海南省降水量的正态分布特征及正态化变换

利用海南省18个测站1966—2003年的资料,对各地月、季降水量进行正态分布检验,分析其时空分布特征,并探讨了正态分布转换的若干方法。研究表明,在0．01的信度检验下,春、夏、秋季降水基本符合正态分布,冬季仅北部和东部地区符合正态分布,月降水量的正态性也随季节而变化,且具有局地性。通过适当的数学变换,全省所有非正态分布的月降水量均可正态化。     

兰州地区降水量正态分布特征

在对降水资料的分析过程中,要求资料的时间序列呈正态分布。利用兰州地区的兰州、皋兰、榆中和永登4个站点1960~2009年的降水量资料,采用"偏度—峰度系数+W检验"方法,基于SPSS软件,对兰州地区的年、季和月降水量正态特征进行分析。结果表明,兰州地区4个气象站的年降水量均呈正态性分布;兰州、皋兰和永登3站的夏、秋2季降水量为正态性分布,而榆中站只有秋季降水量为正态性分布,且秋季降水量的正态性最好,冬季最差;大多数月降水量不服从正态分布,但对降水序列进行平方根处理后,其正态性得到明显的改善。     

云南降水正态分布特征的初探

利用适合性检验方法，对云南省125个测站1961年一2000年40a逐月降水资料是否符合正态分布进行了检验，并对云南降水正态分布做了区划。研究结果表明，云南在雨季(5—10月)通过显著性检验的测站数明显少于干季(11一次年4月)通过显著性检验的测站数，其中8月份仅4站次通过显著性检验，而12月份高达97站次，占全省总站次的77．6％；即云南雨季降水多符合正态分布，而在于季多符合非正态分布，8月份几乎全省符合正态分布，而12月份大部份测站都不符合正态分布。云南降水量的正态统计分布一方面具有一定的区域性特征，另一方面又具有较强的局地性，不同的月份同一测站降水量的正态性不同。因此，在做有关降水量的分析预报时，很有必要考虑其正态性的统计分布特征。     

河南省月和年降水量正态性分析

利用1957～2008年(共52年)河南省48个气象站月、年降水量资料,利用标准偏态系数和峰度系数检验方法,对降水量的正态性进行了分析。结果表明,河南省大多数气象站的月和年降水量不服从正态分布,但对降水量序列进行开平方或开立方处理后,降水量序列的正态性得到明显的改善。半数台站的年降水量原始序列服从正态分布。对各站偏态系数进行平均,可以发现,所有站月序列的偏态系数均为原序列的最大,立方根序列的偏态系数最小。原序列均为正偏,平方根序列以正偏为主,立方根序列则以负偏为主。所有站月原序列的峰度系数均为正数,平方根或立方根的峰度系数则正负相间。     

甘肃降水量正态性分析

利用1951～2010年甘肃省81个气象站月、年降水量资料,采用Jarque-Bera检验与χ2检验对原降水序列和经过Box-Cox变换后序列的正态性进行分析。结果表明:甘肃省大多数气象站年降水量服从正态分布,但一半以上台站的月降水不服从正态分布。其中12月、11月、1月的正态性最差,而5月和9月最好;从季节来看,甘肃大多数气象站春、夏季正态性较好,秋、冬季正态性较差;从地域分布来看,全省各地降水均存在非正态,其中河西地区、陇中和陇东部分站点非正态现象尤其突出。经过数据变换后的序列,站年正态性通过率从原来的81.5%～82.7%升高到97.5%～100%,站月通过率从36.2%～68.5%升高到85.4%～94.0%,大部分站点通过了正态性检验。     

安顺站气温资料的均一性检验

以安顺地面观测站为例,利用1961-2006年年平均气温观测资料,从与该站年平均气温要素序列相关性较好、海拔高度相近、水平距离较近的台站中选取5个站点作为待检台站的参考台站,建立了均一性检验的原始序列,采用国际上应用较为广泛的标准正态检验(SNHT)方法对气温要素进行了统计学检验.结果表明,台站迁移对于温度观测序列的均一性带来的影响非常明显,在此结论上,对该站迁移后的月平均气温资料进行订正处理,使得能够更好的反映气候的真实变化.     

粤西降水量的分布特征及正态分布检验

分析粤西地区湛江、雷州和电白3站1957~1997年的月降水资料的时空特征,进行月、季、年及汛期降水量正态分布检验,并探讨了正态分布转换的若干方法。结果表明:在0.05的信度检验下,除个别站的个别月份外,粤西各地的月降水量基本都不服从正态分布;电白的年和汛期降水量不服从正态分布,湛江和雷州近似服从正态分布;各站夏季降水量均服从正态分布,春、秋和冬季各站均不服从正态分布。通过适当的数学变换和处理,粤西所有非正态分布的月、季、年和汛期降水量均可正态化变换。     

中国气温和降水序列年代际分量的显著性检验

对1951—2008年中国160站年和四季的气温、降水序列是否服从正态分布进行显著性检验,以此为基础进一步对气温和降水序列中的年代际异常分量显著性作了严格的统计学分析,结果表明：1）大多数测站气温序列服从正态分布,大多数测站降水序列不服从正态分布;气温、降水序列是否服从正态分布与地域有一定联系。2）气温、降水序列中年代际变化分量的显著性存在明显差异,多数测站气温序列年代际分量显著,只有少数测站降水序列的年代际分量显著。3）因为1951—2008年中国160站年、季气温和降水序列不全服从正态分布,特别是降水序列的非正态性严重,建议对它们的统计显著性检验采用Monte Carlo方法。     

湖南省人工增雨效果检验及效益评估系统方法之一——用五日滑动平均日平均降水选取对比区方法

提出了以日平均降水滤除自然降水的随机变动，同时以五日滑动平均降水寻找自然天气周期和者第二次平滑的办法选择对比区。同时，本文还就五日滑动日平均降水的正态性和正态化问题进行检验，说明经过二次平滑后的日平均降水值符合正态分布。因此，其回归分析和统计检验符合气候学和统计学原理。此方法可用于湘中、湘南阵性降水人工增雨的效果检验和效益评估。系统软件由VB5．0做成，在Windows95／98下运行。     

沈阳市降水量正态分布检验及其时空变化特征

利用辽宁沈阳市1960—2017年5个国家级气象站逐月降水量资料,分析沈阳市不同时间尺度降水的时空分布特征,并采用偏度-峰度系数和S-W检验法,对沈阳市降水量的正态性分布进行检验。结果表明,除新民外,沈阳市其他地区年降水量均满足正态分布;春季降水量的正态性最好,冬季降水量基本不满足正态分布;月降水量的正态性较差,经过正态变换后的正态性均得到明显改善。沈阳市年平均降水量呈自东南向西北逐渐递减的空间分布特征,且近58 a来年降水量整体呈微弱减少趋势。     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...