三种温湿参数下昆明准静止锋锋面位置及锋生函数诊断的对比分析

针对2008年1~2月昆明准静止锋天气过程,讨论了位温、相当位温和广义位温三个温湿参数及其对应的锋生函数,对比分析结果表明:（1）广义位温因其湿度因子权重过大,不适用于分析以温度梯度定义的昆明准静止锋锋面位置和强度;（2）理想状态下的干大气位温和饱和大气相当位温仅与气压和温度有关,均能较好地反映大气温度场特征,适用于昆明准静止锋的分析,比较而言相当位温对温度锋区的描述更为显著;（3）用位温或相当位温计算锋生函数所得结果直接表达了因温度场变化导致的锋面生消状况,而用广义位温计算锋生函数所得结果同时包含温度锋生（消）和湿度锋生（消）两种情况,不能简洁地判断昆明准静止锋锋面生消状况。     

2011年1月湖南罕见持续性暴雪天气成因分析

应用常规观测资料和NCEP再分析资料,对2011年1月湖南发生的罕见大范围持续性暴雪天气过程进行了详细分析。结果表明：乌拉尔山阻塞高压和孟加拉湾南支槽稳定维持,“南低北高”环流形势有利于冷暖气流在长江中下游地区一带汇合,是持续性暴雪发生的大尺度环流背景;700hPa西南急流的建立和加强为暴雪区带来源源不断的水汽供应和不稳定能量,持续而强盛的水汽输送和水汽辐合对暴雪维持和加强至关重要;青藏高原有两次明显的正涡度向东传播至我国东部地区,正涡度东传有利于垂直上升运动维持和加强;暴雪期间湖南上空维持较强的锋生区,准静止锋稳定少动,锋区强度逐渐增强,其最强阶段与暴雪最强阶段一致,而高空急流和锋面的耦合加强了湖南区域的上升运动,是暴雪天气持续的主要原因;锋前干冷空气在对流层中层形成的干层加强了暴雪过程的对流性不稳定,而锋后干冷空气作为“冷垫”锲入暖湿气流下方,促进锋生和暖湿空气的抬升和凝结,是不稳定能量释放的触发机制。     

新书架

<正>《昆明准静止锋》段旭等著该书介绍了昆明准静止锋的命名和形成,研究了昆明准静止锋结构、锋面位置客观判定和锋面位置与云贵高原地形的关系;统计了锋面频次、位置、强度分布特征,以及冬春季锋面频次异常年海、气特征,统计分析了寒潮、暴雨、大雾和强对流天气与昆明准静止锋的关系。利用锋生函数诊断了昆明准静止锋生消和进退成因。数值模拟了昆明准静止锋进退与地形和冷暖气团之间的关系,并对昆明准静止锋影响     

利用锋生函数对2008年年初昆明准静止锋生消过程的诊断分析

利用ERA-Interim 0.125°×0.125°高分辨率逐6小时再分析数据,选取昆明准静止锋2008年1~2月长时间维持过程诊断分析了锋生函数及其各分项在锋面生消过程中的作用与贡献,并结合2016年1月20~27日锋面增强西进过程和1979年1月14~20日锋面减弱东退过程进行了比较分析。结果表明:（1）非绝热加热项对锋面生消作用较小,但存在显著的日变化。在辐射作用下,非绝热加热项日间表现为锋消,夜间为锋生。（2）西移冷气团在被高原大地形抬升过程中存在局地地形迫使冷气团下沉的情况,并导致垂直运动倾斜项表现为锋生。由于地形固定不变,局地锋生形成次级锋生带。次级锋生带与昆明准静止锋的形成、维持和东西摆动有密切的联系。（3）辐合辐散项和水平形变项是锋生函数变化的主要贡献项,其中水平形变项中的切变变形作用以锋生为主,而伸缩变形项在纬向产生锋生,在经向产生锋消。     

一次滇黔准静止锋大暴雨天气过程的物理量场特征分析

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日4次再分析网格点资料,对2006-06-05滇黔准静止锋大暴雨天气过程中主要影响系统、各种物理量场特征进行诊断分析,结果表明:500hPa小波动移出、地面静止锋锋生是此次暴雨过程的触发机制;静止锋系统较浅薄,产生的对流性运动仅达700hPa高度;强降雨带位于静止锋锋区附近;锋生函数对大降水的落区及降水时段具有很好的指示意义。     

滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的锋生机制分析

利用卫星云图、常规地面观测资料和逐6 h的1°×1°NCEP再分析资料,对2003-2006年春季滇黔准静止锋背景下,出现的5次贵州暴雨天气过程进行了诊断分析和总结。结果表明:在准静止锋背景下,贵州春季暴雨是由高低空急流、高空槽、冷空气与准静止锋的共同作用产生的。低空急流将大量的水汽从孟加拉湾和北部湾输送到贵州,不断积累对流有效位能;高空急流的加速增强了"高层辐散、低层辐合"的大尺度上升运动,并通过急流下侧的正环流圈带动冷空气南下,使得准静止锋活跃锋生,是暴雨天气过程的触发机制。锋生现象分析表明,高空急流加速导致对流层中高层极锋锋区内锋生和对流层中层正环流圈的形成,加强了准静止锋附近的水平变形和垂直运动,进而促使锋生加强。水平变形和垂直运动对暴雨的产生也有直接影响:水平变形项范围越大则降雨强度越强,与垂直运动相关的倾斜项移动与在准静止锋附近生成的强对流云团的移动方向一致。准静止锋与贵州春季的暴雨过程关系密切,暴雨落区集中分布在准静止锋南侧1个纬距带内。高空急流加速度、冷锋附近的水汽辐合强度以及对流有效位能的高能舌区范围对暴雨范围和强度有指示作用。基于以上锋生机制,提炼了滇黔准静止锋诱发贵州春季暴雨的物理模型。     

2008年冬季准静止锋与1998年夏季梅雨锋的异同

通过对比2008年1月出现在华南的冬季准静止锋和1998年6-7月出现在江淮流域的夏季梅雨锋得出如下结论:(1)2008年冬季静止锋和1998年夏季梅雨锋的阻塞形势和暖湿气流来源基本一致.(2)锋生作用均在低层较为明显,但锋生结构不同.2008年冬季静止锋锋生较强,坡度较小,高度到达对流层中上层;1998年夏季梅雨锋锋生较弱,锋区主要集中在800 hPa以下.2008年降水主要发生在静止锋北侧,1998年夏季降水则主要发生在锋区附近.(3)影响锋生的要素不同.2008年静止锋锋生为温度、湿度、风场的共同作用;而1998年静止锋锋生主要为湿度和风场的影响,温度场几乎没有对其产生影响.(4)降水机制不同,2008年1月的冰雪天气为静止锋锋面抬升和高低空急流的耦合抬升共同作用所致,而1998年夏季的梅雨是由低层不稳定的触发、高低空急流的耦合抬升共同作用造成的.     

孟加拉湾风暴费林(1302)对藏南一次暴雪过程的影响分析

利用中国气象局地面加密观测资料、日本气象厅卫星TBB资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1° FNL资料,对2013年10月发生在西藏南部（简称藏南）的一次暴雪天气过程进行分析,结果表明：(1)孟加拉湾风暴费林北上残余云系的影响是这次暴雪天气产生的重要原因。(2)不同于风暴与高原南侧南支槽结合产生影响的典型环流形势,“费林”与其东侧高压环流形成的偏南低空急流是其北上影响藏南的有利大气环流背景。(3)“费林”不仅通过偏南低空急流向藏南输送不稳定能量,而且通过自身强烈的抬升运动,为暴雪提供有利的动力和热力条件。(4)风暴与青藏高原西侧冷空气交汇产生的锋生以及青藏高原地形的强迫抬升,也加强了暴雪的动力条件。(5)这次暴雪过程的不稳定能量主要源于风暴的平流输送,藏南高海拔、干冷下垫面和低0℃层高度是暴雪持续发生的一个有利因素。     

2018年10月乌鲁木齐暴雪过程锋面分析

利用地面常规观测、NCEP/NCAR0.25°×0.25°再分析及风廓线雷达等资料，诊断分析了2018年10月17—18日乌鲁木齐极端暴雪天气过程的锋面特征。结果表明：在欧洲高压脊衰退，中亚长波槽分段东移的背景下，天山北坡强烈锋生并持续近30小时，此次锋生是热力和动力共同作用的，天山附近锋面呈带状准垂直分布，动力锋生激发的次级环流使垂直运动维持发展，为大暴雪提供动力条件； 400～600 hPa西南和地面～850 hpa西北路径输送的水汽，在600～800 hPa强烈辐合，为乌鲁木齐暴雪提供充沛水汽。风廓线雷达监测资料水平风向风速的垂直变化、Cn2能够反映锋生和水汽的演变特征，也从观测事实上证实了锋面对动力抬升及水汽辐合的重要作用。     

一股高原南下弱冷空气触发准静止锋对流过程分析

利用卫星和自动站等非常规观测资料,通过对指示性特征云系追踪分析,进行弱冷空气活动的中、远距离检测,用地面中尺度变压场的演变特征对弱冷空气进行近距离检测,构成了弱冷空气活动的无缝检测,分析2011年6月7日一股弱冷空气从青藏高原南下入侵广西致使锋生加强和对流发生发展过程。研究表明:（1） 青藏高原小槽后的弱冷空气移过高原后,经云贵高原南下入侵广西,使广西境内原处于锋消减弱的准静止锋锋生加强,触发锋面对流而产生强降雨;（2） 暖湿空气在准静止锋前堆积形成中尺度负变压区,弱冷空气入侵后准静止锋锋生加强南移,锋面抬升中尺度负变压区中的暖湿空气触发对流运动,是一种锋面抬升触发对流机制;（3） 弱冷空气无缝检测方法具有提前时效、以及中尺度负变压区形成超前于对流发生约3 h是这次强降雨过程的一个明显特征。      

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.