合肥市降水化学组成成分分析

为研究合肥市降水的化学组成成分,于2010年4—9月在合肥市国家基本气象站设立了采样点,进行降水的采集,对降水化学组成成分进行了测定,并系统分析了化学组成成分的特点。结果表明:合肥降水中阴离子主要为SO24-,阳离子主要为NH4+和Ca2+,[SO24-]/[NO3-]当量浓度比值范围为1.23～6.33,大部分样本的比值<3,说明酸雨类型以硝硫混合型为主。降水的酸度与单一离子当量浓度的相关性并不明显,应该是受多种离子综合影响的结果,SO24-与NO3-,Ca2+与Mg2+,NH4+与SO24-,NH4+与NO3-均表现出较好的相关性。     

广州市气溶胶质量谱和水溶性成分谱分析

对2006年9月—2007年1月在广州市采集的气溶胶粒子的质量谱和水溶性成分进行分析表明,广州市各测点的气溶胶质量谱基本呈双峰或三峰分布,细粒子浓度占气溶胶总浓度的四成到六成;在气溶胶水溶性离子成分中,浓度最高的阴离子是SO42-和NO3-,浓度最高的阳离子是NH4+和Na+;各离子多呈三峰或是双峰分布,但不同离子的峰值不尽相同;广州市的粉尘污染逐渐减少,而NH4+浓度迅速增大;相对土壤,只有Na+和NH4+富集度比较大,SO42-和K+有一定富集;相对海洋,F-的富集度非常大,其他离子则无明显富集;Cl-被严重耗损;致酸离子以SO42-为主,NO3-作用较弱些;SO42-和NH4+谱分布有很好的相关性,并且在细粒子和巨粒子粒径范围有共同的来源。     

东亚地区降水离子成分时空分布及其特征分析

利用东亚酸沉降监测网(EANET)观测资料,对2001年东亚地区降水成分的时空分布特征进行了分析,通过与过去的观测进行对比,揭示东亚各地酸雨分布情况及降水化学特性差异,为东亚酸沉降长距离输送模式比较计划提供前期分析资料.分析结果表明:(1)东亚地区降水化学成分表现出明显的地域特征,滨海地区的日本降水含量中Na+、Cl-分别为219、208μmol·L-1居东亚地区之首,而中国西北地区Ca2+、NO-3、NH4+、SO24-、Mg2+、K+含量最高各为755、168、260、768、59.3、53.6 μmol·L-1;降水酸度主要受阳离子Ca2+、NH4+和阴离子SO24-、NO3-的影响.(2)东亚地区降水化学成分季节变化明显,除部分源自人为或工业排放源影响外(如北部地区冬季取暖),东亚地区气候呈季节变化也是影响的主要因子之一.春季沙尘源区沙尘、扬沙频繁,其上空存在较强的西风带,在天气系统冷锋影响下,沙尘粒子易随大风扬起而由锋前强烈抬升气流输送到对流层中层,在高空西风急流作用下输送到下游地区.(3)东亚地区酸雨区降水与以往主要以硫酸型酸雨为主的降水性质不同,除中国西南工业欠发达地区仍为硫酸型外,其他酸雨区均为硫酸和硝酸混合型.表征酸雨类型的特征参量[SO24-]/[NO3-]的比值在中国西南地区为3～5,东南和华南地区为0.5～3;其他各国均在0.5～3之间.     

贵阳市近年酸雨特征分析

该文利用2005—2010年贵阳酸雨观测资料并结合探空及大气成分资料,分析了近年来贵阳地区的酸雨变化特征,研究了气象条件及大气污染物与酸雨的关系。结果表明:2005—2010年降水平均pH值均小于5.6,且近5 a来,降水pH值呈两端高中间低的分布型。贵阳地区夏、秋两季降水平均pH值及K值较春、冬季节高;pH值及K值随降水量的增大呈下降趋势,而强酸雨频率则随降水量的增大呈上升趋势,酸雨污染严重;当连续发生逆温状况时,酸雨出现频率增大;大气污染物SO2、NO2、PM2.5的浓度与降水pH值呈负相关关系,说明近地层污染物浓度对降水酸度有重要影响。     

庐山降水化学垂直分布的初步研究

庐山大气降水中离子浓度随高度降低而增高，但pH值减小。锋面过境降水与变性高压西南侧降水中各种离子浓度以及山下与山上测点离子浓度比有明显差异，这可能与气流来向和污染源的分布有关。气溶胶对降水中SO4=贡献为91.0%。气流不同来向影响气溶胶浓度。不同天气过程，不同离子的云下冲刷过程是不同的。     

岭南山地气溶胶物理化学特征研究

对岭南山地收集的气溶胶样品的质量谱与水溶性离子成分谱的分析表明:总气溶胶质量与诸离子浓度大体在华南大陆的清洁点均值与大中城市均值之间,其分布主要表现为明显的三峰分布,分别位于巨粒子段,大粒子段与亚微米粒子段,主峰值位于巨粒子段。K 的分布最为特殊,仅仅在细粒子段位于0.065~1.1μm处表现为一个明显的峰。气溶胶中均以SO42-为主要阴离子成分,Ca2 为主要阳离子成分,较之华南乡村清洁对照点,除离子浓度成倍增加外,SO42-浓度占了阴离子含量的绝大部分。另外,NO3-、NH4 的含量比华南城市显著减少是其主要特点。在雨季无论是总浓度还是SO42-、Ca2 、Mg2 的浓度均比旱季时明显减少,与降水的清除过程有关。气溶胶中水溶性NH4 、K 、SO42-较多地存在于细粒态粒子中,它们的质量中值直径在旱季比广州大,在雨季略小于广州的情况;而F-、Ca2 、Cl-、Na 较多地存在于粗粒态粒子中。相对于华南土壤而言,旱季的大瑶山和白云山气溶胶中Mg2 、Ca2 有明显富集,SO42-也有一定程度的富集,雨季仅仅白云山上Mg2 有富集现象。通过离子中和情况的讨论,岭南山地气溶胶应呈酸性,对雨水酸化的缓冲能力较差,会加重该区的酸雨危害。     

瓦里关大气降水的化学特征

利用2007—2009年瓦里关本底台降水化学观测资料,分析了瓦里关降水的pH值、电导率及Cl-、NO-3、SO2-4、NH+4、K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+等离子成分的分布特征。结果表明,瓦里关pH值和电导率的年平均值分别为6.60和21.26μs/cm,2007—2009年呈逐年升高趋势。根据pH值,瓦里关降水以中性降水为主,占总降水的65.13%,其次为碱性降水,酸雨最少。离子浓度大小排序依次为Ca2+SO2-4Na+NH+4Cl-Mg2+NO-3K+,且存在明显的季节变化特征,K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+有相似的来源。瓦里关降水中SO2-4/NO3-的范围为0.35~16.48,平均值为3.07;2007—2009年SO2-4/NO-3值呈逐年下降趋势;SO2-4/NO-3全年存在两个峰值,分别在4月和9—10月。     

杭州地区酸雨分布特征及影响因素

利用2009年7月至2012年6月杭州地区7个观测站的酸雨资料并结合探空及大气成分资料,分析近3年来杭州地区的酸雨变化和分布特征,研究了气象条件和大气污染物对酸雨的影响。结果表明：杭州地区近3年降水平均pH值在437~523之间,酸雨污染空间上呈现“西重东轻”的格局,降水酸度和酸雨频率均呈现小幅波动且变化趋势不明显。酸雨污染总体上夏季最轻,秋冬季最严重,春季次之。降水量与pH值和电导率的关系各站不一,其中临安、淳安、建德和富阳等地的降水pH值与降水量成正比,杭州和桐庐相关变化关系不明显。萧山比较特殊,各地降水电导率与降水量均呈反比; 在850 hPa偏北风的输送影响下, 降水酸度及电导率较高;降水pH值与最低层逆温的高度成正比,与逆温的厚度成反比,强酸雨时在降水前半段均伴随较严重的灰霾天气,逆温对降水电导率的相关关系不是很明显; 污染物SO2、NO2、PM10、PM25的浓度与降水pH值呈负相关关系, 说明近地层污染物浓度对降水酸度有重要影响。     

中国酸雨研究综述

回顾了我国开展酸雨研究以来所取得的各方面研究成果,主要包括酸雨的定义、空间分布特征、化学特征、影响酸雨pH值的因素、酸雨对生态社会的影响以及酸雨控制的对策和方法6个方面。研究表明,海洋降水pH值以4.8、内陆降水以5.0作为酸雨的界限更为合理;我国酸雨空间分布存在明显的地域差异,南方酸雨比北方严重,且以城市为中心分布;我国降水中总离子浓度很高,酸雨是典型的硫酸性酸雨,降水酸度与(SO42- NO3-)/(NH4 Ca2 )的浓度比值有着高度的正相关;酸雨的形成不仅仅取决于酸性物质的排放,还与酸性物质的迁移和扩散、土壤的性质、大气中的氨、大气颗粒物及其缓冲能力和气象条件有关;酸雨对生态系统、建筑物和人体健康都造成了严重危害,我国酸雨还有进一步加重的趋势,因此必须进一步加强和发展酸雨控制的对策和方法。     

天津大气气溶胶化学组分的粒径分布和垂直分布

2006年8月在天津气象铁塔的10、120、220 m 3个不同高度.利用Andersen分级采样器同步进行大气气溶胶采样,样品用离子色谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪进行分析.结果表明,K元素主要集中在细粒子,Mg、Ca、Al、Fe元素主要集中在粗粒子,Na元素则具有双峰结构;总离子浓度随着高度的升高有增加的趋势,SO42-、N3-、NH4+、Ca2+是最主要的水溶性尤机离子;二次源是水溶性离子重要的贡献源.NO3-、SO42-、NH4+随着高度升高,浓度有向小粒径集中的趋势;各层气溶胶阴阳离子平衡值小于1,表明气溶胶偏碱性,与天津地处北方,土壤偏碱性,且非采暖期地面扬尘是主要的气溶胶来源有关;各层NO3-/SO42-平均值为0.48,表明非采暖期固定排放源(燃煤)仍然是天津大气细粒子中水溶性离子的主要来源.     

GRADIENT DISTRIBUTION OF ACID RAIN IN THE SCENIC RESORT OF THE BAIYUN MOUNTAIN IN GUANGZHOU

1 INTRODUCTION Sitting in the central part of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou is one of the cities in China that are most polluted by acid rain. Broad attention has been brought to the problem. Since the early 1980s, a series of observation and studies h…     

Source identification and variation in the chemical composition of rainwater at coastal and industrial areas of India

Studies on precipitation chemistry were carried out to understand the nature and sources of rainwater at Rameswaram and NTPC Dadri, India representing coastal and industrial region during 2010. The rainwater samples, collected at these locations, were analyzed for major ions and pH. The data were assessed for its quality. The pH of rainwater at two locations varied from 5.53 to 6.73 and 5.1–6.6, indicating alkaline nature except a few acidic events. The dominance of Cl− and Na+ were observed in coastal environment whereas dominance of Ca2+ was seen in industrial environment. The nss-SO42- (37.9%) at Rameswaram is less influenced by anthropogenic activities whereas nss-SO42- (72.5%) at NTPC Dadri is influenced by pollutants emitted by anthropogenic sources. The ratio of H+/(NO3- + SO42-) was observed as 0.04 and 0.008 for Rameswaram and NTPC Dadri which is close to zero, indicate 99.99% of acidity was neutralized in precipitation. Ca2+, NH4+ and Mg2+ play an important role in neutralization of acidic ions in rainwater. For source identification, correlation matrix analysis was established, which showed that in general, at both sites; correlation between the acidic ions SO42- and NO3- indicating their origin from similar sources, because of the similarity in their behavior in precipitation and the co-emissions of their precursors SO2 and NOX. The correlation coefficient of (SO42- + NO3-) vs (Ca2+) at Rameswaram and NTPC Dadri were 0.77 and 0.87 indicates that CaCO3 is the major neutralizing agent for both the region. Overall, the influence of marine, terrestrial and anthropogenic sources was observed in the rain events.     

Precipitation chemistry and corresponding transport patterns of influencing air masses at Huangshan Mountain in East China

One hundred and ten samples of rainwater were collected for chemical analysis at the summit of Huangshan Mountain, a high-altitude site in East China, from July 2010 to June 2011. The volume-weighted-mean （VWM） pH for the whole sampling period was 5.03. SO2- and Ca2＋ were the most abundant anion and cation, respectively. The ionic concentrations varied monthly with the highest concentrations in winter/spring and the lowest in summer. Evident inter-correlations were found among most ions, indicating the common sources for some species and fully mixing characteristics of the alpine precipitation chemistry. The VWM ratio of [SO]-]/[NO3] was 2.54, suggesting the acidity of rainwater comes from both nitric and sulfuric acids. Compared with contemporary observations at other alpine continental sites in China, the precipitation at Huangshan Mountain was the least polluted, with the lowest ionic concentrations. Trajectories to Huangshan Mountain on rainy days could be classified into six groups. The rainwater with influencing air masses originating in Mongolia was the most polluted with limited effect. The emissions of Jiangxi, Anhui, Zhejiang and Jiangsu provinces had a strong influence on the overall rain chemistry at Huangshan Mountain. The rainwater with influencing air masses from Inner Mongolia was heavily polluted by anthropogenic pollutants.     

Chemical character of precipitation and related particles and trace gases in the North and South of China

Rainwater samples were collected at four sites, including Beijing and Mazhuang Town in the north of China, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain in the south of China. Character of atmospheric particles and gases were also measured at Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain. Both of Beijing and Shenzhen are urban sites; Mazhuang Town and Mangdang Mountain are rural and remote sites respectively. The atmospheric pollution at rural plain site in the north of China was more serious than that at remote mountain site in the south of China. At Beijing, Mazhuang Town, Shenzhen and Mangdang Mountain the average pH values in rainwater were 6.02, 5.97, 4.72 and 4.81, respectively and the concentrations of total ions in rainwater were 1454, 1125, 187 and 191 μeq/l, respectively. While the acidity of the rain was higher in the south than that in the north, the rainwater in the north of China was more severely polluted than that in the south. The major acidic ion in the rainwater is SO₄^2-, and NH₄⁺ is the most important neutralizing ion in rainwater at the four sites, followed by Ca²⁺. The amounts of organic acid in precipitation were compared with other sites in the world. The ratios of organic acid to total free acid in rainwater at Mangdang Mountain was 13.8% and the influence of organic acid on acidity of rainwater at mountain site in the south of China is more important. The variation of atmospheric particles, gases and components in rainwater and cloud-fog water during special rain and cloud-fog events was discussed. The importance of washout process varied with atmospheric species. The impacts of rainfall, rain duration time and wind speed on wash-out process were estimated by regression analysis.     

两广大陆地区酸雨的时空分布规律和化学特点

自１９８８年１月至１９８９年１２月，建立了一个包括７０个监测点的酸沉降测网，进行了常规的干，湿沉降同步观测，获得了大量的监测数据，结果表明：两广地区大面积出现酸雨，酸雨污染较严重地区是广东省粤北和珠江三角洲及广西的“汀桂走廊”。这些地区经济发展迅速，又是ＳＯ２，ＮＯｘ排放量较多的地区。降水酸度季节分布明显，即：春季＞冬季＞秋季＞夏季。降水中主要离子是Ｃａ＾２＋，ＮＨ＾＋４和ＳＯ＾２－４，化学组成以     

Summer rain events in south-east Asia: Spatial and temporal variations

During the summer monsoon period in south-east Asia marine airstreams normally prevail at the south China coast. However, when tropical cyclones approach then polluted airmasses from south-eastern China can impart high ionic concentrations and high acidity to rainwater. This is illustrated by two examples and the small-scale horizontal variations in rainwater composition are minor during these episodes. Since long-term quality-assured studies of the composition of rainwater in south-east Asia are scarce, the results at three sampling sites in Hong Kong during summer monsoon periods are compared with previous data from the same season. The results for the mid- to end-1990's show a similar trend to those for the ambient concentrations of sulphate and nitrate in aerosol in Hong Kong, which show flattened trends from 1995 to 1999. A marked increase in acidity is found in the summer monsoon period of 2004 which is attributed to the greater proportion of approaching cyclone weather systems in the dataset, reflecting both the increased local emission sources and the burgeoning economic growth of the Pearl River Delta Region. Comparison of the rainwater composition with that at other south-east Asian cities during the summer monsoon period shows that it is most acidic in Hong Kong.     

黄山夏季气溶胶多尺度吸湿性的参数化方案构建研究

利用2014年7月在黄山光明顶观测的气溶胶吸湿性参数（κ）和气溶胶离子化学组分、有机碳（OC,organic carbon）数据,对多尺度气溶胶吸湿性参数进行分析,并在此基础上建立了多尺度κ的参数化方案。研究结果表明,影响黄山夏季气溶胶来源的主要气团包括西南气团、北方气团以及东南气团。黄山夏季κ的变化范围为0.2-0.48,且随粒径增大成先增大后减小的分布特征;气溶胶粒径在0.15-1.1 μm的强吸湿段,κ>0.3,而在粒径小于0.15 μm和粒径大于1.1 μm弱吸湿段,κκ分布不同,气溶胶粒子在小于1.1 μm的粒径段,当受西南气团影响时,κ值最大,而受东南气团影响时,κ值最小;在气溶胶粒径大于1.1 μm时,κ在两个气团背景下呈现与气溶胶粒径小于1.1 μm时相反的分布特征。影响粒径小于1.1 μm气溶胶吸湿能力的主要水溶性化学组分为NH4+、SO42-、水溶性有机碳（WSOC,water soluble organic carbon）,而影响大于1.1 μm粒径范围气溶胶吸湿能力的主要水溶性化学组分为NH4+、SO42-、NO3-、WSOC和Ca2+。由气溶胶多尺度离子化学组分和WSOC构建的气溶胶κ的参数化方案,在小于1.1 μm和大于1.1 μm的粒径范围内的表达式分别为κreg=0.12+0.45fNH4++0.63fSO42-+0.18fWSOC和κreg=0.01+0.78fNH4++0.76fNO3-+0.8fSO42--0.28fCa2++0.14fWSOC（f为对应组分的质量份数）。两个参数化方案均能较好地预报κ,预报值κreg与κ的计算值间存在较好的相关关系,相关系数通过了置信度99%的显著性检验,且预报误差在30%范围内。      

Relationships Between Rainwater Composition and Synoptic Weather Systems Deduced from Measurement and Analysis of Hong Kong Daily Rainwater Data

The composition of Hong Kong rainwater has been studied in the context of seven types of prevailing synoptic weather system. These represent different precipitating airmass origins in terms of continental, maritime, local or mixed sources. Replicate sampling was performed on a daily basis from 1994–1995 for both bulk deposition (n = 60) and simultaneous wet deposition (n = 27) collectors. Reliable analytical data were obtained for the concentrations of the soluble components H+, Na+, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, Cl-, NO3- and SO42-. The acidity of rainwater was found to be greater when Hong Kong was under the influence of an approaching cyclone (type AC), northeasterly monsoon (type NE) or cold front (type CF) than for prevailing easterly anticyclones (type E), southerly/southwesterly monsoon systems (type S), or cyclonic flows (type C). A common characteristic of occasions of acid rain in Hong Kong was the build-up of local pollutants under conditions of low windspeed, as shown by the significant correlation between rainwater pH and lognormal surface windspeed, but not windvector. The acidity of Hong Kong rainwater was thus largely determined by local sources, although the participation of a continental airmass was evident for some systems. The daily bulk deposition flux of H+ on rainy days varied by more than an order of magnitude from type C (0.2 meq m-2 d-1) to types AC, trough (T) and NE (>2 meq m-2 d-1).     

抚顺市区酸雨分布特征研究

降水酸度在一定程度上反映了降水和大气的污染程度。以煤烟型城市抚顺为研究对象,分析了抚顺市区降水污染的现状及降水pH值的频率、时间、空间的分布特征,以此为城市环境治理提供参考依据。结果表明:抚顺的酸雨主要出现在10月和12月,降水污染主要受局地影响。降水月平均pH值与同期降水量有关,酸雨频率的季节分布与空气中的SO2和NOX浓度的季节分布状况相一致。     

华南准静止锋暖区内降水的物理化学特征

介绍了一次华南准静止暖区内降水的物理化学特征的综合观测分析结果。主要有：①暖区内积云降水雨滴浓度不高，但滴径较大，谱型以多峰谱为主；②雨水ｐＨ值较低，平均４．４３，离子成分中ＮＯ３，Ｃｌ，ＳＯ４，ＮＨ＾＋４，Ｎａ＾＋的浓度较高；③本次降水清除了气溶胶总质量的４５％，对Ｃｌ，Ｆ，ＮＯ３的清除率较高；④由于气溶胶中阴离子被雨水清除的效率较高（主要是ＮＯ３）而阳离子的清除率低，致使雨水ｐＨ值下降，这可能