长江三角洲城市群对夏季日降水特征

利用耦合了单层城市冠层模型UCM的中尺度模式WRF,探讨了长江三角洲地区城市化对夏季日降水特征的影响。结果表明,WRF模式能较好地再现长三角地区2003—2007年夏季降水的空间分布, 比较成功地模拟出了降水中心的位置及强度。城市化使得长三角地区夏季降水日数减少了1～5 d,这种降水日数的减少主要是由于城市化使小雨日数减少引起。城市化增强了长三角大部分地区的日降水强度。进一步对长三角地区4个典型城市群宁镇扬、苏锡常、上海和杭州湾城市群进行了夏季降水日变化分析,得出城市化对降水日变化的影响存在一定的区域差异。对于长三角整个大城市群,城市化对降水量、降水强度日峰值出现时刻以及降水强度日峰值大小无明显影响,而使得降水量日峰值减少。城市化使得苏锡常地区降水量日峰值略有增加,宁镇扬和上海地区降水量日峰值都减小,而杭州湾城市群区降水量日峰值出现时刻延后。城市化使得4个典型城市群降水强度日变化曲线形态发生改变,使得上海地区降水强度日峰值出现时刻延后,使得杭州湾城市群区夜雨增强。     

秦岭南北降水小时尺度特征对比分析

利用秦岭地区1961—2015年暖季(4—10月)国家级地面气象站观测的逐时降水资料,从降水逐候变化与降水日变化的角度,比较了秦岭南北两侧暖季降水的演变特征,研究表明:在逐候演变上,秦岭南北两侧均为夏秋双峰型降水,但北侧降水主峰值出现在秋季,秦岭南侧降水主峰值出现在夏季.在降水日变化上,夏秋两季中南侧降水量、降水频次和降水强度均以清晨峰值为主,仅在降水频次上夏季出现了午后的次峰值;而北侧降水量日变化夏秋变化较大,且主要由降水强度贡献,夏季降水强度在午后较强,而秋季清晨降水强度更大.对于不同持续时间的降水事件,南北两个区域在夏秋均表现为持续9h以上(3h以下)的降水为清晨(午后)降水峰值,其差别主要存在于持续时间为4～8h的降水事件中.     

2004—2016年浙江省夏季降水的日变化特征

利用浙江省71个气象观测站的逐小时降水数据,分析2004—2016年夏季(6—8月)降水日变化特征。结果表明:(1)浙江省夏季降水量和降水频次日变化总体上呈现"一主一次"的双峰特征,降水量和降水频次主峰值分别出现在17:00前后和19:00前后。近13 a来,夏季降水量和降水频次有明显的增加趋势。(2)降水日变化特征区域差异明显。浙中西部地区和沿海岛屿的降水量、降水频次和强度日变化波动幅度较小,降水强度的峰值出现在09:00—11:00;浙南地区降水量、降水频次和强度日变化具有单峰特点,峰值均出现在15:00—20:00。(3)降水日变化与不同持续时间的降水事件有关,≥6 h持续性降水事件的降水峰值易出现在09:00前后,而<6 h短时降水事件的降水峰值出现在15:00—22:00。不同区域降水事件有所差异,浙中西部地区和沿海岛屿的降水量来源于持续性降水和短时降水事件的共同贡献,浙南地区降水量主要来源于短时降水事件的贡献。(4)短时强降水(20～50 mm·h^(-1))和特强降水(≥50 mm·h^(-1))易发生在温州、台州和宁波等沿海地区,其中杭州湾、台州局部地区是短时特强降水的高发区;短时强降水的日变化具有单峰特征,降水峰值出现在15:00—20:00。     

华北地区夏季降水日变化的时空分布特征

利用2008~2014年间全国自动站观测降水和CMORPH[CPC（Climate Prediction Center）morphing technique]卫星反演降水资料融合而成的0.1°×0.1°小时降水产品揭示了华北夏季降水的日变化特征,发现华北多数地区夏季降水量和降水频率日变化呈现出明显的双峰特征且存在明显的区域性差异。在太行山以西地区,降水量和降水频率的日峰值出现在傍晚18:00左右（北京时）,规律性最强;而在太行山以东的平原和沿海地区,日峰值一般出现在上午。研究不同持续时间降水对总降水的贡献发现短时降水对傍晚的降水日峰值贡献较大,而长时降水则对凌晨的峰值影响更大。分析不同强度降水对总降水量的贡献结果表明,0.1~10 mm h-1强度降水较其它强度降水对夏季华北地区总降水量贡献更大,随着降水强度的增加降水量日变化的峰值个数增加。     

城市地表特征对京津冀地区夏季降水的影响研究

本文利用京津冀地区24个气象站的日降水资料和耦合有单层城市冠层模式(SLUCM)的中尺度数值模式WRF的模拟结果,研究了城市地表特征对京津冀地区夏季降水的影响。结果表明,在京津冀城市面积迅速增长的近三十年(1981~2010),该地区大部分站点的降水量都呈现减少的趋势,减少最明显的站点主要集中在京津唐城市区域,其中≥50 mm的降水量减少趋势占总降水量减少趋势的50%以上。城市扩张可能是造成京津冀降水时空格局改变的因素之一。通过对比分析控制试验与敏感性试验的模拟结果,发现城市化引起的地表特征的改变使北京、天津、唐山主要城市地区的降水量和降水频次都有明显减少,而城市群下风向的降水量和降水强度则明显增加和增强,其中50 mm以上等级的降水量变化最为显著,贡献率在60%以上。城市地表特征使北京、天津和唐山地区50 mm以上等级降水量的百分比下降了6%~20%,下风向地区增加了8%。城市地表特征也影响了主要城市和城市群下风向地区降水量的日变化结构,使北京和唐山几乎所有时段的降水量都有所减少,而城市群下风向降水量的增加主要发生在白天。研究发现城市地表特征对深对流的抑制(加强)可能是造成京津冀地区降水减少(增多)的重要原因,而由于城市地表蒸发量的改变引起的潜热通量和对流有效位能的改变则可能是引起深对流变化的重要因素。     

长江三角洲城市群对夏季降水影响机制的模拟研究

利用耦合了单层城市冠层模型UCM的中尺度模式WRF,对长江三角洲城市群夏季城市化效应进行了5 a(2003—2007年)高分辨数值模拟,并作了长江三角洲地区有无城市的对比试验。结果表明,城市化使得长三角城市群及其邻近地区,夏季近地层水汽混合比呈明显减少趋势,而850~700 h Pa层的水汽混合比有所增大。通过对比有与无城市各等级降水日所对应的2 m水汽混合比,得出小雨降水日对应的2 m水汽混合比差异与总降水日对应的差异最为接近。通过分析环流场、散度场和垂直速度场发现,水汽混合比的垂直变化是由于城市群的存在使得近地层辐合、850~700 h Pa层辐散的配置增强,以及在城市群上空增强了的垂直上升运动,从而增强城区对流活动,水汽的垂直输送也更为活跃,由此可能导致对流性降水的增加。     

河湟流域降水日变化特征分析

利用海东区域自动气象站2007—2016年逐小时降水数据,分析比较河湟流域~*5—9月份降水量、降水频次和降水强度的日变化峰值位相的整体特征、空间分布差异和典型区域平均的日变化演变特征。得出,河湟流域降水日变化峰值时间主要是傍晚到夜间和清晨双峰型位相和午夜单峰型位相,就整体而言,降水强度的下午峰值特征更加突出,降水频次以午夜峰值为主。综合考虑降水量和降水强度降水频次的日变化峰值位相发,发现河湟流域降水日变化峰值位相在空间分布上存在南北差异,北部双峰型位相和南部单峰型位相特征;从降水量、频次、强度的日变化演变特征来看,北部地区双峰型位相特征,降水量以傍晚至夜间峰值为主清晨峰值为次,降水量位相与降水频次位同步相滞后于降水强度位相;南部地区是单峰型位相特征,降水量峰值出现在午夜,低谷出现在中午,降水量位相与降水频次位相同步滞后于降水强度位相,这应是降水演变过程中时间演变不对称性和高原对流云系发展演变的具体表现。     

青藏高原夏季降水日变化特征分析

利用2008—2014年逐小时空间分辨率为0.1°的全国自动站观测降水资料和CMORPH卫星反演降水融合资料,研究了青藏高原(下称高原)夏季降水日变化特征,并探讨了不同持续时间和等级降水对降水量日变化的影响。结果表明,整个高原地区夏季降水量和降水频率的日变化表现出明显的凌晨和傍晚的双峰结构,而降水强度的双峰结构却不太明显。进一步对各分区降水日变化特征的分析发现,高原中西部降水日变化特征与整个高原地区的一致,而高原北部(东部)地区降水量和频率的日峰值出现在傍晚(午夜-凌晨)。降水持续时间对降水量日变化有显著的影响,高原夏季降水量日变化的双峰特征是由短时(1~3 h)和长持续性(6 h以上)降水共同作用造成的,午夜-凌晨(傍晚)的降水日峰值主要是由于长持续性(短时)降水所引起。分析不同等级降水量日变化特征发现,高原北部地区小-大雨(暴雨)的降水量日峰值基本出现在下午(午夜),而高原中西部不同等级降水量的日变化基本都呈现出傍晚和午夜-凌晨的双峰结构,高原东部地区不同等级降水量的日变化形式较一致,日峰值出现在午夜-凌晨。     

河南省汛期降水的日变化特征

利用1971—2010年汛期河南省111个观测站的逐小时降水资料,分析了河南省汛期降水的日变化特征。结果表明:河南省汛期降水量和降水频率日峰值均从南向北递减;黄河流域降水量日峰值明显小于淮河流域,南阳盆地的降水量日峰值大多出现在凌晨,豫西山地大多出现在傍晚,豫南大部分地区则出现在下午;豫南地区的降水频率日峰值最大,南阳盆地和豫西山地次之,全省大部分地区降水频率日峰值出现时间集中在上午;降水量、降水频率和降水强度的日变化呈双峰值特征,均在凌晨和傍晚出现峰值,凌晨的峰值最大;长持续性降水对河南省汛期降水量的贡献大于短时降水。     

城市化对长江三角洲地区夏季降水、气温的影响

利用WRF耦合城市冠层模式作为区域气候模式,对2001—2007年长江三角洲地区夏季降水进行高分辨率模拟,与站点资料对比来检验模式的适用性;将上海及周边的城建土地利用类型用灌溉农田代替,进行敏感性试验,对比分析城市化对该地区降水、气温的影响,并探讨其影响机制,结果表明:(1) WRF模式合理模拟出该地区夏季降水的气候态分布特征,与实况观测比较接近,并具有较高的时间序列相关系数;该模式具有较高的适用性,可用于该地区研究城市化效应;(2) 城市化使得长三角地区城区上空气候态日平均降水减少,城区下风方向气候态日平均降水增强;城市化进程中不透水的城区面积扩大导致自然植被减少,潜热通量变小,进而减少地表蒸发以及相应局地大气水分的供给,从而使得城区上空降水减少;(3) 城市化使得以上海为中心的长三角城区气候态平均气温显著升高,气温升高最大值达0.8 ℃,升高幅度夜间时段大于白天时段、日最低气温大于日最高气温,城市热岛效应在夜间更明显,城区气温日较差明显减小;城区的城建结构以及建筑群吸收和存储大量太阳短波辐射以及人为热源释放的热能,减少了地面长波辐射的支出,从而使得城区感热通量增大,当其传播到空气中,使得城区地面气温升高。      

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE
Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） publishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmosphere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Information for Authors

AIMS AND SCOPE Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters （AOSL） pub- lishes short research letters on all disciplines of the atmos- phere sciences and physical oceanography. Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS

正Aims Scope Advances in Atmospheric Sciences(AAS)is an international journal on the dynamics,physics,and chemistry of the atmosphere and ocean with papers across the full range of the atmospheric sciences,co-published bimonthly by Science Press and Springer.The journal includes Articles,Note and Correspondence,and Letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.     

Editorial

As we will soon celebrate the 90th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese Meteorological Society （CMS）,Acta Meteorologica Sinica （AMS）,which was originally named as Bulletin of the Chinese Meteorological Society,has gone through 89 years of development and excitement since her first issue in July 1925.According to archived documents （CMS Editorial Committee,1925）,AMS was founded to report the research findings of Chinese meteorologists,record their recommendations for improving meteorological services,and share their common meteorological interests in order to promote the growth of AMS such that more members could be inspired to conduct atmospheric research and meteorological knowledge would be better disseminated to and benefit the general public.By upholding and carrying forward this purpose,AMS has published many highly valuable scientific papers.Some could be treated as classical articles,which have produced important influences on both domestic and international meteorological communities and the related fields.