奥运期间天津极端天气气候事件背景分析

利用1951～2006年天津7月下旬至9月上旬的日最高气温、降水量、最大风速和8月扬沙、雾、雷暴和冰雹的观测资料,统计了对足球比赛影响较大的高温、暴雨、大风、雾和雷暴等极端天气气候事件发生的概率及分布特点,以期为2008年北京奥运会天津分赛场的足球小组赛提供气候背景服务信息。结果表明:在奥运会期间,天津易出现高温、暴雨、雷暴和雾等不利天气;而大风、扬沙、冰雹的概率相对较小。相对而言,8月中旬至9月上旬,这些不利的极端天气气候事件发生的概率小,对各项赛事的开展较为有利。     

2008年北京奥运会沈阳极端天气事件气候背景分析

利用1951～2005年沈阳7月下旬至9月上旬的日最高气温、降水量、风和天气现象等观测资料,分别以旬为单位统计了高温、暴雨、大风、大雾和雷暴等对体育竞赛影响较大的极端天气气候事件发生的概率及分布特点,以期为2008年北京奥运会足球沈阳分赛场的足球小组赛提供气候背景服务信息。结果表明:7月下旬至9月上旬,沈阳易出现高温、暴雨、大风和雷暴等不利天气,对举办足球比赛等赛事将会产生不利影响;相对而言,8月中旬至9月上旬期间,这些不利天气发生的概率较小,对举办足球比赛等赛事较为有利。     

1951~2008年北京极端天气事件分析

应用1951~2008北京国家气候观象台的气温、降水、雷暴、雾、沙尘、大风、霜冻、相对湿度等逐日观测资料以及逐时降水资料, 分析了北京极端天气事件的变化趋势。结果表明：（1）年平均气温、极端最低气温分别以0.39 ℃·(10 a) -1、1.0 ℃·(10 a) -1的趋势升高;轻雾天气增加趋势比较明显[12.4 d·(10 a)-1];日最大降水量以-10.8 mm·(10 a)-1的速率呈渐弱趋势;降水日数、相对湿度、大风和雷暴天气均有不同程〖JP2〗度的减少,变化趋势分别为-1.90 d·(10 a)-1、-1.17% (10 a)-1、-2.64 d·(10 a)-1和-1.24 d·(10 a)-1;沙尘天气减少较明显[-9.39 d·(10 a)-1];极端最高气温、小时雨强最大值、暴雨天气日数、霜冻、大雾、高温天气日数波动幅度较大,总体变化趋势不明显。（2）暴雨、高温、极端最高温度和沙尘事件不存在明显的周期性变化;大风、大雾事件周期性特征在不同时段表现不同。雷暴、霜冻、极端最低温度、日最大降水量事件分别有6年、7年、16年、12年左右的周期性变化。轻雾除存在12年左右的主周期外,不同时段具有不同尺度次周期。（3）城市的扩展对记录到的变暖趋势有重要的贡献。各种极端天气事件与特定的天气系统相联系,受城市发展影响可能较小。     

北京奥运会期间的气象条件分析

利用北京1951—2003年气象要素的时值、日值和旬值等资料,对北京7—9月尤其是奥运会比赛期间的气温、降水、湿度、风和人体舒适度指数等要素的平均状况、演变特征和极值等变化特征进行了统计分析。结果表明:北京奥运会期间的气温较适宜,对赛事有重要影响的高温天气出现概率较小;8月8—24日,平均2~3 d出现1次降水;风速具有明显日变化,01:00—07:00(北京时)较小,12:00—18:00较大;沙尘、冰雹、雾和暴雨等不利天气较少发生。     

近50年来乌兰乌苏多种天气事件变化特征研究

利用乌兰乌苏镇1964～2012年的气象资料,选取逐年平均气温、极端最高气温、极端最低气温、大风、雷暴、沙尘暴、沙尘天气及大雾、轻雾天气出现的天数作为分析对象,运用3年移动平均法、回归分析法、非参数检验方法的Mann-Kendall趋势检验和突变检验法以及小波分析法,进行了多种天气事件的年纪变化趋势分析.结果表明：（1）大雾天气的发生日数呈增加趋势,沙尘天气、沙尘暴天气、轻雾天气、大风天气和雷暴天气的发生日数都呈减少趋势,其中大风天气发生日数减少趋势最为明显.（2）平均气温、年极端最高气温、年极端最低气温、大雾天气、轻雾天气、沙尘暴天气、雷暴天气和沙尘天气在研究时段都出现了突变,且平均气温、轻雾天气、沙尘天气和雷暴天气在突变之后不久都达到了极显著的上升或者下降变化趋势.（3）平均气温、年极端最低气温、年极端最高气温、大雾天气、雷暴天气和大风天气有明显的周期性,但是不同的气象要素周期性长短是不同的,沙尘、沙尘暴和轻雾天气则没有明显的周期性.     

1981—2013年四川省视程障碍类天气现象分析

利用四川省1981—2013年雾、轻雾、吹雪、雪暴、烟幕、霾、沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘9种视程障碍天气现象资料,对其发生日数、发生概率和分布特征进行统计。结果表明:(1)各天气现象发生日数排序为:轻雾>雾>浮尘>霾>烟幕>扬沙>沙尘暴>吹雪>雪暴。(2)轻雾和雾年发生日数为分别为176d/a和29d/a,日发生概率分别为48%和8%,远高出其他天气现象。(3)季节变化方面,雾和轻雾主要出现在秋季和冬季;霾、吹雪和雪暴集中出现在冬季;浮尘发生春季;扬沙多发生在冬季和春季;而沙尘暴、烟幕主要发生在春季和秋季。(4)变化趋势上轻雾基本保持平稳;烟幕呈增加趋势;而雾、霾、沙尘暴、扬沙和浮尘呈下降趋势。(5)大气层结稳定、水汽充足、风速较小、人口集中和排放量较大,易于盆地雾、轻雾、霾和烟幕的形成;不合理利用水和土地资源,北方地区沙尘天气随冷空气南下,是沙尘天气发生的重要原因;而吹雪和雪暴均发生在冬季降雪量大且风速较大的川西高原。     

合肥市主要灾害性天气特征分析

利用1953—2008年合肥国家基本气象站地面观测资料,分析了合肥城市暴雨、大雾、雷电、冰雪冻害、大风、高温6类主要城市灾害性天气的统计特征,并利用线性倾向估计法对其进行了趋势分析。结果表明：合肥市大雾天气呈增加趋势,20世纪90年代以后增加更为明显;暴雨发生日数基本维持不变,2000年以后大暴雨发生概率增大;大风、雷电、高温的年发生日数呈现减少趋势;降雪日数减少,年极端最低气温49.1％出现在雪后第1 d或第2 d。     

近39年海南岛极端天气事件频率变化

利用1966--2004年海南岛大风、暴雨、雷暴、冰雹、高温、低温、霜冻、雾等极端天气事件的年发生日数资料，采用最小二乘法、Mann—KendaⅡ法及Modet小波等方法诊断分析其变化特征。结果指出：大风、雷暴和雾日呈显著减少趋势，并分别于1992年、1984／1985年、1983／1984年之交发生突变；高温、暴雨趋频及低温、冰雹、霜冻频数总体趋少变化不显著，其中，冰雹、霜冻基本处于少变的稳定态势。高温、雷暴存在阶段性中高频周期，其他极端天气则存在长期和阶段性中低频周期；冰雹日数的变化周期趋于变短，其余极端天气则有周期变长趋势。初步说明海南极端天气事件频率变化与气候变暖有一定的内在关系。     

基于观测事实的四川天气现象发生空间分布特征

利用四川省145个气象台站1981～2013年连续人工观测资料,对34种天气现象发生日数和概率进行统计。结果表明:除极光外,四川省共观测到33种天气现象,露和轻雾日平均发生频率大于40%;雨和阵雨日平均发生频率大于20%;结冰、霜和雷暴日平均发生频率大于10%。露、霜、结冰、雷暴、闪电、大风、积雪、雨、阵雨、雨夹雪、雪11种天气全省各站均有发生,而雨凇、雪暴、吹雪、龙卷仅在个别站点发生。液态降水、雾、轻雾、霾、浮尘、烟幕、露均是盆地内多于高原,而混合降水、固态降水、扬沙、沙尘暴、吹雪、雪暴、雷暴、霜、大风、结冰、积雪、冰针、龙卷、尘卷风则是川西高原多于盆地。      

近50a来巴楚县沙尘天气的变化趋势及原因分析

利用巴楚国家基本气象站1961-2010年的大风及沙尘天气日数资料,采用线性变化趋势方法,分析巴楚县大风、沙尘天气的时空分布特征,沙尘天气的变化特点及趋势,并初步探讨沙尘天气日数变化的气候原因。分析结果表明, 该地区出现的沙尘天气主要以浮尘为主,扬沙次之,大风和沙尘暴最少。沙尘的出现时间具有明显的季节性和年际变化,每年的3-10月是沙尘天气的多发时段;近50a来大风和沙尘天气日数明显减少。沙尘天气与当地大风和降水量有密切关系,偏西北大风能引起沙尘天气发生的概率性最大;降水量与沙尘暴发生日数之间的关系也呈现出负相关,降水偏多的年份,沙尘天气就偏少。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

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AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.