华南夏季降水的变化特征及其与热带太平洋海温异常的关系

根据1958-2008年华南48站降水资料、NOAA全球逐月海温格点资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,采用EOF分解、相关、合成等统计方法,分析了华南夏季降水的变化特征及其与冬季热带太平洋海温的关系。结果表明,华南夏季降水变化特征主要表现为,空间分布以全区一致型为主,其次是南北反相对称型和东西反相对称型,且这3种分布模态都表现出显著的年际和年代际特征。全区一致型降水异常与热带太平洋海温显著相关,二者的相关性也具有年代际变化特征,其对应的热带太平洋海温具有沿赤道太平洋呈“负-正-负”的纬向分布型,类似于中部型El Nino。全区降水偏多时期,西南季风偏强,西太平洋副热带高压偏强、脊点位置偏西,南亚高压偏强、脊点位置偏东,总体的环流形势有利于华南地区的水汽输送和上升运动;降水偏少时期,情况相反。     

东北春季极端低温的变化特征及其与大西洋海温的关系

利用1958—2007年全球海温、位势高度场月平均资料和我国东北地区64个测站的春季地面气温资料,分析了我国东北地区春季极端低温的时空变化特征及其与大气环流和海温异常的关系。结果表明：近50a来,我国东北春季极端低温事件频数整体呈减少趋势;极端低温频数主要存在全区一致变化型和南北反相变化型两种模态;极端低温事件频数与北极涛动存在显著负相关关系,同时在极端低温多年,极涡较弱,乌拉尔山阻塞高压偏强,东北冷涡较强,反之亦然;影响我国东北地区春季极端低温的关键海区为中北大西洋海区,极端低温多年,中北大西洋海温较常年偏冷,反之则中北大西洋海温较常年偏暖。这对于预测东北春季极端低温事件的年际变化具有很好的指示意义。数值试验结果表明,中北大西洋海温异常可激发欧亚波列,致使中国东北温度异常。     

我国冬季气温的年际变化及其与大气环流和海温异常的关系

利用我国160个台站49个冬季（1951/1952～1999/2000年）的气温资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,通过波谱分析的方法提取变量的年际变化分量（周期小于8年部分）进行分析,结果发现：在年际变化的时间尺度上,我国冬季气温表现为全国一致变化型（EOF1）和南北反相变化型（EOF2）两个主要模态,并可以解释总方差60％以上的变化。进一步分析表明,在年际变化尺度上,与气温全国一致变化型相联系的大气环流表现出海陆气压差的改变以及与此相关的东亚大槽强度的变化和东亚高空急流位置的南北移动;赤道中东太平洋的异常海温对这一模态的出现有一定的预示意义,而中国近海的海温则更多的是被动地随气温改变。与南北反相变化型相联系的大气环流表现出显著的北极涛动特征,这一模态的出现会使得次年春季的西北太平洋海温呈现以30°N为界南北反相变化的形态;而北太平洋的海温异常可能对这一模态的形成有一定的作用。这两个模态的空间分布虽然与年代际尺度上的分布非常相似,但它们的相对强弱和对应的环流却有很大的差异。分析显示,全国一致变化型可能更多地表现出年代际变化的特征,而南北反相变化型更多地表现出年际变化的特征;结果还表明,我国冬季气温的变化在不同的时间尺度上是受不同因子影响的。因此,在研究我国冬季气温变化时,将不同的时间尺度分开考虑是十分必要的。     

中国东北暖季气温变化特征及其与海温和大尺度环流的关系

利用1980~2014年CRU TS3.24月平均气温数据和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了中国东北暖季（5~9月）气温的时空变化特征及其相应的大气环流状况。结果表明:中国东北暖季气温主要表现为全区一致型和南北反位相型两个模态,二者总解释方差高达86%。全区一致型具有明显的年代际变化特征,并在1990年代中期发生了显著的年代际突变,而南北反位相型具有明显的年际和年代际变化特征。全区一致型增暖对应着中国东北地区上空500 hPa位势高度的正异常和850 hPa的反气旋环流异常。当500 hPa位势高度南北反相时,对应于中国东北暖季气温的南北反位相型。进一步分析表明中国东北暖季气温的全区一致型及其1990年代中期的年代际突变与日本海及黑潮延伸区的海温异常及太平洋年代际振荡和大西洋多年代际振荡指数紧密相关。菲律宾以东的西太平洋、北太平洋中部、我国东南沿海、靠近北美东北部的北大西洋等海域的海温异常对中国东北暖季气温全区一致型的出现具有一定的预测作用。而南北反位相变化型与黑潮延伸区的海温异常关系显著,与大尺度指数的相关普遍不明显。在1990年代中期突变前,南北反位相型受到ENSO事件的影响,之后影响不显著。     

中低纬太平洋夏季次表层海温异常年代际变化的时空特征比较

对1955—1998年的夏季次表层(0~400 m)海温进行了EOF分解,对比分析了中低纬太平洋夏季次表层海温的年代际变化特征。结果表明:中纬太平洋夏季次表层海温有2种年代际分布模态:0~160 m表现为PDO型,200~400 m表现为全区一致型;低纬太平洋夏季次表层海温有3种年代际分布模态:0~60 m和300~400 m为全区一致型,80~240 m为东西反向型。太平洋夏季次表层海温异常的年代际变化在中低纬都存在从上而下的时间滞后;而同一层中低纬太平洋夏季次表层海温年代际突变的时间也不一致。     

东北夏季极端低温的变化特征及其与太平洋海温异常的关系

利用1958—2007年全球海温、位势高度月平均资料和中国东北地区64个测站的夏季地面气温等资料,分析了中国东北地区夏季极端低温的时空变化特征,及其与大气环流和海温异常之间的关系,研究结果如下:(1)近50a来中国东北夏季极端低温事件频数在年际变化的时间尺度上主要存在两种模态:全区一致变化型和南北反相变化型;(2)东北夏季极端低温频数与乌拉尔山高压,东亚大槽,阿留申低压,东北冷涡密切相关;(3)东北夏季极端低温与赤道东太平洋海温存在遥相关关系。在1990s初期以前,在E1 Nino发生年或翌年基本都对应东北夏季极端低温年,但1990s初期开始,El Nino发生年与东北地区夏季极端低温的对应关系遭到破坏;(4)东北夏季极端低温事件频数的年际变化与西太平洋暖池海温异常密切相关。进一步研究表明西太平洋暖池海温异常会影响东北地区上空的环流,致使东北夏季极端低温异常。     

基于广义平衡反馈方法的2009/2010年中国冬季气温异常型的诊断

利用中国160个台站和NCEP再分析资料,引入综合分析气候反馈的统计方法——广义平衡反馈方法(GEFA),结合EOF、相关合成分析,探讨2009/2010年中国冬季气温异常型的成因。结果表明:2009/2010年中国冬季气温出现的东北冷西南暖分布型与同期海温异常及其相联系的大气环流异常有密切的关系。其中赤道中东太平洋海温异常的El Ni?o型和赤道大西洋海温异常“正-负-正”三极型模态对2009/2010年中国冬季气温东北冷西南暖分布型有显著的强迫作用。上述海温异常型影响了大气环流异常,中高纬度地面偏北气流将冷空气输送到华北东北地区,致使该地区冬季气温偏低,同时中纬度西风增强,极地冷空气被迫盘踞在高纬,不能影响到西南地区,导致西南地区较常年更暖。      

我国东北夏季气温年代际变化特征及与太平洋海温异常关系的研究

利用1951—2008年东北地区夏季平均气温资料,分析了东北地区近58 a来东北地区夏季气温的变化趋势和突变特征,结果表明,东北夏季气温存在明显年代际变化的阶段性特征和总体增暖的趋势。对我国东北夏季气温与太平洋海温的相关分析表明,太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)由冷位相转为暖位相后,我国东北夏季气温与同期赤道中东太平洋海温相关减弱、与黑潮区海温相关增强,我国东北夏季气温与前期各季太平洋海温相关分布差异很大,海温关键区及相关强度都有所改变,这种相关关系的转变可能是造成近几年来利用太平洋海温预测我国东北夏季气温不确定性的原因之一。     

东北夏季降水的年代际特征及环流变化

利用1961-2012年中国东北地区91个气象站逐月降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和海温资料,以及经验正交函数分解EOF、显著性检验等方法,分析了东北地区夏季降水的时空分布特征、年代际变化特征及相应的环流分布型变化,探讨了不同年代际背景下东北夏季降水年际变化的环流差异。结果表明,东北夏季降水存在明显的年代际变化特征,在1961 1983年(P1)期间降水偏少,19841998年(P2)期间降水偏多,1999年之后(P3)又进入偏少时段。P2与P1时段相比,东北气旋式环流和蒙古反气旋式环流异常增强,而西北太平洋副热带地区为气旋式环流异常,来自西北太平洋偏东水汽输送贡献明显。P3与P2时段相比,东北冷涡活动偏弱,东北地区东部在850 h Pa为偏北风异常,偏南水汽输送有所减弱。进一步分析证实,北太平洋年代际振荡(PDO)对于东北地区夏季降水及相关环流型的年代际变化有重要的调制作用。P1与P3同为降水偏少时段,PDO都处于负位相,东北地区反气旋式环流都偏强;然而P1时段的多雨年,水汽输送主要来自较强的夏季风偏南气流;P3时段的多雨年,水汽输送可能主要来自西北太平洋地区。     

中国冬季气温的年际变化

利用中国160站1951-2000年的冬季月平均气温资料，用EOF分析、小波分析和合成分析等方法对中国近50年来的冬季气温的年际变化和时空分布特征进行研究。结果表明：中国冬季气温50年来有显著的增暖趋势，在70年代后期增暖幅度开始加大，年际变化以6～9年周期为主。中国冬季气温的空间变化有很好的一致性，全国绝大部分区域呈整体变暖或变冷的趋势，并且气温变化南北有别，从南向北幅度逐渐变大。另一种模态是当东北、华北和西北地区冬季气温较高时，其它地区则偏冷；反之亦然。     

东北盛夏月尺度气温的时空分布特征及预测试验

利用1961～2004年东北地区53个测站7—8月逐月气温资料及太平洋海温场、北半球500hPa高度场和环流特征量资料,采用场经验正交函数展开和主成分分析方法,研究近44a东北地区盛夏月尺度气温的时空分布特征;借助典型相关系数,对场与场的关系进行分析,利用多因子场预测未来要素场的典型相关方法,对东北地区盛夏逐月气温进行了预测及评估检验。结果表明：东北地区7、8月份平均气温分布的一致性比较好,分别占总方差的65％和72％;东北地区盛夏7、8月气温主要有全区一致型、南北型和东西型等几种主要空间类型。通过实践检验,典型相关分析方法对2005—2006年东北地区盛夏7、8月份月尺度气温趋势有较好的预测能力。     

近51年我国对流层顶高度的变化特征

利用NCEP/NCAR的对流层顶气压多年月平均和逐月平均再分析资料,运用EOF和REOF方法对近51年中国对流层顶高度的空间分布和时间演变特征进行了详细分析。结果表明,中国地区热带对流层顶(第二对流层顶)和极地对流层顶(第一对流层顶)的边界线,2月最南,8月最北,较高的热带对流层顶从2月开始,逐渐北进,8月到达最北界(44°N附近),然后开始南退,2月其北界处于最南端,在29°～30°N附近;我国29°～44°N之间的中纬度地区,对流层顶高度的年变化幅度较大;对流层顶高度场有三种主要的模态:第一种为全区一致的偏高(偏低)型;第二种为南高(低)北低(高)的南北相反分布型;第三种为南北地区-中部地区相反分布型。对对流层顶高度场进行REOF分解可将中国地区分为6个气候分区,即华南区、新疆区、东北区、华北区、长江流域区和青藏高原区,各区对流层顶高度最大值一般都出现在夏季,最小值出现在冬季,只有华南区的最大值出现在春季,最小值出现在夏季。中国地区对流层顶高度的年际变化和长期趋势具有十分明显的区域性。     

An investigation of the relationship between sub‐Saharan rainfall and global sea surface temperatures

Abstract

The relationship between sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall index anomalies over sub‐Saharan Africa for the 15‐year period, 1970–84, has been examined. The objectively analysed monthly mean SST data were used for the global oceans between 40°S and 60°N. The rainfall data consist of annual mean rainfall indices for the Sahel and Soudan belts over north Africa.

An Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis of the SST data has been carried out for the Atlantic, Indian and global ocean regions. The results show that the most dominant eigenmode, EOF1, is characterized by warming over the central eastern Pacific, cooling over the eastern mid‐latitude Pacific and warming over the entire Atlantic and Indian ocean basins. The second EOF for the Atlantic Ocean SST analysis shows a dipole (north‐south see‐saw) pattern. The third EOF for the Atlantic SST analysis has the same sign over the entire Atlantic basin. Global SST EOF2 and EOF3 correspondió Atlantic SST EOF3 and EOF2, respectively.

The correlation between the sub‐Saharan annual rainfall index, which mainly represents the summer season rainfall from June to September, and SST EOFs shows that EOF1 has statistically significant monthly correlations for the Sahel and Soudan regions and that the warm El Niño‐like phases of SST EOF1 correspond to drought conditions. This result suggests that the large‐scale SST anomalies may be responsible for a significant component of the observed vacillation of sub‐Saharan rainfall. Some preliminary GLA GCM simulation results that support the above findings are also presented.     

Tropical Pacific Decadal Oscillation in Subsurface Ocean Temperature

This study utilizes a new monthly-assimilated sea temperature and analyzes trend and decadal oscillations in tropical Pacific 100-200 m subsurface ocean temperature (SOT) from 1945 to 2005 on the basis of the harmonic analysis and Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) methods. Significant cooling trends in the SOT in the tropical western Pacific were found over this 60-year period. The first EOF of the SOT in tropical Pacific displays an ENSO-like zonal dipole pattern on decadal time scale, and we considered this pattern in subsurface ocean temperature the tropical Pacific decadal oscillation (TPDO). Our analysis suggests that TPDO is closely correlated with the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) in the surface sea temperature (SST). The correlation coefficient between the indices of TPDO and PDO is +0.81 and reaches a maximum of +0.84 when TPDO lags behind PDO by 2 months. Therefore, a change of TPDO is likely related to the variation of PDO. The long-term change in TPDO best explains decadal warming in the tropical eastern Pacific SST and implies potential impact on the weakening of East Asian summer monsoons after the late 1970s.     

Trends and Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Northwest Atlantic from Three Historical Gridded Datasets

ABSTRACT

Historical variability in sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Atlantic (NA) is examined using trend and Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analyses of annual and summer means from three interpolated monthly datasets: Hadley Centre Sea Ice and Sea Surface Temperature (HadISST1), Extended Reconstruction of SST (ERSST), and Centennial in situ Observation-Based Estimates (COBE). Comparisons with time series of upper-ocean temperature from four monitoring sites off Atlantic Canada reveal substantial similarity in the interannual to multi-decadal variability but notable differences in the longer-term trends. The magnitude of decadal-scale variability is comparable to, or greater than, the long-term changes in all of the datasets; together with the trend discrepancies, this needs to be considered in climate change applications. Averaged over the NA, the annual means have a long-term increasing trend and a pronounced multi-decadal variation, resembling those in global mean (land-ocean) surface temperature and the Atlantic Multi-decadal Oscillation (AMO). There is remarkable similarity in the spatial and temporal variability of the three leading EOF modes from the different gridded datasets, with the first highly correlated with the AMO, the second modestly correlated with the winter North Atlantic Oscillation, and the third apparently related to ocean circulation variability. Trends since 1981 are generally two to three times larger than those since 1900 and 1950, which is at least partly related to the phase of the AMO. Trends in the summer means are generally larger than in the annual means. Overall, the results provide support for both anthropogenic global warming and decadal-scale natural variations making important contributions to ocean climate variability in the Northwest Atlantic.     

Long-Term Trend of Temperature Derived by Statistical Downscaling Based on EOF Analysis

This study analyzes the ability of statistical downscaling models in simulating the long-term trend of temperature and associated causes at 48 stations in northern China in January and July 1961–2006. The statistical downscaling models are established through multiple stepwise regressions of predictor principal components (PCs). The predictors in this study include temperature at 850 hPa (T850), and the combination of geopotential height and temperature at 850 hPa (H850+T850). For the combined predictors, Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the two combined fields is conducted. The modeling results from HadCM3 and ECHAM5 under 20C3M and SERS A1B scenarios are applied to the statistical downscaling models to construct local present and future climate change scenarios for each station, during which the projected EOF analysis and the common EOF analysis are utilized to derive EOFs and PCs from the two general circulation models (GCMs). The results show that (1) the trend of temperature in July is associated with the first EOF pattern of the two combined fields, not with the EOF pattern of the regional warming; (2) although HadCM3 and ECHAM5 have simulated a false long-term trend of temperature, the statistical downscaling method is able to well reproduce a correct long-term trend of temperature in northern China due to the successful simulation of the trend of main PCs of the GCM predictors; (3) when the two-field combination and the projected EOF analysis are used, temperature change scenarios have a similar seasonal variation to the observed one; and (4) compared with the results of the common EOF analysis, those of the projected EOF analysis have been much more strongly determined by the observed large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns.     

印度洋海温异常和南海夏季风建立迟早的关系 II.机理分析

通过区分ENSO外部影响和偶极子内部局地作用,探讨了前期春季的印度洋海温异常对南海夏季风建立早晚的可能影响途径。结果表明:在没有去除ENSO信号(外部作用)的情况下,全区一致型的海温分布主要通过影响热带印度洋上空纬向季风环流的强弱来影响南海夏季风建立的早晚。去除ENSO信号后,非ENSO全区一致型的海温分布则主要通过影响低层东西向的气压差异和对流层中上层的南北温度梯度的逆转,进而对南海夏季风建立的早晚产生影响;而南印度洋偶极子(SIODM)型的海温分布则主要通过影响亚洲大陆热低压、西太平洋副热带高压和高低层的辐合辐散运动影响南海夏季风的建立。     

A DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF AIR TEMPERATURE ANOMALY MODE OVER CHINA IN 2009/2010 WINTER BASED ON GENERALIZED EQUILIBRIUM FEEDBACK ASSESSMENT (GEFA) METHOD

By using the observed monthly mean data over 160 stations of China and NCAR/NCEP reanalysis data, the generalized equilibrium feedback assessment(GEFA) method, combined with the methods of EOF analysis, correlation and composite analysis, is used to explore the influence of different SST modes on a wintertime air temperature pattern in which it is cold in the northeast and warm in the southwest in China. The results show that the 2009/2010 winter air temperature oscillation mode between the northern and southern part of China is closely related to the corresponding sea surface temperature anomalies(SSTA) and its associated atmospheric circulation anomalies. Exhibiting warming in Northeast China and cooling in Southwest China, the mode is significantly forced by the El Nio mode and the North Atlantic SSTA mode, which have three poles. Under the influence of SSTA modes, the surface northerly flow transported cold air to North and Northeast China, resulting in low temperatures in the regions. Meanwhile, the mid-latitude westerlies intensify and the polar cold air stays in high latitudes and cannot affect the Southwest China, resulting in the warming there.     

Variation in summer surface air temperature over Northeast Asia and its associated circulation anomalies

This study investigates the interannual variation of summer surface air temperature over Northeast Asia(NEA) and its associated circulation anomalies.Two leading modes for the temperature variability over NEA are obtained by EOF analysis.The first EOF mode is characterized by a homogeneous temperature anomaly over NEA and therefore is called the NEA mode.This anomaly extends from southeast of Lake Baikal to Japan,with a central area in Northeast China.The second EOF mode is characterized by a seesaw pattern,showing a contrasting distribution between East Asia(specifically including the Changbai Mountains in Northeast China,Korea,and Japan) and north of this region.This mode is named the East Asia(EA) mode.Both modes contribute equivalently to the temperature variability in EA.The two leading modes are associated with different circulation anomalies.A warm NEA mode is associated with a positive geopotential height anomaly over NEA and thus a weakened upper-tropospheric westerly jet.On the other hand,a warm EA mode is related to a positive height anomaly over EA and a northward displaced jet.In addition,the NEA mode tends to be related to the Eurasian teleconnection pattern,while the EA mode is associated with the East Asia-Pacific/PacificJapan pattern.