬流与纬向爬流分量比值为仅依赖于地形高度的定常值。年平均的绕流及爬流矢量强度随着所处地形高度的升高而逐步增强;从区域分布的角度而言, 高原附近绕流强于爬流的区域范围较广, 绕流占主导地位。地形纯动力强迫产生的爬流运动与观测资料中高原附近的垂直运动具有很高的位置对应关系, 但冬季和夏季均存在强度上的差异。     

Characteristics of Arctic synoptic activity, 1952–1989

Summary Synoptic activity for the Arctic is examined for the period 1952–1989 using the National Meteorological Center sea level pressure data set. Winter cyclone activity is most common near Iceland, between Svalbard and Scandinavia, the Norwegian and Kara seas, Baffin Bay and the eastern Canadian Arctic Archipelago; the strongest systems are found in the Iceland and Norwegian seas. Mean cyclone tracks, prepared for 1975–1989, confirm that winter cyclones most frequently enter the Arctic from the Norwegian and Barents seas. Winter anticyclones are most frequent and strongest over Siberia and Alaska/Yukon, with additional frequency maxima of weaker systems found over the central Arctic Ocean and Greenland.During summer, cyclonic activity remains common in the same regions as observed for winter, but increases over Siberia, the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and the Central Aretic, related to cyclogenesis over northern parts of Eurasia and North America. Eurasian cyclones tend to enter the Aretic Ocean from the Laptev Sea eastward to the Chukchi Sea, augmenting the influx of systems from the Norwegian and Barents seas. The Siberian and Alaska/Yukon anticyclone centers disappear, with anticyclone maxima forming over the Kara, Laptev, East Siberian and Beaufort seas, and southeastward across Canada. Summer cyclones and anticyclones exhibit little regional variability in mean central pressure, and are typically 5–10 mb weaker than their winter counterparts.North of 65°N, cyclone and anticyclone activity peaks curing summer, and is at a minimum during winter. Trends in cyclone and anticyclone activity north of 65°N are examined through least squares regression. Since 1952, significant positive trends are found for cyclone numbers during winter, spring and summer, and for anticyclone numbers during spring, summer and autumn.With 11 Figures     

Characteristics of cyclones and anticyclones over Siberia in the late 20th and early 21st century

The characteristics of cyclones and anticyclones (number, pressure in the center, and duration) over the territory of Siberia (50°-70° N, 60°-110° E) in 1976-2011 obtained using surface weather charts are investigated. The relationship between the variability of these characteristics and the variability of surface air temperature is revealed.     

INFLUENCE OF THE VERTICAL SHEAR OF ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS ON TYPHOON MOTION

Typhoon is regarded as a convergent,modified Rankine vortex.Based on the vorticity equations written attwo levels,higher and lower in the troposphere,typhoon motions are discussed in this study.The analyticalexpressions of vortex motion direction and speed have been derived for simple homogeneous basic flows at twolevels.The expressions indicate that in the easterties,vertical wind shear enhances the steering of east flow,causing the vortex moving westward faster,otherwise,in the westerlies,it reduces the steering of the west flow,causing the vortex moving eastward slower.These results explain theoretically that“cyclones in the easterliesmove to the right of,and faster than the basic flow;conversely,cyclones in the westerlies move to the left of,andslower than the basic flow.”     

黄海典型气旋与反气旋式海洋涡旋特征及影响机制模拟研究

为探讨黄海海洋涡旋的三维结构特征、能量输送与转换及影响机制,对黄海海域典型台风海洋气旋与近海海湾反气旋式涡旋个例进行数值模拟和时空诊断分析。采用FVCOM(Finite Volume Community Ocean Model)区域海洋数值模式精细化描述台风海洋涡旋与近海海洋中小尺度涡旋系统。对涡旋能量传输特征模拟显示,气旋式和反气旋式海洋涡旋中,非对称强流区动能能量下传比涡旋中心部位的强度更强,维持时间更长,下传深度更深。反气旋式海洋涡旋因Ekman流动形成的向中心辐合作用,造成此类差异更显著。气旋涡的动能主要来源于台风的近海面风应力动能和海洋涡旋有效位能的转换,反气旋涡旋区域风动力偏弱,其动能强度维持在低位,其涡旋增强伴随着有效位能的增加。环境因子影响机制从风浪,底摩擦和地形三方面讨论。结果显示:耦合波浪模块后,台风强风应力和风浪的综合作用扩大台风海洋涡旋尺度,并增强涡旋环流强度,同时对相邻的反气旋涡有压缩和减弱作用。风浪效应对台风海洋涡旋有正贡献。强台风过程表层环流响应台风应力而浅水地形和底摩擦强烈影响涡旋下层,造成台风海洋涡旋结构在垂直方向上偏移,并影响到下层环流速度减小,流向与表层相反。在海洋气旋涡和反气旋涡的显著辐散区,其混合层下方有温盐要素的涌升对应,辐合区有温盐要素的下沉对应;同时海底地形的升降也造成温盐强迫上升与下降,其强度与地形起伏尺度成正比,较环流系统作用更强。     

基于CISK理论对环境流场影响台风发生发展的分析

本文用一基于第二类条件性不稳定机制(CISK)的简单数值模式研究了由于非热成风的存在和环境风场垂直切变的水平变化对台风低压发生发展的影响。结果表明,环境风场的涡度分布在对流层低层为气旋性涡度随高度增加,而在对流层高层为反气旋性涡度随高度增加时有利于台风低压的发生发展;非热成风存在且与热成风符号相反时有利于台风低压的发生发展。      

The numerical simulation of storm surges along the Bangladesh coast

Using a set of basic hydrodynamic equations governing the motion in a sea, a vertically-integrated coastal zone numerical model has been developed for the simulation of storm surges generated by the tropical stroms striking the Bangladesh coast. The model is fully nonlinear and uses a conditionally stable semi-explicit finite difference scheme for solving the relevant equations. In this model the analysis area extends from 87°E to 93°E along the south coast of Bangladesh and there are three open-sea boundaries situated along 87°E, 93°E and 19°N. With this analysis area it is possible to record, on average, 24 h of the surge generating capacity of most of the severe cyclones before landfall at the Bangladesh coast.Numerical experiments are performed with the help of this model to simulate the surges generated by several severe cyclonic storms which struck the Bangladesh coast durin the past 25 y. To compare the model predicted surges with the observed sea-surface elevations, three cyclonic storms have been chosen for which reliable observations regarding storm characteristics and the associated surges were available. The predicted peak sea-surface elevations compare well with the observed values at Chittagong port.