"05.6"广西持续性大暴雨成因分析

利用常规资料、T 213初始场及6h预报场、卫星云图等资料,用中尺度分析方法,并配合诊断分析,对广西“05.6”持续性大暴雨成因进行了初步探讨。结果表明:这次过程是在稳定的大尺度环流形势和有利的物理量场条件下发生,是大、中尺度天气系统相互作用的结果,具有典型的中尺度性质,表现出强降雨的不均匀性、突发性和局地性,是中尺度天气系统活动的结果。     

海口美兰机场一次雷雨天气的分析

利用GMS—5红外逐时Tbb资料和客观分析资料，分析2002年海口美兰机场一次雷雨天气产生的云图特征和相应大尺度环境场特征。认为该强对流天气是由中尺度对流系统造成的，该中尺度对流系统是在合适的西风槽前的大尺度环境场背景下，在有利的水汽场、涡度场、散度场中发展起来的。它单独起源于海南岛中部陆地上空，其生命史约为11小时。     

次天气尺度与中尺度正、斜压模演变揭示的武汉暴雨过程

利用滤波原理提取出大气流场中的次天气尺度和中尺度信息，再把大尺度和中尺度水平风场分别分解为正压分量（垂直平均）和斜压分量（扰动）流场。对1998年7月21～22日发生在武汉附近的强暴雨过程进行了次天气尺度与中尺度流场正、斜压分量演变特征的分析。结果表明：次天气尺度与中尺度流场正压分量的演变与此次强暴雨的酝酿、发展和消亡具有内在的联系；次天气尺度与中尺度流场高层200hPa斜压分量很强，低层850hPa正压分量很强；次天气尺度与中尺度流场斜压性占主导地位，随着暴雨的发展，中尺度流场的正压性减弱而斜压性进一步增强，而次天气尺度流场的正压性增强而斜压性减弱。以上结论对于揭示中尺度暴雨过程发生发展的本质有一定的意义。     

冷锋附近地面场中尺度特征及其与强对流天气的关系

本文利用山东潍坊台站提供的山东半岛部分加密测站地面场逐时资料和欧州中期预报中心（ECMWF）的逐日12时（GMT）大尺度纬带网格资料和国家气象局历史天气图，对一次冷锋在地面场的中尺度结构及其与强对能天气的关系和大尺度环境条件进行了诊断．结果发现：沿冷锋产生强天气的锋线附近存在类似于重力惯性波的中尺度波动；锋后中尺度冷高与强天气的分布有关；大尺度环境为强夭气产生提供了有利的条件。     

强对流天气的地面中尺度概念模式及其在临近预报中的应用

本文利用华东中尺度天气试验资料,分析了系统性雷暴过程中逐时地面物理量场的变化。结果表明,θse、div(?)场与雷暴活动关系密切;在其不同发展阶段,它们具有不同的中尺度扰动特征;这些特征对天气的短时变化有一定指示意义。在此基础上,我们概括出了华东地区强对流天气发展四个阶段的概念模式。所得结果对于认识这类中尺度扰动和临近预报是有益的。     

2001年夏季海口美兰机场清晨一次雷雨天气的分析

利用GMS-5红外逐时Tbb资料和客观分析资料，分析2001年海口美兰机场一次雷雨天气产生的云图特征和相应大尺度环境场特征。认为该强对流天气是由中尺度对流系统造成的，该中尺度对流系统是由副高底部东风波诱导出来的。在有利的水汽场、散度场中发展起来的。它单独起源于海南岛东北部海面上空，不同于一般陆地上的局地热力性质的雷雨。其生命史约为4h。     

对湖北省2000年5月一次暴雨天气过程的分析

使用2000年5月22－25日500hPa、700hPa、850hPa以及地面天气图资料，描述了当年5月24日发生在湖北境内一次暴雨天气过程的高空和地面天气形势；同时根据武汉暴雨研究MAPS模式提供的有关物理量格点场资料，对此次暴雨天气过程的能量场、散度场、涡度场与水流通量散度场进行了分析。其结果表明，中低层低涡、切变线以及地面中尺度耦合带是形式这次暴雨过程的主要天气系统，且地面中尺度辐合系统与大暴雨落区存在很好的对应关系。     

重庆地区强对流天气雷达回波统计特征

对过去22年(1982～2003)间重庆市发生的中尺度强对流天气雷达资料进行分类统计，研究中尺度强对流天气过程及其天气雷达回波特征，寻找重庆市中尺度强对流天气的运动规律。建立天气雷达回波资料库，将中尺度强对流天气过程雷达回波资料，按天气类型分类研究，结果表明：①重庆市中尺度强对流系统在时空分布上具有明显的不均匀性；②涡旋状回波是暴雨的显著特征；③冰雹回波以块状为主；④强雷雨大风回波的特征具有带状或弓型。     

十堰市一次区域性暴雨天气过程的中尺度分析

利用2005年6月24～25日500、700、850hPa高空天气图,地面天气图及高空各层的垂直速度、涡度等相关物理量场和实时卫星云图资料,对6月25日08～20时发生在十堰市的一次区域性暴雨天气过程进行了分析。结果表明:这次暴雨过程是在有利的大尺度环流背景下所引发的中小尺度对流性天气系统的作用下产生的;中尺度高低空急流的配置、中尺度对流性天气系统的云图特征与强降水的持续时间及落区有着较好的对应关系;中尺度动力场扰动、大量水汽的输送与积累是此次暴雨天气过程得以发生的直接诱因。     

华东飑线过程中的地面中尺度物理特征

本文利用华东中尺度天气试验资料和雷达回波,分析了9例强飑线过程中逐时地面物理量场的变化。提出中尺度散度场的配置及变化与中尺度强对流天气有十分密切的关系,而中尺度扰动辐合强度演变与锋前暖区内的中尺度扰动风场汇合线有关,这些关系往往能预示中尺度强对流天气的出现和发展。有时,在飑线发展的过程中具有中尺度重力波特征。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

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正AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters (AOSL) publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.SUBMISSIONAll submitted     

A Brief Introduction to Marine Meteorological Science Experiment Base at Bohe Town,Maoming City,Guangdong Province

<正>With the support of specialized funds for national science institutions,the Guangzhou Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology,China Meteorological Administration set up in October 2008 an experiment base for marine meteorology and a number of observation systems for the coastal boundary layer,air-sea flux,marine environmental elements,and basic meteorological elements at Bohe town,Maoming city,Guangdong province,in the northern part of the South China Sea.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.