热带气旋降水客观分离业务化探讨

针对中国热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,简称TC)降水的分离问题,利用国家气候中心任福民等提出的客观天气图分析法(Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique,简称OSAT)对2005年影响我国强度达到台风以上的6个TC降水进行了客观分离,并与人工的主观识别方法进行了对比.结果表明,OSAT客观方法由于对TC外围流系最大范围半径D1设置偏大,导致原来的判别测站数比主观方法多,其他系统或TC和其他系统共同作用的降水被包含进来,所以误判率较高,但遗漏少.为了减少误判率,将OSAT方法中的D1根据实况环流场给出,判别准确率得到了提高,但会出现判别结果比主观方法略偏少的现象,原因是TC和其它系统(冷锋、西风槽等)的相互作用结果没有考虑进去.总的来说,对D1的设定由原来根据TC强弱度给出常参数方案组改为根据实况观测、云图等资料获得后,提高了识别效果.使用该客观方法识别TC降水的精确度能满足业务需求,可以投入业务使用.     

西北太平洋热带气旋残留低压对中国大陆地区降水的影响

西北太平洋热带气旋(TC)是影响中国降水的重要天气系统,其减弱后的残留低压(TCRL)仍然携带大量的水汽和能量,给其经过之处带来强降水。为分析热带气旋残留低压对中国降水的影响,采用客观方法从ERA-40和ERA-Interim再分析资料中识别出热带气旋对应的气旋,从而得到热带气旋残留低压活动资料。将残留低压的活动路径分为东北路径、东南沿海路径和西行路径3类,采用客观天气图分析法(OSAT)得到残留低压影响下的降水分布,对残留低压的活动路径和降水的分析结果表明,文中采用的方法能追踪得到热带气旋的完整生命史,在1958-2014年进入警戒区的718个热带气旋中,追踪得到706个对应的气旋,追踪的气旋中心与热带气旋中心平均距离131 km;共443个热带气旋有对应的残留低压,平均持续时间48.5 h,1 d以上的残留低压共293个,占66.1%,残留低压的持续时间与对应的热带气旋强度没有显著的关系,夏季残留低压持续时间较冬季长;对内陆地区的影响残留低压较热带气旋更为显著,降水影响自东南向西北减少,影响范围较热带气旋西扩,强度更大;东北路径主要进入地区为东北和华东地区,影响中国东部地区的降水;东南沿海路径影响范围最广,影响降水的强度最大;西行路径进入范围仅华南和西南地区,主要影响中国南部地区的降水,降水强度最小。      

Changes in Typhoon Regional Heavy Precipitation Events over China from 1960 to 2018

In earlier studies,objective techniques have been used to determine the contribution of tropical cyclones to precipitation(TCP)in a region,where the Tropical cyclone Precipitation Event(TPE)and the Regional Heavy Precipitation Events(RHPEs)are defined and investigated.In this study,TPE and RHPEs are combined to determine the Typhoon Regional Heavy Precipitation Events(TRHPEs),which is employed to evaluate the contribution of tropical cyclones to regional extreme precipitation events.Based on the Objective Identification Technique for Regional Extreme Events(OITREE)and the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique(OSAT)to define TPE,temporal and spatial overlap indices are developed to identify the combined events as TRHPE.With daily precipitation data and TC best-track data over the western North Pacific from 1960 to 2018,86 TRHPEs have been identified.TRHPEs contribute as much as 20%of the RHPEs,but100%of events with extreme individual precipitation intensities.The major TRHPEs continued for approximately a week after tropical cyclone landfall,indicating a role of post landfall precipitation.The frequency and extreme intensity of TRHPEs display increasing trends,consistent with an observed positive trend in the mean intensity of TPEs as measured by the number of daily station precipitation observations exceeding 100 mm and 250 mm.More frequent landfalling Southeast and South China TCs induced more serious impacts in coastal areas in the Southeast and the South during 1990-2018 than1960-89.The roles of cyclone translation speed and"shifts"in cyclone tracks are examined as possible explanations for the temporal trends.     

两广地区热带气旋极端降水特征及成因初探

基于1960—2014年中国广东、广西地区（简称两广地区）184个台站的逐日降水资料、热带气旋（TC）最佳路径集以及ERA-Interim、ERA-40再分析资料,利用TC降水天气图客观识别法、TC路径相似面积指数、动态合成法,从TC过程最大日降水的角度,分析了两广地区TC极端降水的时空特征, 并针对主要特征进行成因诊断。结果表明:50年来,两广地区TC过程的最大日降水≥50、100 mm的频数分别呈-0.66和-0.44次/(10年)的下降趋势,而最大日降水≥250 mm频数则表现出0.16次/(10年)的上升趋势;TC最大日降水频数和强度的大值区主要分布在沿海,并由沿海向内陆递减;大值区相对集中于粤东沿海（东部分区）、珠江三角洲西侧沿海（中部分区）和雷州半岛至广西沿海（西部分区）三个分区,且西部分区在TC最大日降水的平均强度及各级别频次上均为三分区之最大。对比分析发现,造成西部分区极端降水的TC路径规律性较强,主要为TC西行路径,且其登陆点集中在西部分区;对TC极端降水成因分析表明,TC移动速度慢和南海夏季风强度增强均有利于极端降水产生。      

1980—2014年中国台风大风和台风极端大风的变化

基于1980—2014中国670站日最大风速资料,利用改进的客观天气图分析法（OSAT）分离出中国陆地的台风大风（6级以上,≥10.8 m/s）,并定义了台风极端大风,进而研究了台风大风和台风极端大风的变化特征。分析表明：在地理分布上,台风大风年均日数和占比均自海岸线向内陆迅速减小,在海南、华南和东南沿海省份以及江苏南部,台风大风占比一般为30%～70%;台风极端大风年均日数大值主要分布在沿海省市（除河北和天津）,特别是华东和华南沿海,局部地区台风极端大风日数占比达100%。从季节变化看,在台风活跃的7—9月,中国台风极端大风频次总体上超过了季风极端大风;就全国而言,当阈值从最低值（11.5 m/s）提升至12级（32.7 m/s）时,台风极端大风频数占比则从12%急剧攀升至77%。1980—2014年,中国台风大风和台风极端大风年日数均显著减少,而台风极端大风年平均强度增强;这期间引起中国台风大风和台风极端大风的台风频数均显著减少,但引起台风极端大风的台风在生命期和影响期的平均强度均显著增强,这可能是上述显著变化特征的主要原因。     

Diurnal Variation of Tropical Cyclone Rainfall in the Western North Pacific in 2008-2010

Diurnal variation of tropical cyclone (TC) rainfall in the western North Pacific (WNP) is investigated using the high-resolution Climate Prediction Center's morphing technique (CMORPH) products obtained from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). From January 2008 to October 2010, 72 TCs and 389 TC rainfall days were reported by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center's (JTWC) best-track record. The TC rain rate was partitioned using the Objective Synoptic Analysis Technique (OSAT) and interpolated into Local Standard Time (LST). Harmonic analysis was applied to analyze the diurnal variation of the precipitation. Obvious diurnal cycles were seen in approximately 70% of the TC rainfall days. The harmonic amplitude and phase of the mean TC rainfall rate vary with TC intensity, life stage, season, and spatial distribution. On the basis of intensity, tropical depressions (TDs) exhibit the highest precipitation variation amplitude (PVA), at approximately 30%, while super typhoons (STs) contain the lowest PVA, at less than 22%. On the basis of lifetime stage, the PVA in the decaying stage (more than 37%) is stronger than that in the developing (less than 20%) and sustaining (28%) stages. On the basis of location, the PVA of more than 35% (less than 18%) is the highest (lowest) over the high-latitude oceanic areas (the eastern ocean of the Philippine Islands). In addition, a sub-diurnal cycle of TC rainfall occurs over the high-latitude oceans. On the basis of season, the diurnal variation is more pronounced during summer and winter, at approximately 30% and 32%, respectively, and is weaker in spring and autumn, at approximately 22% and 24%, respectively.     

基于降水极端预报指数的福建台风极端降水预报研究

应用1961—2017年中国气象局热带气旋最佳路径数据集、国家地面气象观测站日降水观测资料和2015年8月—2017年12月欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）集合预报系统降水极端预报指数（EFI）数据,根据百分位法定义台风影响期间福建省各站点的台风极端降水阈值,采用最小阈值法剔除台风极端降水时EFI箱线图中的异常值,保留最小值作为台风极端降水EFI阈值,建立基于EFI阈值的台风极端降水预报方法。用该方法分别对2015年8月—2017年12月和2018年登陆或影响福建台风进行台风极端降水回报和预报试验,采用TS、空报率、漏报率对回报和预报结果进行检验。结果表明:福建台风极端降水阈值由沿海向西北内陆逐渐减小,其中中北部沿海地区的阈值最大;台风日降水量与日降水EFI预报、台风极端降水时的日降水量与日降水EFI预报均存在明显的正相关,日降水EFI预报的箱线图差异指数（I_bd）也表明EFI可以较好地区分台风极端降水和非极端降水;预报试验20时（北京时）起报时效12—36、36—60、60—84和84—108 h的台风极端降水预报TS分别达到0.26、0.22、0.20和0.19,总体上略优于回报试验;台风极端降水越显著,台风极端降水预报效果越好,回报和预报都存在的不足是空报率高,主要出现在台风极端降水不明显的个例中。降水EFI预报对台风极端降水预报具有较好的指示意义,基于降水EFI阈值的台风极端降水预报产品可在业务中作为台风极端降水预报的参考。      

北京地区温度要素模式预报和客观方法检验评估

利用2018年10月1日至2019年9月30日北京地区55个地面气象站的实况观测数据对欧洲中期天气预报中心的全球预报（ECMWF thin）、国家气象中心区域预报（Grapes）、北京睿图（RMAPS）、国家级指导预报（SCMOC）、北京智能网格温度客观预报（BJTM）和集合相似预报（AnEn）的逐日最高、最低气温预报结果进行检验评估。结果表明：①ECMWF thin模式预报效果优于Grapes和RMAPS，客观方法BJTM和AnEn对ECMWF thin的改进效果明显。②AnEn在10月至次年4月预报效果好，BJTM在5—9月预报效果好；不同预报时效中，AnEn在短期、中期前段预报效果较好，BJTM在中期5～9 d预报效果相对较好。③以南郊观象台为代表站进行检验，结果显示模式预报均存在明显的系统偏差，客观方法对系统偏差有很好的订正效果。④在降水、大风或无天气系统时，BJTM、AnEn的日最高温度预报准确率较高；雾霾天气背景下，ECMWF thin的最高温度预报准确率较高。雾霾、大风和无天气系统时，ECMWF thin最低温度预报偏差最小，客观方法对模式预报无改进；降水天气背景下，RMAPS和BJTM对最低温度的预报偏差最小。     

THE EFFECTS OF STATION NETWORK DENSITY ON STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF TROPICAL CYCLONE PRECIPITATION

In this paper, 1416 conventional ground-based meteorological observation stations on the mainland of China were subdivided into groups of differing spatial density. Data from each subgroup were then used to analyze variations in the tropical cyclone (TC) precipitation statistics derived from each subgroup across the mainland of China (excluding Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Macao), as well as in two regions (east China and south China) and three provinces (Guangdong, Hainan, and Jiangxi) between 1981 and 2010. The results showed that for the mainland of China, total precipitation, mean annual precipitation, mean daily precipitation, and its spatial distribution were the same regardless of the spatial density of the stations. However, some minor differences were evident with respect to precipitation extremes and their spatial distribution. Overall, there were no significant variations in the TC precipitation statistics calculated from different station density schemes for the mainland of China. The regional and provincial results showed no significant differences in mean daily precipitation, but this was not the case for the maximum daily precipitation and torrential rain frequency. The maximum daily precipitation calculated from the lower-density station data was slightly less than that based on the higher-density station schemes, and this effect should be taken into consideration when interpreting regional climate statistics. The impact of station density on TC precipitation characteristics was more obvious for Hainan than for Guangdong or Jiangxi provinces. In addition, the effects were greater for south China (including Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region, Guangdong, and Hainan provinces) than east China (including Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, and Jiangxi provinces). Furthermore, the analysis proved that the statistical climatic characteristics began to change significantly when the station spacing was between 40 and 50 km, which are close to the mean spacing for all stations across the mainland of China. Moreover, TC areal precipitation parameters, including mean total areal precipitation and mean daily areal precipitation, also began to change significantly when the spacing was between 40 and 50 km, and were completely different when it was between 100 and 200 km.     

EFFECT OF TROPICAL CYCLONE PRECIPITATION ON ALLEVIATING THE DROUGHT SITUATION IN THE SOUTHEAST COASTAL REGIONS OF CHINA DURING SUMMER AND AUTUMN: USING THE IMPROVED OBJECTIVE SYNOPTIC ANALYSIS TECHNIQUE

To quantitatively study the role of tropical cyclone precipitation (TCP) on alleviating the drought in the southeast coastal region of China (SCR) during summer and autumn, the objective synoptic analysis technique (OSAT), improved for consistency and rationality, was used to separate the TCP data on the summers and autumns of 1963–2005 on the basis of daily precipitation data from stations and tropical cyclone best track data. After defining the season drought index, the actual drought distribution and the assumed drought distribution without TCP were acquired. The results showed that within 1 000 km from the southeast coastline of China, TCP accounted for 11.3% of natural precipitation (NP). Without TCP, the drought index in the SCR during summer would have increased from 0.2 to 0.6 or even above 1.0 in some regions whereas the drought index during autumn would have increased from 0.4 to 0.6 or above 1.2 in some regions. The impact of TCP on drought decreases progressively from the southeast coastline to the inland regions. The TCP proportion (TCPP) showed a significant negative correlation with the drought index in many regions of the southeast, and the significant region is wider in autumn than in summer. TCP relieved the drought most significantly within a range of 0–500 km from the southeast coastline. This drought relief showed different characteristics for the interannual variability in summer and autumn, and the cross wavelet transform indicated that the impact of TCP on drought mainly lies in 2–4-year time scales. In particular, there was a significant effect during the summers of 1977–1985 and in the autumns following that of 1985. Therefore, TCP has indeed largely alleviated drought in the SCR during summer and autumn.     

西北太平洋热带气旋变性的客观判据研究

用体现热带气旋（TC）热力学特征的“相空间”（简称CPS）方法,加入了体现TC动力学特征的两个参数,即中低层风速切变参数和涡倾斜参数,对2000—2007年的222个TC进行检验。结果表明,CPS方法在增加了动力学参数后,可以更好地描述西北太平洋地区的TC变性过程,弥补了CPS方法对TC动力学特征描述的欠缺,同时客观判据的判断结果与《热带气旋年鉴》资料更相近。      

用地理信息系统改进热带气旋的客观定位精度

基于地理信息系统(Geographic Information System，简称GIS)技术，初步建立了一个能集成多种数据资料和多种算法的热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone，简称TC)客观定位系统。其中不同卫星及同一卫星不同波段资料(如Quikscat洋面风场、云顶亮温等)的矢量及栅格信息的叠加和分析功能，有助于从多个侧面揭示TC的结构特征；而多种定位方法(如云图形态分析法、云顶亮温极值法、洋面风场涡度极值法、数学形态学算法等)的客观化及其综合运用的实现，不仅可以减小TC定位过程中的随机(人为)误差，而且能提高TC定位工作的效率。利用该系统对编号为0203，0209，0212，0417和0419的5个TC进行的定位试验结果表明:利用该系统进行TC定位的精度与目前业务定位精度相当，具有良好业务应用前景。     

1956～2012年浙闽登陆热带气旋降水精细化观测统计分析

选取我国东南沿海热带气旋登陆数目多、经济发达的浙江和福建两省,利用国家级地面气象站逐小时降水观测资料,结合热带气旋降水客观分离方法,对1956~2012年（共57年）浙、闽两省沿海登陆热带气旋降水开展客观分离,统计分析热带气旋登陆期间降水精细化时空分布特征。结果表明:热带气旋平均路径在登陆前6小时至登陆后24小时呈西北行,累积降水具有明显非对称分布特征,与主要水汽辐合区相吻合,登陆后24小时至48小时的降水分布与鄱阳湖水体以及局地地形有密切联系;伴随登陆进程,降水分布呈现显著变化,登陆前,浙、闽两省降水较强;登陆后,降水范围向内陆扩展到浙、闽两省以外地区;登陆点聚类分析指出,所有类别的较强降水时段均位于登陆前12小时至登陆后6小时,但不同类别的降水分布和演变特征具有显著差异,这种差异与局地地形和热带气旋环流所处位置关系密切;小时强降水统计分析显示,伴随着登陆进程强降水频次分布逐渐变化和向内陆地区推进,高频次强降水主要出现在登陆前、后6小时的浙、闽两省沿海地区,且以两省交界附近地区最为集中,与该地区明显的高大地形分布有着密切的关系。两省各台站由登陆热带气旋带来的小时降水极值差异较大,从10到143 mm均有分布,大部分极值在30至60 mm之间。其中,极值大于50 mm的站点主要分布在沿海地区,在浙、闽交界处较为集中,与小时强降水的频次分布一致。     

夏季亚洲阻塞高压识别及其对中国东北气候异常的可能影响:不同再分析资料对比

基于阻塞高压（阻高）客观识别方法,利用1979-2016年夏季（6-8月）NCEP-Ⅰ、NCEP-Ⅱ逐日再分析资料和ERA-interim逐6 h再分析资料对识别结果进行对比分析;并以D类（130°-160°E）阻高为例,讨论其对6月中国东北地区气候的可能影响。结果表明:NCEP-Ⅰ和NCEP-Ⅱ再分析资料对阻高活动天数、发生频次及年代际变化的识别结果差异较小,而ERA-interim与前两种资料的结果差别较大。3种再分析资料下,夏季各类阻高活动天数均与500 hPa高度场存在相应的显著相关区,且形态相近。但前两种资料对于各类阻高的表征结果较为一致,而ERA-interim再分析资料对各类阻高面积和范围的表征偏小。6月D类阻高活动日数与东北地区气温和降水关系密切,D类阻高活跃年,大气环流以经向型为主,东北地区低层低温、暖平流,高层高温、冷平流的结构指示大气层结不稳定,且东北上空为异常低压环流控制,上升气流较强,有利于6月东北地区出现低温多雨天气。鄂霍次克海地区是6月罗斯贝波的重要来源地之一,而6月D类阻高的形成可能与海-陆温差有关。      

Experiments of DSAEF_LTP Model with Two Improved Parameters for Accumulated Precipitation of Landfalling Tropical Cyclones over Southeast China

The Dynamical-Statistical-Analog Ensemble Forecast model for landfalling tropical cyclones (TCs) precipitation (DSAEF_LTP) utilises an operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) model for the forecast track, while the precipitation forecast is obtained by finding analog cyclones, and making a precipitation forecast from an ensemble of the analogs. This study addresses TCs that occurred from 2004 to 2019 in Southeast China with 47 TCs as training samples and 18 TCs for independent forecast experiments. Experiments use four model versions. The control experiment DSAEF_LTP_1 includes three factors including TC track, landfall season, and TC intensity to determine analogs. Versions DSAEF_LTP_2, DSAEF_LTP_3, and DSAEF_LTP_4 respectively integrate improved similarity region, improved ensemble method, and improvements in both parameters. Results show that the DSAEF_LTP model with new values of similarity region and ensemble method (DSAEF_LTP_4) performs best in the simulation experiment, while the DSAEF_LTP model with new values only of ensemble method (DSAEF_LTP_3) performs best in the forecast experiment. The reason for the difference between simulation (training sample) and forecast (independent sample) may be that the proportion of TC with typical tracks (southeast to northwest movement or landfall over Southeast China) has changed significantly between samples. Forecast performance is compared with that of three global dynamical models (ECMWF, GRAPES, and GFS) and a regional dynamical model (SMS-WARMS). The DSAEF_LTP model performs better than the dynamical models and tends to produce more false alarms in accumulated forecast precipitation above 250 mm and 100 mm. Compared with TCs without heavy precipitation or typical tracks, TCs with these characteristics are better forecasted by the DSAEF_LTP model.     

台风活动及其与中国西部降水特征分析

应用1949—2016年台风资料和中国地面逐日降水资料,针对中国内陆西部地区,通过对较长样本资料的统计分析,研究台风活动及其在台风登陆背景下,中国西部年、夏半年和盛夏平均降水特征。研究得到:①67年间登陆中国大陆的台风年平均9.09个,6—10月是台风活跃期,登陆台风最早在4月,最晚在12月,8月登陆台风频率最高。②台风活动对宁夏全省、陕西大部、四川盆地、甘肃中东部和青海大部降水影响明显,台风活动多寡与该地区降水多寡总体成正相关。新疆和西藏降水受台风影响极小,贵州、重庆降水与台风活动呈相反情况,台风活动对云南降水影响不明显。③台风活动与中国西部部分地区降水呈正相关特征,其年均降水最明显,其次是6—10月平均降水。此项研究首次聚焦在远距离台风与中国西部降水特征上,将有助于系统全面地认识台风活动特征、登陆台风与中国西部降水的关系以及中国西部降水机理。     

热带气旋对1975-2018年暖季中国极端降水气候态、变化趋势及其与温度关系的影响研究

全球变暖背景下我国极端小时降水和极端日降水(EXHP、EXDP)气候态及变化趋势的区域差异明显, 其中热带气旋(TC)的影响尚不明确。利用1975-2018年暖季台站小时降水(P)和热带气旋最佳路径等资料, 采用百分位法定义极端小时降水与极端日降水, 并将总降水(All)客观分为热带气旋降水与非热带气旋(nonTC)降水, 分析热带气旋对中国东部All-P、All-EXHP、All-EXDP的气候态和变化趋势以及极端小时降水随温度变化的影响。主要结论如下: (1) TC-P、TC-EXDP、TC-EXHP占其对应总降水之比均从东南和华南沿海向西北内陆递减, 区域平均而言, TC-P占All-P之比与TC-EXHP占All-EXHP之比均约为11%, 而TC-EXDP占AllEXDP之比为15.8%;(2) 热带气旋和非热带气旋降水变化趋势的空间分布差别较大, 热带气旋对长江流域东部总降水增多的贡献高达49%, 并一定程度上改变了降水趋势的空间分布; (3) TC-EXHP强度与温度的关系在约21℃发生改变, 且截然不同于nonTC-EXHP, 华南、东南沿海TC-EXHP强度随温度的变化率明显低于nonTCEXHP, 造成nonTC-EXHP和All-EXHP随温度变化率不同, 且在东南沿海差异显著。      

华东地区登陆台风降水变化的初步研究

利用华东地区129站1954—2004年逐日降水量资料,用降水客观分离的方法及其改进方案对登陆该地区的台风降水（tropical cyclone precipitation;TCP）进行分离;再用方差分析、气候趋势系数和线性回归等方法,分析TCP的气候特征,并与总降水的相应特征比较。结果表明：华东地区登陆台风降水量空间分布不均匀,福建东南沿海地区最大,具有向西北方向递减的趋势,这种趋势与地形等因素有关;TCP的年际变化明显,9 a和15 a周期显著;TCP年代际变化表现为20世纪50年代最多,70年代前开始减少,比华北地区台风降水减少出现的时间提早10 a;TCP与总降水两者的时间演变特点差异较大。     

NEX-GDDP降尺度数据对中国极端降水指数模拟能力的评估

利用1986—2005年中国地面气象台站观测的格点化逐日降水数据(CN05.1)评估了NASA高分辨率降尺度逐日数据集NEX-GDDP中21个全球气候模式在0.25?(约25 km×25 km)分辨率下对中国极端降水的模拟能力.选取年最大日降水量(RX1D)、年最大5 d降水量(RX5D)、湿日总降水量(PRCPTOT...     

Surface Rainfall Processes during the Genesis Period of Tropical Cyclone Durian(2001)

The rainfall processes during the formation of tropical cyclone(TC) Durian(2001) were investigated quantitatively using the three-dimensional(3 D) WRF-based precipitation equation. The rain rate(PS) decreased slightly as the TC approached to formation, and then increased as Durian began to intensify. The rate of moisture-related processes(QWV) in the equation contributed around 80% to PSbefore TC genesis, and made more contribution during and after TC genesis. The rate of hydrometeor-related processes(QCM) contributed about 20% before TC formation, followed by less contribution during and after TC formation. QWVwere dominated by the 3 D moisture flux advection rate(QWVA), while the surface evaporation rate(QWVE) also played an important role. Just before TC genesis, moisture from QWVAand QWVEhelped the local atmosphere moisten(negative QWVL). QCMwere determined by the 3 D hydrometeor advection rates(QCLAand QCIA) and the local change rates of hydrometeors(QCLLand QCIL). During TC formation, QCMlargely decreased and then reactivated as Durian began to intensify, accompanied by the development of TC cloud. Both the height and the strength of the net latent heating center associated with microphysical processes generally lowered before and during TC genesis, resulting mainly from lessening deposition and condensation. The downward shift of the net latent heating center induced a more bottom-heavy upward mass flux profile, suggesting to promote lower-tropospheric convergence in a shallower layer, vorticity amplification and TC spin-up.