局地海表温度异常影响热带气旋路径的模拟研究

本文以热带气旋"鲇鱼"(2010)为例,利用WRF模式和"鲇鱼"移动路径上不同的局地海表温度(SST)强迫进行了敏感性数值模拟。控制试验(CTRL)采用NCEP的SST强迫,敏感性试验分别在"鲇鱼"登陆菲律宾前的路径上增加(EXP1)和减小(EXP2)SST。结果表明:CTRL试验模拟的热带气旋路径与实况非常一致,EXP1试验模拟的热带气旋路径提前转向,移动路径偏东,EXP2试验模拟的热带气旋路径转向滞后,且移动路径偏西。对SST异常导致热带气旋路径出现差异的原因分析发现,热带气旋在吕宋岛东侧经过异常暖SST海面时,热带气旋强度增强,产生异常的正涡度平流,且500 h Pa以上凝结潜热释放增强副热带高压敏感区出现温度场的正异常,500h Pa以下水凝物的混合和蒸发作用增强造成副热带高压敏感区温度场的负异常,加之正的异常涡度平流和异常的上暖下冷温度场配置使得500 h Pa位势高度降低,副热带高压强度减弱,副热带高压西伸范围减小,导致热带气旋提前向北转向,移动路径偏东。反之,当热带气旋在吕宋岛东侧经过异常冷SST海面时,副热带高压西伸范围扩大,导致热带气旋向北转向滞后,路径偏西。     

2006年西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数和源地异常的成因分析

根据西北太平洋编号台风资料、Hadley中心的SST资料和NCAR/NCEP的再分析资料,对2006年西北太平洋热带气旋活动特点进行分析,就台风季热带气旋的活动特征和成因进行研究。(1) 海表温度的异常引起的沃克环流异常造成了2006年热带气旋频数相对于多年平均偏少。(2) 越赤道气流强并且有较好对流匹配的区域易生成热带气旋。较强的对流运动,良好的越赤道气流、环流条件和切变条件的匹配是2006年8月较其它月份生成较多热带气旋的原因。(3) 异常东南风环流有利于引导生成的热带气旋以西北路径西行进入我国沿海并登陆。异常西风环流不利于热带气旋向西运动登陆我国。(4) 垂直风切变异常太大,不利于气旋生成和发展。     

全球变暖背景下西北太平洋热带气旋生成位置及路径变化

利用JTWC 6 h热带气旋Best track资料、Hadley中心的月平均SST资料及NECP的再分析资料,对1979—2013年西北太平洋热带气旋生成位置及路径的变化进行了研究,分析了各环境场变量的作用。结果表明:1979—2013年间西北太平洋热带气旋生成位置向北、向西发生了移动。影响全年生成位置变化的环境变量为SST升高、垂直风切变减弱、700 hPa相对湿度增大、850 hPa相对涡度增大,前季、盛季和后季的影响因素各不相同。全年、盛季和后季西行路径减少,西北行及转向路径增多,而前季西北行路径减少,西行、转向路径增多。路径的变化与对流层中层引导气流的变化密切相关,而生成位置的北移,也使得热带气旋的路径更容易受到副高的影响,从而发生变化。     

盛夏(7—9月)南海热带气旋的环流特点

本文通过对1970～1985年盛夏(7～9月)全部南海热带气旋个例的分析,初步探讨了南海热带气旋生成的几种主要流场及其正常路径和异常路径的环流特点。本文还介绍了南海热带气旋严重影响北部湾北部海面的一种典型环流的特点。     

两类厄尔尼诺事件对登陆中国热带气旋的影响

利用上海台风研究所整编的1951—2016年西北太平洋热带气旋最佳路径数据集,NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和NOAA的COBE SST再分析资料,〖JP〗按照热带气旋生成区域将热带气旋分为南海热带气旋与西北太平洋热带气旋两类,采用合成分析等统计学方法探讨了热带气旋活动盛期,登陆中国的热带气旋对东部型和中部型厄尔尼诺（El Niño）事件的响应。结果表明,热带气旋活动盛期,南海热带气旋在两类El Niño事件下生成频数差异不大;东部型El Niño存续期南海热带气旋登陆中国比率较中部型El Niño时偏低,登陆时强度较中部型偏弱。中部型El Niño存续期间,西北太平洋热带气旋生成频数比东部型El Niño时的频数偏高,而登陆中国热带气旋较东部型偏少,登陆时热带气旋强度较东部型偏弱;但两类El Niño事件期间西北太平洋热带气旋在中国的登陆率差异没有通过显著性检验。与中部型El Niño事件相比,在东部型El Niño事件期间,西北太平洋海面温度偏低,对流层中部水汽条件较差,对流层低层涡度异常偏低,同时在热带气旋较为集中生成的海域存在沃克（Walker）环流的异常下沉气流,西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏东偏南,共同导致登陆中国热带气旋频数偏少。     

广西热带气旋的暴雨统计分析及数值模拟

利用1949～2010年广西88个气象观测站的降水资料和1961～2010年NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了影响广西热带气旋的数量、路径及其影响广西暴雨的特征,通过数值模拟研究了广西大范围暴雨物理量环境场的变化特征,结果表明:影响广西热带气旋个数有显著的减少趋势,并存在着明显的2a、4a和10a周期振荡信号,年日最多暴雨站数有增多的趋势。热带气旋影响下沿海地区发生暴雨的可能性最大,桂北山区最小。热带气旋从沿海地区登陆进入广西,造成广西各站发生暴雨概率最高,其次为从梧州、玉林进入广西的路径,最少的为热带气旋在北部湾西行进入越南。热带气旋的中低层环流中心一般为强降水区域,中心滞留时间越长降雨量越大,极大风速始终位于台风前进方向的右侧,大范围暴雨区域位于急流的左侧。在热带气旋影响日最多暴雨站数发生时中低层风速及高度场在近30年的变化特征:广西的东北面存在一个呈西北-东南向的风速增高带,西南面为风速减弱带;西北面为高度场减弱区,黄海一带为一个显著增强区。     

西行热带气旋影响云南降水的统计特征

利用《西北太平洋热带气旋年鉴检索系统》资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、云南日降水资料、西北太平洋热带气旋及降水分布资料,分析了1959—2007年影响云南高原降水的西北太平洋西行热带气旋的气候特征及大尺度环流背景。结果表明:云南几乎每年都受到西行热带气旋的影响,年代际分布总体呈下降趋势,且发生在7—9月最多;热带气旋的影响波及云南大部,影响滇东南较多,以登陆的南海台风为主,其登陆地点主要为海南和广东,且多数进入北部湾;影响路径划分为5类,其中广东登陆类最多、影响最大;各种强度的热带气旋均可造成全省性强降水,其中超强台风的影响最多最大。环流背景表现为:100 hPa南亚高压呈西部型分布时,有利于西北太平洋TC西行影响低纬高原;500 hPa中纬度以纬向环流为主,低纬度热带地区季风低压、热带辐合带(ITCZ)较为活跃,当副热带高压西脊点西伸到云南东北部、或外围反气旋扩大到青藏高原、或副热带高压与青藏高压合并,均有利于TC西行深入内陆。     

热带气旋Meranti(2010)异常路径的成因分析

采用MTSAT2卫星红外云图资料及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,研究了热带气旋Meranti(2010)异常路径的成因。结果表明:Meranti的路径由西行、打转、北上三个阶段组成。在西行、北上阶段,环境场引导流起着主要作用,Meranti的非对称结构对其也有一定影响,非对称对流系统的作用较弱。在打转阶段,环境场引导流和非对称结构均不能解释Meranti打转的原因,而非对称对流系统则起着主要作用。不同阶段的Meranti外缘线的分形维数特征存在明显区别。在西行、北上阶段,其分形维数处于高值段且变化平缓;在打转阶段,则处于低值段且变化较大。     

南海热带气旋频数的气候预测方法

利用前期北半球500 hPa高度场格点资料、海温场(SST)格点资料,计算与后期热带气旋(TC)发生频数的相关系数,分析两个相关场显著相关区的统计特征,进一步分析其天气气候学意义和物理意义。选取若干相关系数高的格点,组成组合因子,建立二项式曲线方程,对影响南海以及登陆或影响广东的热带气旋,做年、月频数预测。预测试验和检验表明,二项式曲线预测模型有较高的拟合能力,在影响南海以及登陆或影响广东的热带气旋年、月频数预测中,有较好的效果。     

西北太平洋热带气旋路径及其与海温的关系

利用中国气象局发布的1949—2007年共59年的热带气旋年鉴资料,对西北太平洋热带气旋路径进行分析,合并归纳得到热带气旋主要的三种路径,分别为西行、西北行和转向路径,研究发现三种路径主要是8年以下的年际变化。西行路径的热带气旋与海温的关系不明显,西北路径的热带气旋和转向路径热带气旋与局地海温的变化有相反的相关关系。当西北太平洋局地海洋暖的时候有利于西北路径热带气旋发生,局地海温冷时热带气旋多转向,且局地海温在热带气旋发生前半年左右就开始有持续的影响, 这种影响不仅仅存在于海洋表层,整个温跃层以上次表层海温的热状态对热带气旋路径均有显著关系。这可能是由于西北太平洋海温持续异常对其上空的大气环流产生影响,进而影响热带气旋路径。通过研究还发现不同路径热带气旋对海洋的降温作用有显著差异。     

SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RESPONSE TEMPERATURE TO TYPHOON MORAKOT (2009) AND ITS INFLUENCE

While previous studies indicate that typhoons can decrease sea surface temperature(SST) along their tracks, a few studies suggest that the cooling patterns in coastal areas are different from those in the open sea. However, little is known about how the induced cooling coupled with the complex ocean circulation in the coastal areas can affect tropical cyclone track and intensity. The sea surface responses to the land falling process of Typhoon Morakot(2009) are examined observationally and its influences on the activity of the typhoon are numerically simulated with the WRF model. The present study shows that the maximum SST cooling associated with Morakot occurred on the left-hand side of the typhoon track during its landfall. Numerical simulations show that, together with the SST gradients associated with the coastal upwelling and mesoscale oceanic vortices, the resulting SST cooling can cause significant difference in the typhoon track, comparable to the current 24-hour track forecasting error. It is strongly suggested that it is essential to include the non-uniform SST distribution in the coastal areas for further improvement in typhoon track forecast.     

SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE RESPONSE TO TYPHOON MORAKOT(2009) AND ITS INFLUENCE

While previous studies indicate that typhoons can decrease sea surface temperature(SST) along their tracks, a few studies suggest that the cooling patterns in coastal areas are different from those in the open sea. However, little is known about how the induced cooling coupled with the complex ocean circulation in the coastal areas can affect tropical cyclone track and intensity. The sea surface responses to the land falling process of Typhoon Morakot(2009) are examined observationally and its influences on the activity of the typhoon are numerically simulated with the WRF model. The present study shows that the maximum SST cooling associated with Morakot occurred on the left-hand side of the typhoon track during its landfall. Numerical simulations show that, together with the SST gradients associated with the coastal upwelling and mesoscale oceanic vortices, the resulting SST cooling can cause significant difference in the typhoon track, comparable to the current 24-hour track forecasting error. It is strongly suggested that it is essential to include the non-uniform SST distribution in the coastal areas for further improvement in typhoon track forecast.     

冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际变化及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系

文中研究了冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际异常及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系。结果发现,各年冬季北太平洋风暴轴的中心强度和位置具有显著的年际差异。对15个冬季北太平洋风暴轴区域500hPa天气尺度滤波位势高度方差与热带和北太平洋海温的SVD分析表明,第一对空间典型分布反映了赤道中、东太平洋区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响,而第二对空间典型分布反映了黑潮区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响。进一步的合成分析显示,赤道中、东太平洋区域海温异常主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴的东西摆动和中、东端的强度变化,而黑潮区域海温异常则主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴中、西端的强度变化和南北位移。并且这种影响分别与500hPa高度场上的PNA遥相关型和WP遥相关型有密切联系。     

The Impact of the Storm-Induced SST Cooling on Hurricane Intensity

The effects of storm-induced sea surface temperature (SST) cooling on hurricane intensity are investigated using a 5-day cloud-resolving simulation of Hurricane Bonnie (1998). Two sensitivity simulations are performed in which the storm-induced cooling is either ignored or shifted close to the modeled storm track. Results show marked sensitivity of the model-simulated storm intensity to the magnitude and relative position with respect to the hurricane track. It is shown that incorporation of the storm-induced cooling, with an average value of 1.3℃, causes a 25-hPa weakening of the hurricane, which is about 20 hPa per 1℃ change in SST. Shifting the SST cooling close to the storm track generates the weakest storm, accounting for about 47% reduction in the storm intensity. It is found that the storm intensity changes are well correlated with the air-sea temperature difference. The results have important implications for the use of coupled hurricane-ocean models for numerical prediction of tropical cyclones.     

热带海面温度对亚马逊旱季降水年际变率的影响及机制

用偏最小二乘(Partial Least Square,PLS)回归方法分析了 1979～2018年影响亚马逊旱季(6～8月)降水年际变率的热带海面温度模态.第一海面温度模态解释了总方差的64％,主要表现为前期亚马逊雨季(12月至次年2月)至旱季(6～8月)热带东太平洋La Ni?a型海面温度异常演变.12月至次年2月...     

NUMERICAL STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE ON TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY-PART I:NUMERICAL EXPERIMENT OF THE TROPICAL CYCLONE INTENSITY RELATED TO SST *

In the context of a model of tropical cyclone intensity based on an improved meso-scale atmospheric model, numerical simulation is performed of the track and intensity variation of tropical cyclones(TC) arising from sea surface temperature(SST) variation over a specified sea region. Evidence suggests that the model is capable of modeling quite welt the track and intensity of TC:SST variation leads to an abrupt change in the cyclone intensity:the response of the cyclone to the abrupt SST change lasts 8-12 h.     

冬季太平洋SSTA对北太平洋风暴轴年际变化的影响

研究了冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际异常及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系。结果发现，冬季北太平洋风暴轴中心有线性增强、偏北、偏东的趋势。对15个冬季北太平洋风暴轴区域 500 hPa天气尺度滤波位势高度方差与同期热带和北太平洋海温的 SVD分析表明，第一对空间典型分布反映了 ENSO区海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响，而第二对空间典型分布反映了黑潮区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响。进一步的合成分析显示，ENSO区海温异常可以通过激发500hPa高度场上的PNA遥相关型影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴的东西摆动和中、东端的强度变化，而黑潮区域海温异常则通过激发 500 hPa高度场上的 WP遥相关型，主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴中、西端的强度变化和南北位移。     

Blunt ocean dynamical thermostat in response of tropical eastern Pacific SST to global warming

Using an intermediate ocean–atmosphere coupled model (ICM) for the tropical Pacific, we investigated the role of the ocean dynamical thermostat (ODT) in regulating the tropical eastern Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) under global warming conditions. The external, uniformly distributed surface heating results in the cooling of the tropical eastern Pacific “cold tongue,” and the amplitude of the cooling increases as more heat is added but not simply linearly. Furthermore, an upper bound for the influence of the equatorially symmetric surface heating on the cold tongue cooling exists. The additional heating beyond the upper bound does not cool the cold tongue in a systematic manner. The heat budget analysis suggests that the zonal advection is the primary factor that contributes to such nonlinear SST response. The radiative heating due to the greenhouse effect (hereafter, RHG) that is obtained from the multi-model ensemble of the Climate Model Intercomparison Project Phase III (CMIP3) was externally given to ICM. The RHG obtained from the twentieth century simulation intensified the cold tongue cooling and the subtropical warming, which were further intensified by the RHG from the doubled CO₂ concentration simulation. However, the cold tongue cooling was significantly reduced and the negative SST response region was shrunken toward the equator by the RHG from the quadrupled CO₂ concentration simulation, while the subtropical warming increased further. A systematic RHG forced experiment having the same spatial pattern of RHG from doubled CO₂ concentration simulation with different amplitude of forcing revealed that the ocean dynamical response to global warming tended to enhance the cooling in the tropical eastern Pacific by virtue of meridional advection and upwelling; however, these cooling effects could not fully compensate a given RHG warming as the external forcing becomes larger. Moreover, the feedback by the zonal thermal advection actually exerted the warming over the equatorial region. Therefore, as the global warming is intensified, the cooling over the eastern tropical Pacific by ODT and the negative SST response area are reduced.     

中尺度海-气耦合模式GRAPES_OMLM对台风珍珠的模拟研究

利用全球/区域同化与预报系统GRAPES(Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System)和改进的Mellor-Yamada型海洋混合层模式OMLM(Ocean Mixed Layer Model),建立了一个新的中尺度海-气耦合模式GRAPES_OMLM,并利用该模式对发生于南海的台风珍珠(0601)进行了模拟研究,检验了GRAPES_OMLM对台风的模拟性能,并分析了局地海-气相互作用对台风的影响。结果表明,GRAPES_OMLM基本能模拟出台风天气过程中的主要物理过程。考虑了海-气相互作用的耦合试验所模拟出的台风强度、近台风中心最大风速以及台风后期移动路径,相对于两组控制试验(单独大气模式)的模拟结果都有较大的改进。而且,采用逐日变化海表温度作为下边界条件的控制试验2的模拟结果相对于SST不变的控制试验1更接近观测。耦合模式GRAPES_OMLM能较好地模拟出台风过境海表温度的变化,台风珍珠在其路径右侧有超过4.0℃的降温。SST的变化和海表风应力的变化呈反相关系,风应力的增大伴随着海洋近表层湍流动能(TKE)的加强,大风动力作用是SST降低的主要原因。SST的降低致使海洋向台风输送的热通量减少,进而削弱了台风的强度并改变台风环流结构,同时通过改变位势涡度趋势的一波结构(WN-1)来影响台风的移动路径。     

Interannual Weakening of the Tropical Pacific Walker Circulation Due to Strong Tropical Volcanism

In order to examine the response of the tropical Pacific Walker circulation(PWC) to strong tropical volcanic eruptions(SVEs), we analyzed a three-member long-term simulation performed with Had CM3, and carried out four additional CAM4 experiments. We found that the PWC shows a significant interannual weakening after SVEs. The cooling effect from SVEs is able to cool the entire tropics. However, cooling over the Maritime Continent is stronger than that over the central-eastern tropical Pacific. Thus, non-uniform zonal temperature anomalies can be seen following SVEs. As a result, the sea level pressure gradient between the tropical Pacific and the Maritime Continent is reduced, which weakens trade winds over the tropical Pacific. Therefore, the PWC is weakened during this period. At the same time, due to the cooling subtropical and midlatitude Pacific, the Intertropical Convergence Zone(ITCZ) and South Pacific convergence zone(SPCZ) are weakened and shift to the equator. These changes also contribute to the weakened PWC. Meanwhile, through the positive Bjerknes feedback, weakened trade winds cause El Nino-like SST anomalies over the tropical Pacific, which in turn further influence the PWC. Therefore, the PWC significantly weakens after SVEs. The CAM4 experiments further confirm the influences from surface cooling over the Maritime Continent and subtropical/midlatitude Pacific on the PWC. Moreover, they indicate that the stronger cooling over the Maritime Continent plays a dominant role in weakening the PWC after SVEs. In the observations,a weakened PWC and a related El Nino-like SST pattern can be found following SVEs.