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1.
气候变暖背景下,海平面上升已经成为全球沿海国家普遍面临的重大环境问题之一[1]。全球海平面上升是由气候变暖导致的海水增温膨胀、陆源冰川和极地冰盖融化等因素造成的。1901-2018年,海洋增温膨胀对全球海平面上升的贡献为29%;冰川和冰盖质量损失对全球海平面上升的贡献分别为41%和29%,且近40年来已经增加[2]。  相似文献   

2.
观测表明近百年全球在变暖,特别是自1970年以来更加明显,相应海平面上升、冰雪融化、异常与极端天气以及气候事件频发,给社会与经济造成极大影响。值得注意的是,在21世纪的未来80年是否会继续保持增暖的趋势,以及这种变暖在历史上的地位和从古气候暖期所获得的启示,本文将集中在这个问题上。  相似文献   

3.
伊犁河谷气候变化特征分析   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
用伊宁国家气象观测站1952—2005年的气象资料,分析伊犁河谷54a来的气候变化情况。伊犁河谷气候增暖增湿现象较明显,增温率为0.41℃/10a,特别是冬季气温偏暖明显;降水偏多趋势较明显,增幅为21.2mm/10a。由于气候变暖,伊犁河谷极端天气气候事件发生的频率增加,造成的影响更加严重。  相似文献   

4.
全球变暖背景下江门极端气候事件变化分析   总被引:8,自引:7,他引:1  
对1961-2008年的气象资料分析表明,20世纪90年代中期以来,在全球变暖大背景下,地处珠江三角洲的江门地区极端气候事件增多。近50年来,江门年平均气温在波动中不断上升,冬季气温上升最明显;夏季高温出现频率增加,持续性高温也呈增长趋势;“龙舟水”增多明显;雷暴日数增多,年暴雨日数上升;灰霾现象日趋严重。2008年年初,江门市还遭受了严重的低温阴雨天气灾害;同年4月出现有史以来影响最早的台风。随着全球变暖及城市化发展,江门市极端气候事件未来可能继续出现,甚至更加频繁,城市气候灾害将越来越突出。  相似文献   

5.
惠州天气气候变化原因浅析   总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0  
本文通过温室效应、气溶胶的冷却效应、城市热岛效应、强火山爆发、厄尔尼诺现象等5个方面对惠州近44年的气候变化原因进行分析,反映出惠州气候对全球气候系统中的主要气候因子和主要气候事件存在不同程度响应的事实,有助于把握气候变化的方向和特殊气候事件下短期气候可能出现的异常。1温室效应的气候背景本世纪全球气候变暖的趋势已成为共识,被政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPC)公布为事实。经全球资料分析发现气候变暖存在以下特点[1]:①增温在高纬地区比低纬地区明显;②冬季增温比其它季节明显;③夜间增温比白天明显。惠阳站44年…  相似文献   

6.
未来50年中国气候变化趋势的初步研究   总被引:30,自引:4,他引:30       下载免费PDF全文
文章比较了各种气候模式对温室效应的估计,及其可能对中国气候的影响。分析和预测了太阳活动与火山活动的长期变化,在此基础上估计了未来可能产生的自然气候变化。结果表明,在未来50年中太阳活动和火山活动均可能使气候变冷。因此,可能在一定程度上抵消因温室效应加剧而产生的变暖。但在2010年之后,温室效应可能逐步占据主导地位,到2030年全球平均气温可能比1961~1990年平均上升0.6℃以上,东亚地区的增温,可能比全球平均稍强。气候变暖后,东亚地区降水可能增加。但在我国北方,夏季干旱程度可能加大。  相似文献   

7.
近50年来广西近岸及海岛的气候特征与气候变化规律   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
分析近50a来广西近岸及海岛的气候特征与气候变化规律,结果表明,广西近岸及海岛具有气候温暖、热量丰富,降水丰沛、干湿分明,日照适中,风能资源丰富,灾害频繁、旱涝突出的气候特点;随着全球变暖广西近岸及海岛的气候发生了明显变化,气温显著升高,年降水量增多,年日照时数减少,极端天气气候事件造成的灾害损失呈增大趋势。  相似文献   

8.
化州气候变化特征及其对农业生产的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用1959-2008年化州市地面站气象资料,从气温、降水量和日照时数等方面分析了化州市气候变化特征,探讨了气候变化对化州市农业生产的影响.近20年来化州气温上升明显,高温天气明显增加,低温天气明显减少;降水以年际波动为主,线性变化趋势不明显,不同季节的降水量变化有升有降;日照时数年际波动明显,线性拟合呈减少趋势.气候变化导致台风、高温等极端天气事件频繁出现;气候变暖造成农作物生育期缩短、农田地力下降和农作物病虫害灾害频繁;降水变化波动大,导致旱涝交替出,这些都是气候变化对化州农业生产影响的具体体现.  相似文献   

9.
近五十年来广西海岛的气候变化与气象灾害特征分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用涠洲岛气象站自建站至2010年的气象观测资料,分析总结近五十年来广西海岛的气候特征、气候变化规律与气象灾害特征。分析结果表明,随着全球变暖广西海岛的气候发生了明显变化,气温显著升高,特别是90年代后期以来,升温更加显著,冬季对气候变暖的贡献最大;年降水量呈增多趋势,主要来自夏季降水量增多的贡献,从80年代开始降水量增加趋势明显;广西海岛主要的气象灾害发生的频率和强度出现明显变化,台风影响个数略有减少,大风日数呈减少趋势,暴雨、旱涝灾害有所增加,极端天气气候事件造成的灾害损失呈增大趋势。  相似文献   

10.
大气层中温室气体的增加,将会引起全球性的气候变化,进而导致生态、经济、政治方面的严重后果,对温室效应与气候变化关系的研究,已成为世界瞩目的刻不容缓的问题。1温室效应对全球气候影响及预测对全球气候变化的研究表明,人类活动使大气中温室气体(二氧化碳、甲烷、臭氧、氟氯烃、氧化氮、二氧化硫和水汽等)浓度不断增加,使全球温度升高、气候变暖。如果人类不能有效地控制这些温室气体的排放,这种趋势将持续,其增暖效应陆地比海洋强,高纬比低纬显著。全球气候持续变暖将对海平面升高、水资源、农业生态、林业及人类健康等带来…  相似文献   

11.
利用陕西99个国家气象站月、季节、年气温、降水量1991─2020年和1981─2010年平均值资料,对2个气候平均值进行对比分析。结果表明:全省的平均气温一致增加,大部春季增幅最大(平均0.5℃),秋季增幅最小(平均0.2℃),关中增幅整体大于陕北和陕南。降水量变化存在较大的空间和时间差异,空间上主要表现为夏季降水的北增南减(陕北增加,关中和陕南减少)和秋季降水的全省一致增加,时间上各区域降水量表现出明显的季节内尺度变化特征。气候平均值改变后,3月气温评价等级整体由偏高向偏低方向调整,11月降水评价等级整体由偏多向偏少方向调整。暖冬年份减少,冷冬年份增加。在新气候平均值下,气温、降水、季节等级等气候评价结果需要重新评估。  相似文献   

12.
华北地区气候变化对水资源的影响及2003年水资源预评估   总被引:28,自引:6,他引:28  
高歌  李维京  张强 《气象》2003,29(8):26-30
利用华北地区近50年的气候、水资源等相关资料,分析了华北地区水资源及其开发利用状况、气候变化特征及对水资源的影响以及二者之间的相互关系。在此基础上,进一步建立了水资源评估模式,并结合短期气候预测结果,实现了华北地区2003年水资源定量预评估。  相似文献   

13.
The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change concluded that there can be “no doubt” the economic risks of business-as-usual (BAU) climate change are “very severe” [Stern, 2006. The Economics of Climate Change. HM Treasury, London, p. 188]. The total cost of climate change was estimated to be equivalent to a one-off, permanent 5–20% loss in global mean per-capita consumption today. And the marginal damage cost of a tonne of carbon emitted today was estimated to be around $312 [p. 344]. Both of these estimates are higher than most reported in the previous literature. Subsequently, a number of critiques have appeared, arguing that discounting is the principal explanation for this discrepancy. Discounting is important, but in this paper we emphasise that how one approaches the economics of risk and uncertainty, and how one attempts to model the very closely related issue of low-probability/high-damage scenarios (which we connect to the recent discussion of ‘dangerous’ climate change), can matter just as much. We demonstrate these arguments empirically, using the same models applied in the Stern Review. Together, the issues of risk and uncertainty on the one hand, and ‘dangerous’ climate change on the other, raise very strongly questions about the limits of a welfare-economic approach, where the loss of natural capital might be irreversible and impossible to compensate. Thus we also critically reflect on the state-of-the-art in integrated assessment modelling. There will always be an imperative to carry out integrated assessment modelling, bringing together scientific ‘fact’ and value judgement systematically. But we agree with those cautioning against a literal interpretation of current estimates. Ironically, the Stern Review is one of those voices. A fixation with cost-benefit analysis misses the point that arguments for stabilisation should, and are, built on broader foundations.  相似文献   

14.
基于呼和浩特市1961—2006年主要气象要素和2001—2006年主要污染物平均浓度资料,利用数理统计方法和气象环境评价指标,分析由于气候变化对呼和浩特市气象环境所产生的影响。结果表明:①呼和浩特城区近50年气候变暖明显,热岛效应显著,呈现降水量减少趋势及暖干化的气候特征明显。②呼和浩特城区的主要气象灾害呈减少趋势,尤其是沙尘暴、大雾等灾害性天气的逐年减少,降低了大气颗粒物(PM10)的浓度。③呼和浩特市的首要污染物PM10主要发生在集中采暖和风沙较大的冬半年,且冬季辐射逆温、热岛效应有增强趋势,对污染物扩散不利。④呼和浩特城区冬半年寒冷程度不太明显,夏半年舒适度指数虽有上升趋势,但低于偏热不舒适标准,比较适合避暑休闲。  相似文献   

15.
空间规划是适应气候变化的重要政策工具之一,将适应气候变化目标纳入空间规划已经成为国际主流政策。中国适应气候变化的空间规划仍面临诸多问题和挑战,包括气候适应目标和理念薄弱、气候变化风险评估与空间规划尺度不匹配、适应和减缓策略的协同机制欠缺、技术标准和法律法规不完善等。文章结合国家适应气候变化战略和国土空间规划体系重构的目标要求,研究提出适应气候变化导向的国土空间规划框架体系和技术思路,以及将适应气候变化纳入空间规划编制审批、技术标准、实施监督以及法规政策等各个环节的思路与建议,以期通过空间规划的编制与监督实施促进适应气候变化目标的实现。  相似文献   

16.
This article analyses the interactions between agricultural policy measures in the EU and the factors affecting GHG emissions from agriculture on the one hand, and the adaptation of agriculture to climate change on the other. To this end, the article uses Slovenia as a case study, assessing the extent to which Slovenian agricultural policy is responding to the challenges of climate change. All agricultural policy measures related to the 2007–2013 programming period were analysed according to a new methodological approach that is based on a qualitative (expert evaluation) and a quantitative (budgetary transfers validation) assessment. A panel of experts reached consensus on the key factors through which individual measures affect climate change, in which direction and how significantly. Data on budgetary funds for each measure were used as weights to assess their relative importance. The results show that there are not many measures in (Slovenian) agricultural policy that are directly aimed at reducing GHG emissions from agriculture or at adaptation to climate change. Nevertheless, most affect climate change, and their impact is far from negligible. Current measures have both positive and negative impacts, but overall the positive impacts prevail. Measures that involve many beneficiaries and more budgetary funds had the strongest impact on aggregate assessments. In light of climate change, agricultural policy should pay more attention to measures that are aimed at raising the efficiency of animal production, as it is the principal source of GHG emissions from agriculture.

Policy relevance

Agricultural policy must respond to climate challenges and climate change impact assessment must be included in the process of forming European agricultural policy. Agricultural policy measures that contribute to the reduction of emissions and adaptation, whilst acting in synergy with other environmental, economic and social goals, should be promoted. The approach used in this study combines qualitative and quantitative data, yielding an objective assessment of the climate impact of agricultural policy measures and providing policy makers with a tool for either ex ante or ex post evaluations of climate-relevant policy measures.  相似文献   

17.
 已经观测到的气候变化影响是显著的、多方面的。各个领域和地区都存在有利和不利影响,但以不利影响为主,未来的气候变暖将会对中国的生态系统、农业以及水资源等部门和沿海地区产生重大的不利影响。采取适应措施可以减轻气候变化的不利影响,应将适应气候变化的行动逐步纳入国民经济和社会发展的中长期规划中。由于我国科学研究的相对不足和科学认识能力的局限,目前的气候变化影响评估方法和结果还存在很大的不确定性。应当加强区域适应气候变化的案例研究、扩大研究领域、加强极端天气、气候事件影响的研究,以降低影响评估的不确定性,并提出切实可行的适应对策。  相似文献   

18.
气候变化国家评估报告(Ⅱ):气候变化的影响与适应   总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10  
Significant and various impacts of climate change have been observed in China, showing both positive and adverse effects, dominantly the latter, in different sectors and regions. It is very likely that future climate change would cause significant adverse impacts on the ecosystems, agriculture, water resources, and coastal zones in China. Adoption of adaptive measures to climate change can alleviate the adverse impact, therefore such measures should be incorporated into the medium-and long-term national economic and social development plans. Because China has done relatively limited research on impact assessment and our understanding of climate change is incomplete, the current impact assessment methodologies used and results obtained contain many uncertainties. To reduce the uncertainties and develop effective and practical climate change adaptive measures in China, it is necessary to emphasize regional case studies on adaptive measures, enlarge the scope of climate change research, and strengthen the assessment of the impacts resulted from extreme weather/climate events.  相似文献   

19.
气候变化风险研究的初步探讨   总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9       下载免费PDF全文
讨论了气候变化风险的基本内涵,指出敏感性、暴露程度及可能性是气候变化风险的三个基本组成要素.气候变化风险具有不确定性、未来事件、损害性以及相对性等特征.风险评估与风险管理是气候变化风险研究的两个主要环节,以风险评估为手段,以风险管理为最终目标,是应对气候变化行动的基本思路.提出了气候变化风险研究的初步框架和主要方法.并...  相似文献   

20.
Abstract

An emission intensity protocol to govern long-term international greenhouse gas emission reduction is proposed. The protocol may also be interpreted as a technology protocol. The protocol consists of three parameters: a graduation income, below which countries have no emission reduction obligations; a convergence rate, at which emission intensities should approach that of the most carbon-extensive countries; and an acceleration rate, at which the most carbon-extensive countries should improve their technology over and above the business-asusual scenario. Depending on the parameter values, emission reduction ranges from draconian to almost nil. The graduation income and acceleration rate have the expected effects. The effect of the convergence rate is strongly scenario-dependent; some scenarios, perhaps unrealistically, assume strong technological convergence in the nopolicy case; in other scenarios, adopting ‘best commercial technology in the whole world’ would lead to substantial emission reduction. Not surprisingly, different regions prefer different parameters in the emission intensity protocol. Adopting the opinion of the median voter, atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide in the year 2200 would be reduced from 1650 to 950 ppm. This reduction is relatively robust to changes in crucial model parameters. The costs of complying with the emission intensity protocol can be reduced substantially through international trade in emission permits and, in particular, by banking and borrowing.  相似文献   

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