克拉玛依1971—2008年雷暴、闪电气候特征分析

利用克拉玛依气象站1971—2008年的地面气象观测资料,分析了克拉玛依雷暴、闪电的年际、季节和日变化气候特征。总结了雷暴出现的起止时间和持续时间的分布特点。结果显示,38a克拉玛依雷暴日年平均26.2d,闪电日年平均22.2d。20世纪70年代至今克拉玛依雷暴、闪电日均呈持续递减趋势。雷暴每天较集中出现的时间为13:00—21:00,持续时间以0.5h以内的短时性雷暴为主。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地雷电活动特征

利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地的塔中气象站1996-2010年地面观测资料对该地区的雷暴和闪电特征进行了分析。结果表明:塔中地区年平均雷暴日数为9.3d,年平均闪电日数为2.7d。塔中地区4月开始出现雷暴和闪电,7月达到最高值,10月至翌年3月之间无雷暴和闪电发生,塔中地区雷暴平均初日为6月1日,平均终日为8月5日。塔中地区雷暴多出现在午后至凌晨,并以30min以内的短时雷暴为主,雷暴出现的最多方位是W和N。     

广宁县1960～2009年雷暴的气候特征

通过对广宁县1960～2009年50年的雷暴资料,用数理统计、突变分析等方法进行分析,得出了广宁县雷暴天气的气候变化特征。广宁县为雷暴多发区,50年平均雷暴日数为89.14 d,最多124d,最少60 d。年雷暴日数年际变化较大,总体呈下降趋势,气候倾向率为-0.363 5 d/年。全年各月均可出现雷暴,4～9月最多;11、12、1月最少。日间任何时次都会出现雷暴,13:00～20:00为高峰期,01:00～03:00和07:00～09:00为低发期。初雷平均日期是2月15日;终雷平均日期是10月20日,平均雷暴持续期238 d。通过突变检验,发现广宁县年雷暴日数在1985年发生了由多变少的突变。     

开平市近50年雷暴的气候统计特征

利用开平站1959-2008年雷暴资料,通过数理统计、小波分析方法,得出开平市雷暴天气的气候变化特征：开平市属于雷暴多发区,50年平均雷暴日72.9d;雷暴日年际变化大,总体呈下降趋势,气候倾向率为-0.8048d／年;各月均有可能发生雷暴,主要集中在4-9月;日间任何时次均有可能发生雷暴,13：00-17：00为高峰期;初、终雷平均日期为3月4日和10月13日,80％保证率下初雷出现在2月11日-3月27日,终雷出现在9月24日-10月29日;年际变化存在9-13年左右的长周期振荡。     

华中地区不同地形下的雷暴地闪特征分析

利用湖北省2013—2018年6—8月ADTD闪电探测数据对该地区的闪电活动进行特征分析后发现, 地闪密度和日变化特征与地形密切相关, 其中, 闪电密度高值区出现在海拔500~1 500 m的中尺度山脉向平原的过渡地带以及山脉之间的平原(河谷)地区; 山区的地闪集中在午后至傍晚时段, 具有明显的单峰特征, 平原的地闪日变化相对平缓, 虽然主峰值同样出现在午后, 但夜间地闪活动依然活跃。基于2015—2016年6—8月逐6 min雷达组合反射率拼图产品和地闪资料挑选了94例伴有显著闪电活动的雷暴系统个例, 经统计分析后发现, 雷暴系统的初次地闪、峰值地闪和末次地闪均集中出现在13:00—18:00, 其中, 山区雷暴的地闪持续时间较短, 地闪频数峰值较小; 平原雷暴的地闪持续时间更长, 地闪频数峰值也更大; 山麓雷暴的特征则介于两者之间。利用ERA-Interim再分析资料进行成因分析后可知, 地形强迫和局地热力不稳定是影响湖北山区夏季闪电密度分布和日变化特征的关键因子。      

克拉玛依高温日数的气候特征及持续高温过程环流型分析

利用1961-2008年克拉玛依气象站日最高气温资料和NCEP高度场资料,分析克拉玛依高温的气候特征和环流背景.结果表明:克拉玛依高温日年平均为28.4 d,各年日数变化波动很大,最多年份达49 d,最少年份为11 d.持续高温过程年平均4.3次.高温日、持续高温过程主要集中在6-8月.20世纪90年代中期至今高温天气的频次明显增多且强度增强.研究显示,克拉玛依持续高温天气的发生与伊朗高压东北上及西太平洋副高西伸北抬有密切关系.持续高温天气过程500 hPa高度场主要表现为三种环流类型:北支锋区偏北型环流,多产生持续时间较长的高温天气过程.二槽二脊型,多产生极端最高气温大于40℃的持续高温天气过程.二槽一脊型环流,高温天气持续时间较短.     

北京地区的闪电时空分布特征及不同强度雷暴的贡献

利用北京闪电定位网(BLNET,Beijing Lightning Network)和SAFIR3000(Surveillance et Alerte Foudre par Interometrie Radioelectrique)定位网7年共423次雷暴的闪电资料,并按照雷暴产生闪电多少,同时参考雷达回波和雷暴持续时间,将雷暴划分为弱雷暴(≤1000次)、强雷暴(>1000次且≤10000次)和超强雷暴(>10000次),分析了北京地区的闪电时空分布特征及不同强度等级雷暴对闪电分布的贡献。北京总闪电密度最大值约为15.4 flashes km-2a(^-1),平均值约为1.9 flashes km^-2a(^-1),大于8 flashes km^-2a(^-1)的闪电密度高值区基本分布在海拔高度200 m等高线以下的平原地带。不同强度雷暴对总雷暴闪电总量贡献不同,弱雷暴(超强雷暴)次数多(少),产生的闪电少(多),超强雷暴和强雷暴产生的闪电分别占总雷暴闪电的37%和56%。不同强度雷暴对总雷暴的闪电密度高值中心分布和闪电日变化特征影响显著,昌平区东部、顺义区中东部和北京主城区是总雷暴闪电密度大于12 flashes km-2a(-1)的三个主要高值区中心,前两个高值中心受强雷暴影响大,而主城区高值中心主要受超强雷暴影响。总雷暴晚上频繁的闪电活动主要受超强雷暴和强雷暴影响,这两类雷暴晚上闪电活动活跃,分别占各自总闪电的69%和65%,而弱雷暴闪电活动白天陡增很快,对总雷暴午后的闪电活动影响大。另外,不同下垫面条件闪电日变化差异大,山区最强的闪电活动出现在白天,午后闪电活动增强很快,主峰值出现在北京时间18:00,而平原最强的闪电活动发生在晚上,平原(山麓)的主峰值比山区推迟了约1.5小时(1小时)。     

平远县1961-2011年雷暴的气候特征

根据平远县气象观测站1961-2011年的雷暴观测资料,采用趋势分析、滑动平均、Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法,研究了平远县近51年雷暴的气候特征.结果表明：平远县年平均雷暴日65.1 d,年际变化大,总体呈下降趋势,气候倾向率为-0.397 5d/年;全年各月均可能发生雷暴,主要集中在4-9月,约占了全年的90％;87％的雷暴发生在白天,以13：00-19：00时最活跃,约占了总雷暴数的70％;平远雷暴在1985年前后发生了减少性突变;统计中出现3次异常年份和12次严重事件年份,偏多年份基本出现在突变前,而偏少年份均出现在突变后;雷暴初、终日均有提前的趋势,而持续期呈缩短趋势.     

近年天津地区冰雹和雷暴天气特征研究

基于天津地区13个观测站的1990～2009年冰雹资料和2000～2009年雷暴资料,分析了近年来天津地区降雹、雷暴的时空分布特点,并总结出当前雷暴云移动路径,以及引发此类天气的主要影响系统.主要结论为:(1)近20年天津地区年平均雹日是12.6 d,北部蓟县为冰雹天气多发区,冰雹天气常出现在春夏秋季节,集中出现在每年3～9月;(2)全市13个测站在13:00(北京时间,下同)到20:00之间雷暴的发生概率较大,且西北路径,西南路径的雷暴云出现频率较高,占到了65.2％;(3)引发天津地区冰雹及雷暴天气的主要影响系统为高空冷涡和高空槽,所占比例为49.54％和43.12％.     

雷暴云特征数据集及我国雷暴活动特征

基于FY-2E气象卫星相当黑体亮度温度（TBB）和云分类数据（CLC）及全球闪电探测网（WWLLN）闪电数据,通过对TBB不超过-32℃的云区进行椭圆拟合,定义1 h内上述云区或椭圆区域有WWLLN闪电发生的个例为雷暴云,获得雷暴云时间、位置、形态、结构、闪电活动等特征参量,构建雷暴云特征数据集,并基于该数据集初步分析了我国陆地和毗邻海域的雷暴活动特征。研究表明:我国华南、西南、青藏高原东、中部和南海雷暴最为活跃,华北和东北地区是北方雷暴活动较强的区域。雷暴活动时间变化海陆差异明显,陆地雷暴活动峰值出现在6—8月,南海雷暴活动一个峰值出现在5月左右,另一峰值出现在8月后,且纬度越低出现越晚。陆地大部分地区雷暴活动在14:00—20:00（北京时）达到峰值,毗邻海域雷暴活动峰值主要出现在早上。雷暴云TBB不超过-32℃面积符合对数正态分布,峰值区间位于1×103~1×104 km2,平均值为3.0×104 km2。南海雷暴云面积最大,陆地上大于雷暴云面积平均值1.2×105 km2的区域主要分布于我国地形的第一阶梯和柴达木盆地。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.