河北邢台市连续重污染天气维持与消散成因分析

摘 要：本文利用环境监测数据、气象常规观测数据及NCEP的GDAS气象数据与HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式结合,通过对天气形势、垂直与水平输送、降水因子及污染物来源等因素进行分析,探讨了2016年12月16日-2017年1月9日河北省邢台市连续重污染天气维持及消散阶段的成因。结果表明：此次连续重污染过程在静稳的大气层结与地面均压场下,污染物容易积累,大气混合层高度与AQI值呈负相关,AQI<200时,大气混合层平均高度为1305m,AQI>200时,大气混合层平均高度为763m,最低降到437m;地面风场的辐合、强的逆温层结、高湿和静小风是重污染天气过程维持的关键,连续重污染过程中,小风(风速<3m/s)日数达22天（占比85%）,平均逆温层厚度443m、强度1.83℃/100m,平均相对湿度82.6%,导致污染物极易生成又不容易向高空扩散;降水与冷空气活动对污染物的消散起到一定作用,降水量>3mm时,清除率可达40%以上,降水量<1mm时,污染物浓度反而会增加;结合污染物来源分析,在空气重污染维持阶段50%以上的气团来自距邢台市200km以内的局地输送,高空远距离干洁空气的输送对污染物的消散起到有效的作用。     

基于WRF/Chem模式天津地区重污染天气成因分析

基于WRF/Chem数值模式,以CO为示踪物分解水平输送、湍流混合和垂直运动对近地面大气污染的影响,研究2014-2017年天津地区重污染天气成因。研究表明:基于上述方法可实现重污染天气水平输送、湍流混合和垂直运动影响的定量描述,完成重污染天气成因数值归因分析。如2017年1月26日的重污染天气湍流混合能力下降是其重要的影响因素,2017年2月12日重污染天气混合层厚度下降对其影响显著,2017年2月16日重污染天气水平输送对其有重要影响,2015年12月21日重污染天气是下沉气流、湍流混合能力下降和混合层降低共同导致。在分析中,可通过湍流混合导致地面CO质量浓度每小时下降速率小于40%,垂直运动使得CO质量浓度每小时上升速率大于等于1. 4%,混层层厚度小于250 m,水平扩散导致地面CO质量浓度上升等指标表征气象条件易于重污染天气形成。2014-2017年99次重污染天气符合上述条件之一或者多个条件,覆盖所有重污染过程的85%,即使未满足上述条件,99%的过程也可以通过重污染天气成因分析标准予以解析。分析显示2014-2017年天津116次重污染过程,58%的过程由两个或者三个气象因素共同影响所致,且影响因素与天气类型密切相关,如高压后部型与水平输送、北部弱高压型与下沉运动影响等。相比水平输送和湍流混合能力下降,下沉运动带来的近地面大气污染物质量浓度上升往往会被忽略,但在部分过程中,下沉运动也会导致近地面质量浓度快速增加,成为重污染天气形成的重要影响因素,如2014年1月10-11日。湍流扩散系数KZ和湍流混合导致地面CO质量浓度每小时下降速率β与近地面PM2. 5质量浓度呈现较好的幂指数关系,其相关系数分别为0. 57和0. 73,可以在重污染成因分析和预报中发挥积极作用。     

湖州市一次重度雾霾天气过程的特征分析

2015年1月22—26日湖州地区出现了一次严重的持续性雾霾天气过程,严重影响了该地区人们的生活健康。借助空气质量AQI数据、地面气象要素、探空站资料及卫星遥感数据分析了本次重污染过程的污染特征及其成因。结果表明:在弱高压控制下,地面风速较小,天气条件静稳,不利于污染物扩散,容易造成持续性重污染;中低层形成的逆温结构,使得这次雾霾天气过程能够维持;来自北方的污染物输入使本地空气质量状况更加恶劣,同时卫星遥感数据显示此次污染为区域性污染;大气混合层高度的变化对雾霾的发展变化有较好的指示作用,当混合层高度较低时,污染物在低层容易积聚,更容易造成较强的污染,可为雾霾的预报提供参考依据。     

西安地区一次重污染过程的气象条件及轨迹分析

利用西安市气象常规观测资料、美国国家环境预报中心(NCEP)1°×1°再分析资料FNL(Final),对西安地区2012年12月11—15日的一次重污染天气过程进行分析。结果表明:(1)与历史同期常年值比较,此次重污染天气过程中地面气象数据显示出明显的寡照、低温、高湿以及低风速;(2)高压后部的形势与地面弱辐合有利于近地面水汽的输送和凝结,与850 h Pa的高湿相互配合,使得水汽与污染物相互吸附加剧污染天气。700 h Pa以下明显的下沉气流、持续出现的逆温层结、较低的混合层厚度将污染物聚集于近地面层内,引起污染的持续和加重;(4)西安地区所处的"喇叭口"盆地地形也是重污染天气持续的一个重要原因;(5)后向轨迹模拟结果显示偏东方向的河南、山西、渭南等地区为此次重污染过程中输入污染物的主要来源。     

天津重污染天气混合层厚度阈值及应用研究

在对比云高仪反演数据和中尺度模式不同边界层方案模拟数据的基础上,构建天津地区混合层厚度数据集,并收集2009—2015年天津地区PM_(2.5)质量浓度和能见度资料,开展天津地区重污染天气混合层厚度阈值和相关规律研究。结果表明:2000—2015年期间天津地区混合层厚度呈现波动性逐年增加趋势,与255m气象塔观测近年天津地区逆温层底升高以及夜间边界层高度增加有较强的一致性。统计显示PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度和混合层厚度呈现指数关系,混合层厚度越低PM_(2.5)质量浓度越高,其阈值天津地区可以以200、400、600和800 m作为界限判断大气污染垂直扩散能力,当日均混合层厚度200m时,天津地区重污染天气出现概率52%,中度以上霾出现概率46%,需要特别关注。PM_(2.5)日均质量浓度和混合层厚度的负相关并不适用于所有过程,对于输送型过程由于大气污染的输送一般由高空影响地面,在污染的起始阶段,混合层厚度的增加,反而有利于上层大气污染物向下的传输,使得近地面PM_(2.5)质量浓度升高,在运用混合层厚度阈值指标时需要特别考虑。     

延吉市春季一次霾污染过程特征及成因分析

利用ERA-interim再分析资料、空气质量监测数据及常规气象观测数据,结合HYSPLIT后向轨迹模式对2019年3月18—20日延吉市出现的一次连续3d霾污染天气进行分析.结果表明:此次严重空气污染期间,低层受槽前西南暖湿气流影响,地面处于均压场控制下,低层950hPa存在明显逆温,利于污染天气的出现和发展.日最高气温较高,加速了大气光化学反应,利于细颗粒污染物的聚集.近地面平均风速大都在3m/s以下,大气污染物水平输送效率降低,导致大气污染物持续堆积.此次霾污染天气污染物主要通过外来污染源传输,污染物来源主要为华东沿海和辽宁地区,各高度气团整体受西南气流控制,经华东沿海、辽宁省,输送至延吉市.     

达州市2016年元旦期间持续重污染天气气象条件分析

利用空气质量监测资料、高空和地面气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料,对达州市2016年元旦节期间重污染天气过程特征及气象条件进行分析。结果表明:达州市此次重污染天气过程为长时间无冷空气活动,无降雨,大气污染物不断积聚形成。AQI日变化受污染源排放情况影响更大,早上低,白天逐渐增加,天黑后达到峰值。大气污染物的积累一般发生大气稳定度为中性或以上。AQI与08时和17时混合层厚度负相关,但日平均混合层厚度与AQI没有通过相关性检验。重污染时近地面有逆温层且逆温层较厚。AQI与逐日最高气温、日平均风速和日最大风速正相关,降雨对大气污染物稀释作用明显,特别是降雨持续时间长,雨量大效果更为显著。AQI逐时变化与温度正相关,与风速负相关。      

达州市2016年元旦期间持续重污染天气气象条件分析

利用空气质量监测资料、高空和地面气象观测资料、NCEP再分析资料,对达州市2016年元旦节期间重污染天气过程特征及气象条件进行分析。结果表明:达州市此次重污染天气过程为长时间无冷空气活动,无降雨,大气污染物不断积聚形成。AQI日变化受污染源排放情况影响更大,早上低,白天逐渐增加,天黑后达到峰值。大气污染物的积累一般发生大气稳定度为中性或以上。AQI与08时和17时混合层厚度负相关,但日平均混合层厚度与AQI没有通过相关性检验。重污染时近地面有逆温层且逆温层较厚。AQI与逐日最高气温、日平均风速和日最大风速正相关,降雨对大气污染物稀释作用明显,特别是降雨持续时间长,雨量大效果更为显著。AQI逐时变化与温度正相关,与风速负相关。     

太原市一次重污染天气过程的成因分析

针对2016年12月29日—2017年1月6日山西省太原市内发生的一次重污染天气过程,通过分析常规天气条件,SO2、PM2.5和PM10的排放清单以及后向轨迹模式,探讨本次重污染事件的成因。结果表明:本次污染事件持续时间长,重度染污持续将近5 d,多种污染物浓度严重超标,细粒子是污染过程的主要贡献;太原市处于冷空气较弱和水汽条件较好的大尺度大气环流形势下,为冷高压持续稳定,近地面风速小、风力弱地面形势下,形成了大范围、长时间的静稳天气;在污染期间太原地区主要受到来自西北和西部共四种气流输送类型的控制,其中来自西北的气流输送轨迹对应的污染物浓度明显小于其他三条轨迹对应的污染物浓度,输送轨迹的输送高度可能是造成轨迹对应污染物浓度之间差异的一个原因,结合污染物排放源分布发现这次污染事件的形成受本地源和长/近距离输送的共同影响,其中本地源的贡献更为显著。     

青岛混合层高度变化特征及与空气污染的关系

选取青岛2000—2015年逐日地面观测资料和环境监测中心站2011—2015年逐日主要大气污染物浓度资料,分析了青岛大气混合层高度和大气稳定度的变化特征,对青岛日最大混合层高度与空气污染物浓度进行相关分析。结果表明：近16a来,青岛大气混合层高度年际变化呈逐渐减小的趋势,日变化呈现单峰结构;大气稳定度以D类的出现频率最高,深秋到初冬大气较为稳定,4—8月A,B,C类稳定度较其他月份升高;清晨和傍晚大气以中性层结为主,中午弱不稳定发展,夜间稳定层结明显增强。空气污染物质量浓度与日最大混合层高度有明显的负相关关系,污染物质量浓度越大,日最大混合层高度越小;反之,污染物质量浓度越小,日最大混合层高度越大。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.