热带气旋对中国沿海风电开发的影响

利用1961-2006年热带气旋(TC)资料,选取进入距海岸3个纬距左右警戒区的TC为影响中国沿海风电开发的TC;根据风电工程风电机组(WTGS)安全等级,详细分析了影响中国沿海地区TC路径、强度、风力的气候特征,发现进入警戒区后台风和强热带风暴占59.5%,超强台风、强台风占总频数的21.5%;TC造成的10分钟平均最大风速40m·s~(-1)以上的区域集中在珠江口以东的广东沿海和海南东部沿海和浙闽交界处;登陆福建及以北沿海强度达台风以上的常造成≥25m·s~(-1)的强风,而在福建以南登陆并造成强风的为强热带风暴以上;福建中南部沿海TC大风的可利用率达80%以上;TC威胁风电机组安全的区域主要在浙江的中部沿海、浙闽交界处沿海和珠江口以东的广东沿海.     

登陆中国不同强度热带气旋的变化特征

根据《热带气旋等级》国家标准(2006),将热带气旋(TC)划分为热带低压(TD)、热带风暴(TS)、强热带风暴(STS)、台风(TY)、强台风(STY)、超强台风(SSTY)6个等级,利用中国气象局整编的1949—2006年共58年的《台风年鉴》和《热带气旋年鉴》资料,分析了登陆中国大陆、海南和台湾不同强度TC变化特征。结果表明：(1) 不同强度登陆TC频数存在年际和年代际变化,在长期趋势上,TD、TS登陆频数呈现显著的线性递减趋势,STY登陆频数呈现显著增加趋势。(2) 登陆TD、TS、STS存在6—8年的周期变化,TY具有准16年的周期变化。(3) 登陆TD、TS主要生成于南海东北部海面,登陆TY、STY、SSTY多生成于巴士海峡东南部海面和菲律宾以东洋面。(4) 在年代际变化上,南海生成的登陆TD、TS频数有减少趋势,TY、STY有增多趋势。     

影响海南的热带气旋气候特征及其与ENSO的关系

利用1949～2003年资料,统计了影响和登陆海南热带气旋频数的时空分布特征、初、终期分布,并探讨了ENSO事件对海南省热带气旋的影响和2004年无热带气旋影响海南的原因.指出ENSO事件与海南省热带气旋活动具有显著的相关性,暖事件年有利于影响和登陆热带气旋偏少、初旋偏晚,冷事件年则相反.但ENSO事件与终旋日期相关不显著.     

登陆台湾岛热带气旋强度和结构变化的统计分析

利用1949—2008年共60年的《台风年鉴》、《热带气旋年鉴》资料及CMA-STI热带气旋最佳路径数据集,2001—2008年美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)热带气旋尺度相关资料及日本气象厅(JMA)的TBB资料,统计分析西北太平洋(包括南海)热带气旋(TC)在登陆台湾过程中强度和结构变化的基本特征,主要结论有:(1)TC登陆台湾时强度为台风及以上级别的样本数占总样本数约60%,主要出现在6—9月,东部登陆TC的强度一般比在西部登陆的强;(2)大部分TC在岛上维持6 h左右,登陆时最大风速≤5级和强度为超强台风的TC穿越台湾岛时移动比较缓慢;(3)126个登陆台湾的TC样本过岛后近中心海平面气压平均增加5.61 hPa,近中心最大风速平均减小3.58 m/s,在台湾东部地区登陆TC的衰减率比在西部登陆的大3倍左右;(4)TC在登陆台湾前6 h至离岛后6 h期间其8级和10级风圈半径均明显减小,TC形状略呈长轴为NE-SW向的椭圆状,而其最大风速的半径却逐渐增大;(5)TBB分析结果显示,TC登陆台湾前,其外围对流主要出现在南侧和西侧,结构不对称,登陆以后,TC北部及东部的对流显著发展,外围结构区域对称;但中心附近的强对流则从登陆前6 h开始逐渐减弱消失。表明TC穿越台湾过程中内核结构松散、强度减弱。     

1951-2013年影响广东近海养殖的登陆热带气旋风险特征分析

利用1951-2013年登陆广东的热带气旋资料,采用气候趋势系数法、极值Ⅰ型概率分布函数拟合等方法,分析对近海水产养殖影响较大的热带气旋登陆频数、强度、初(终)旋日、台风季长度等气候特征参数,并分区域计算了广东沿海区域热带气旋风险及不同重现期的大风风速,结果表明:(1)年均登陆广东地区的热带气旋3.6个,且有减少趋势;(2)平均风力等级9.6级,有增大的趋势;(3)台风季持续时间有缩短趋势,平均初旋日期有微弱的推迟趋势,平均终旋日显著提前;(4)沿海各地近海养殖热带气旋风险大小排序为,茂名、阳江西部及香港沿海约4年一遇,风险最高;揭阳、汕尾、惠州、深圳、珠海和雷州半岛东部沿海约5年一遇,风险次之;其余地区大约6-10年一遇,风险相对较轻;(5)沿海各区域20年一遇平均风速在31.3m.s-1-36.6m.s-1之间,50年一遇平均风速为37.7m.s-1-43.7m.s-1,100年一遇平均风速为42.4m.s-1-48.9m.s-1.     

登陆中国热带气旋台风季参数的气候特征分析

 利用1949-2006年登陆中国的热带气旋（TC）资料,分析登陆TC台风季参数的气候特征,结论如下：1) 登陆中国的初旋①以南海生成为主（占5成半）,终旋以西太平洋为主（高达8成）,近50多年来初、终旋源地分别呈现向东北、西北移动的趋势;2) 广东（浙江）初旋最早（晚）,广西、浙江（广东、海南）终旋较早（晚）,广东（浙江）台风季最长（短）。近50多年来除浙江台风季呈延长的线性趋势外,其余各省台风季变短或变化不明显。     

近50年影响广西的热带气旋变化特征

分析了1951～2007年影响广西的热带气旋频数、强度以及初旋、终旋影响日期的变化,结果表明:影响广西的热带气旋年频数、最大强度、强度超过32.7m·s-1的热带气旋频数均呈减少(减弱)趋势,且年际、年代际变化明显,20世纪50年代至70年代为热带气旋影响偏多、偏强期,80年代以后为偏少、偏弱期.初旋影响日期呈偏晚趋势,终旋影响日期变化趋势不显著.     

西北太平洋热带气旋频数和强度变化趋势初探

利用1951—2006年西北太平洋 (含南海) 热带气旋资料, 研究了不同强度热带气旋的气候变化特征。结果表明:超强台风 (近中心最大风速≥58m/s, 简称超强台风Ⅱ) 频数、强度和初、终旋日期的变化特征都不同于其他级别热带气旋; 西北太平洋热带气旋的总频数有长期减少趋势, 主要由热带低压和超强台风Ⅱ的长期减少趋势引起; 随着热带气旋强度增强, 出现月最大频数的月份逐渐推迟; 超强台风月频数最大值发生在秋季; 超强台风Ⅱ频数的年变化与除了超强台风Ⅰ(近中心最大风速为51~58m/s) 外的其他级别热带气旋反相关; 受超强台风Ⅱ减少影响, 热带气旋年平均最大风速有减小的长期趋势; 热带气旋的初、终旋日期没有显著的长期变化趋势, 但超强台风Ⅱ的初旋日期有推迟趋势, 终旋日期有提前趋势, 发生时间缩短。     

热带气旋过台湾后再次登陆的路径强度变化统计分析

登陆台湾后再次登陆大陆的热带气旋(TC)由于受复杂下垫面及中低纬天气系统的共同影响,过岛后在海峡内的路径、强度及结构变化复杂,导致登陆大陆的精确化定位、定强及预报难度大。分析了1949—2017年二次登陆的81个热带气旋路径及强度变化特征,并对上海台风所(CMA/STI)、美国联合台风警报中心(JTWC)及东京区域台风中心(RSMC-Tokyo)的热带气旋最佳路径数据中过岛热带气旋的定位定强进行对比分析。结果表明:二次登陆大陆热带气旋强度以减弱为主,少数热带气旋在海峡内增强;过岛后热带气旋路径多数会发生明显偏折,但三家最佳路径资料判断的偏折趋势不一致;由于热带气旋过岛时结构遭到破坏,定位定强难度增大,导致三个业务中心对其定位定强的差异较大,这种不确定性增大了其路径和强度监测预报的难度。     

西北太平洋和南海热带气旋的气候特征分析

对1949—2005年共57年西北太平洋上和南海中心风速≥8级的热带气旋活动的若干特征进行了统计学分析,结果表明：57年在西北太平洋和南海热带气旋年平均发生频数为27.47个,登陆我国年平均数6.89个,近10年发生和登陆频数处于57年的低值区;7—9月是发生和登陆我国最多的月份,华南沿海是登陆最频繁的区域。我国东北地区、华北、黄淮、江淮、江南、华南和西南地区东部均可出现TC暴雨,高频区在东南沿海地区,中心在海南和广东东部沿海,次频中心位于广西沿海和福建东南部沿海。此分析可为登陆热带气旋的暴雨预报提供气候背景。     

登陆中国初、终热带气旋的变化

 摘 要：对1951-2005年登陆中国的初、终热带气旋①的季节变化、地理分布及年代际变化等作了初步分析。结果表明，初旋发生在4-8月，以6月份频次最多；终旋在8-12月出现，以9月份频次最多。初、终旋在广东、海南和台湾等地登陆最为频繁，尤其以海南岛东南部最为突出。初旋日期表现出明显的年代际变化和偏晚的长期趋势，终旋日期也表现出明显的年代际变化，但无显著的变化趋势。     

Variation characteristics of tropical cyclones making landfall in China at different intensities

According to the national standard(2006)on tropical cyclone(TC)intensity,TCs are categorized into six intensity types,namely,tropical depression(TD),tropical storm(TS),severe tropical storm(STS), typhoon(TY),severe typhoon(STY),and super severe typhoon(SSTY).Fifty-eight years(1949–2006)of the datasets from the Yearbook of Typhoons and Yearbook of Tropical Cyclones were used to study the variation characteristics of TCs making landfalls in mainland China,Hainan and Taiwan islands.The main results are as foll...     

Effect of ENSO on landfalling tropical cyclones over the Korean peninsula

The effect of ENSO on landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) over the Korean Peninsula is examined. It is found that although the landfalling frequency does not show any statistically significant difference among ENSO phases, the landfalling tracks are shifted northward in response to the decrease in Niño-3.4 index. In the neutral ENSO phase, many TCs pass through mainland China before landfalling over the Korean Peninsula due to the westward expansion of the western North Pacific subtropical high. Therefore, the landfalling TC intensity over the Korean Peninsula in the neutral phase is similar to that in the La Niña phase because more than half of those TCs made landfall over mainland China. However, it is found that the preceding winter ENSO phases are not related to the landfalling TC activity over the Korean Peninsula during summer.     

AN OPERATIONAL STATISTICAL SCHEME FOR TROPICAL CYCLONE INDUCED RAINFALL FORECAST

A non-parametric method is used in this study to analyze and predict short-term rainfall due to tropical cyclones(TCs) in a coastal meteorological station. All 427 TCs during 1953-2011 which made landfall along the Southeast China coast with a distance less than 700 km to a certain meteorological station- Shenzhen are analyzed and grouped according to their landfalling direction, distance and intensity. The corresponding daily rainfall records at Shenzhen Meteorological Station(SMS) during TCs landfalling period(a couple of days before and after TC landfall) are collected. The maximum daily rainfall(R-24) and maximum 3-day accumulative rainfall(R-72) records at SMS for each TC category are analyzed by a non-parametric statistical method, percentile estimation. The results are plotted by statistical boxplots, expressing in probability of precipitation. The performance of the statistical boxplots is evaluated to forecast the short-term rainfall at SMS during the TC seasons in 2012 and 2013. Results show that the boxplot scheme can be used as a valuable reference to predict the short-term rainfall at SMS due to TCs landfalling along the Southeast China coast.     

Growing Threat of Rapidly-Intensifying Tropical Cyclones in East Asia

This study examines the long-term change in the threat of landfalling tropical cyclones(TCs) in East Asia over the period 1975–2020 with a focus on rapidly intensifying(RI) TCs. The increase in the annual number of RI-TCs over the western North Pacific and the northwestward shift of their genesis location lead to an increasing trend in the annual number of landfalling RI-TCs along the coast of East Asia. The annual power dissipation index(PDI), a measure of the destructive potential of RI-TCs at landfall, also shows a significant increasing trend due to increases in the annual frequency and mean landfall intensity of landfalling RI-TCs. The increase in mean landfall intensity is related to a higher lifetime maximum intensity(LMI) and the LMI location of the landfalling RI-TCs being closer to the coast. The increase in the annual PDI of East Asia is mainly associated with landfalling TCs in the southern(the Philippines, South China, and Vietnam) and northern parts(Japan and the Korean Peninsula) of East Asia due to long-term changes in vertical wind shear and TC heat potential. The former leads to a northwestward shift of favorable environments for TC genesis and intensification, resulting in the northwestward shift in the genesis, RI, and LMI locations of RI-TCs. The latter provides more heat energy from the ocean for TC intensification, increasing its chances to undergo RI.     

登陆热带气旋研究的进展

随着大气探测技术的发展 ,登陆热带气旋研究已经成为热带气旋研究中一个新的领域。新的探测技术能初步揭示出热带气旋登陆过程中发生的多种改变。近年来 ,国内外科学家实施了一系列外场科学试验 (Fieldscientificexperi ments) ,对登陆热带气旋进行探测和研究 ,旨在提高预报的准确率。登陆热带气旋研究内容包括 :海岸和内陆山脉地形影响 ,结构和强度变化 ,登陆热带气旋的暴雨强度和分布 ,大风强度和分布 ,风暴潮强度和范围 ,登陆热带气旋在陆上的维持机制 ,陆地涡旋的路径和入海加强 ,边界层结构 ,陆面过程和能量交换 ,变性过程等。研究采用外场科学试验与数值模拟相结合的方法。模拟或预报模式中使用同化资料尤其是卫星同化资料来构造初值场 ,取得较好结果。登陆热带气旋的研究目前正在展开 ,并取得了一些重要结果。研究表明 ,潜热释放和斜压位能释放是近海或登陆热带气旋加强或维持的两种主要能源。这两种能量可分别从水汽输送和热带气旋与中纬度环流的相互作用中获得。另外 ,陆面饱和湿地或水面的潜热输送、热带气旋与中尺度涡旋或热带云团的合并以及高空流出气流强辐散也对其加强和维持有利。世界气象组织的热带气象研究计划 (TMRP)正在组织对这一领域的总结和下一步的研究计划。这项研究将对预报和     

Impacts of Four Types of ENSO Events on Tropical Cyclones Making Landfall over Mainland China Based on Three Best-track Datasets简

Impacts of EI Nino Modoki （ENM）, La Nina Modoki （LNM）, canonical EI Nifio （CEN） and canonical La Nifia （CLN） on tropical cyclones （TCs） that made landfall over mainland China during 1951-2011 are analysed using best-track data from China, the USA and Japan. Relative to cold phase years （LNM and CLN）, landfalling TCs in warm years （ENM and CEN） have a farther east genesis location, as well as longer track lengths and durations, both in total and before landfall. ENM demonstrates the highest landfall frequency, most northerly mean landfall position, and shortest after-landfall sustainability （track length and duration）, which indicate a more frequent and extensive coverage of mainland China by TCs, but with shorter after-landfall influence. CEN has low landfall frequency and the most southerly mean landfall location. LNM has the most westerly genesis location, being significantly farther west than the 1951-2011 average and leading to short mean track lengths and durations both in total or before landfall, all of which are significantly shorter than the 1951-2011 average. Variations in the low-level wind anomaly, vertical wind shear, mid-level relative humidity, steering flow, the monsoon trough and the western Pacific subtropical high （WPSH） can to some extent account for the features of frequency, location, track length and duration of landfalling TCs. Since ENSO Modoki is expected to become more frequent in the near future, the results for ENSO Modoki presented in this paper are of particular significance.     

Autumn Tropical Cyclones over the Western North Pacific during 1949-2016: A Statistical Study

We used tropical cyclone (TC) best track data for 1949–2016, provided by the Shanghai Typhoon Institute, China Meteorological Administration (CMA-STI), and a TC size dataset (1980-2016) derived from geostationary satellite infrared images to analyze the statistical characteristics of autumn TCs over the western North Pacific (WNP). We investigated TC genesis frequency, location, track density, intensity, outer size, and landfalling features, as well as their temporal and spatial evolution characteristics. On average, the number of autumn TCs accounted for 42.1% of the annual total, slightly less than that of summer TCs (42.7%). However, TCs classified as strong typhoons or super typhoons were more frequent in autumn than in summer. In most years of the 68-yr study period, there was an inverse relationship between the number of autumn TCs and that of summer TCs. The genesis of autumn TCs was concentrated at three centers over the WNP: the first is located near (14°N, 115°E) over the northeastern South China Sea and the other two are located in the vast oceanic area east of the Philippines around (14°N, 135°E) and (14°N, 145°E), respectively. In terms of intensity, the eight strongest TCs during the study period all occurred in autumn. It is revealed that autumn TCs were featured with strong typhoons and super typhoons, with the latter accounting for 28.1% of the total number of autumn TCs. Statistically, the average 34-knot radius (R34) of autumn TCs increased with TC intensity. From 1949 to 2016, 164 autumn TCs made landfall in China, with an average annual number of 2.4. Autumn TCs were most likely to make landfall in Guangdong Province, followed by Hainan Province and Taiwan Island.