风暴尺度天气下利用集合卡尔曼滤波模拟多普勒雷达资料同化试验Ⅰ.不考虑模式误差的情形

本文在假定模式无偏差的情况下,利用一次风暴过程的模拟多普勒雷达资料进行一系列风暴天气尺度的集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化试验,检验集合卡尔曼滤波在风暴天气尺度资料同化方面的效果,并验证各集合卡尔曼滤波参数对同化效果的影响。试验结果表明,集合卡尔曼滤波能有效地应用于风暴尺度的资料同化;40个集合成员以及6km的局地化尺度能较好地滤除采样误差造成的虚假相关,同时可以将观测信息传递到无观测的模式格点;利用背景场加上空间平滑的高斯型随机扰动生成初始成员的方式较未经过平滑的方式有更好的分析效果;背景场扰动方法能够提高样本的离散度;只同化反射率的同化试验表明,反射率的同化效果较明显,也证明了集合卡尔曼滤波在非常规资料同化中的作用;增加径向风资料同化的效果优于只进行反射率同化的结果。     

ＷＲＦ-ＥｎＳＲＦ同化系统的效果检验及其应用

利用自主构建的针对风暴尺度资料同化的WRF-EnSRF同化系统同化多普勒天气雷达资料,检验其在2003年一次梅雨锋暴雨以及2009年一次强对流天气过程的同化性能.结果显示,在两个例中该同化系统均表现出有效的同化能力,经过60 min同化的分析场和以该分析场集合做初值的30 min的集合预报结果都比较接近实际观测.在同化过程中,径向速度和反射率因子的观测增量均方差分别达到3～4 m/s和9-11 dBz.本文考察了初始扰动时全场扰动与对流区域局部扰动,以及扰动环境风场与否对同化效果的影响.试验结果表明,对流区局部扰动相对于全场扰动并没有提高同化效果;对于尺度较大的梅雨锋暴雨来说,扰动环境风场时同化效果较好.为了考察分析场在降水预报中的表现,在暴雨个例中,以分析场为初值做6 h降水预报,经过同化的集合预报和确定性预报结果都比没有经过同化的控制试验预报结果准确.     

集合卡尔曼滤波同化多普勒雷达资料的观测系统模拟试验

本文将集合卡尔曼滤波同化技术应用到对流尺度系统中,实施了基于WRF模式的同化单部多普勒雷达径向风和反射率因子的观测系统模拟试验,验证了其在对流尺度中应用的可行性和有效性,并对同化系统的特性进行了探讨。试验表明:WRF-EnKF雷达资料同化系统能较准确分析模式风暴的流场、热力场、微物理量场的细致特征;几乎所有变量的预报和分析误差经过同化循环后都能显著下降,同化分析基本上能使预报场在各层上都有所改进,对预报场误差较大层次的更正更为显著;约8个同化循环后,EnKF能在雷达反射率、径向风观测与背景场间建立较可靠的相关关系,使模式各变量场能被准确分析更新,背景场误差协方差在水平方向和垂直方向都有着复杂的结构,是高度非均匀、各项异性和流依赖的;集合平均分析场做的确定性预报在短时间内能较好保持真值场风暴的细节结构,但预报误差增长较快。     

基于Hybrid EnSRF-En3DVar的雷达资料同化研究

基于WRF模式构建了Hybrid En SRF-En3DVar同化系统,该系统使用En SRF方案直接更新集合扰动。利用构建的同化系统针对台风"桑美"分别进行集合协方差权重敏感性试验和同化雷达不同观测资料的敏感性试验。集合协方差权重敏感性试验发现:当集合协方差权重分别为0.25、0.5和0.75时,同化效果优于3DVar试验,其中0.75的集合协方差权重试验得到了分析场的最优估计;当集合协方差权重为1.0时,分析场最差。同化雷达不同观测资料的敏感性试验表明,联合同化雷达径向风及反射率能有效改善大气湿度场和风场,但对风场的改善效果不如仅同化雷达径向风好。将En SRF集合扰动更新方案与扰动观测方案综合分析发现,扰动观测方案集合离散度较小,计算代价大,En SRF方案优于扰动观测方案。     

GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化系统Ⅰ:系统设计及初步试验

集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化方法,可以用集合样本统计出随天气形势变化的误差协方差,是当前资料同化领域的研究热点。主要介绍了GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化系统的设计以及初步的试验结果。针对集合卡尔曼滤波同化实际观测资料难以实施的问题,采用成批观测同化的顺序同化方法进行多变量的集合卡尔曼滤波同化;为了滤除有限集合数造成的误差相关噪音和缓解求逆矩阵不满秩的问题,在水平和垂直方向都采用了Schur滤波;建立了与GRAPES预报模式的垂直坐标和预报变量一致的模式面集合卡尔曼滤波系统;集合样本的生成考虑了模式变量的空间相关和模式变量之间的相关,通过利用三维变分分析中的控制变量变换得到模式变量扰动场。通过比较GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化系统和GRAPES区域三维变分资料同化系统的单点观测资料同化分析结果,对比背景误差相关系数的分布,验证了GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波系统的正确性。此外,同化区域探空观测资料试验结果表明,GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化系统能够得到合理的分析,并且具有实际运行能力。对分析结果进行12h预报表明,GRAPES集合卡尔曼滤波资料同化系统的分析协调性不如三维变分资料同化系统。     

WRF-EnSRF系统同化多普勒雷达资料在多类型强对流天气过程的数值试验

利用自主构建的基于风暴尺度的WRF—EnSRF（weather research and forecasting ensemble square root filter）系统同化实际多普勒雷达资料,检验该同化系统在包括飑线、超级单体风暴和多单体风暴3个不同结构类型的强对流天气过程的同化效果,并考察了初始场扰动时不同强度的位温和水汽扰动对集合离散度以及同化效果的影响。结果表明,在3个个例中该同化系统均表现出有效的同化能力,各分析结果均比较合理,径向速度和反射率因子分析的增量均方差在经过24min同化后分别下降到3～5m／s和10dBz,并维持至60min同化结束。预报场集合离散度和同化效果对热力场的扰动强度比较敏感,适当增加初始扰动时位温和水汽的扰动强度有利于提高集合离散度和改善径向速度的分析效果。     

风暴尺度天气下利用集合卡尔曼滤波模拟多普勒雷达资料同化试验 II. 考虑模式误差的情形

文章的第I部分(兰伟仁等, 2010), 利用模拟雷达资料在假定模式无误差的情况下进行了一系列的集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)敏感性试验, 验证了EnKF方法在风暴尺度天气资料同化中的作用。本文继续探讨EnKF在有显著模式误差的情况下同化模拟多普勒雷达资料的效果问题。试验中假定模式误差主要来源于微物理过程参数化的不确定性。结果表明: 模式误差在不同程度上影响了EnKF分析的效果, 对微物理量的影响尤其明显; 在EnKF分析中, 利用微物理过程参数化集合的方法来考虑模式误差, 对速度场、 位温场以及比湿场有较明显的正作用, 但对于微物理量场分析效果较差; 若包含控制试验的微物理过程参数化方案, 则EnKF对所有变量都有正效果, 随着同化循环次数的增加, 分析结果更加合理; 只考虑冰相过程的微物理过程参数化方案的集合, 分析效果进一步提高。     

风暴尺度天气下利用集合卡尔曼滤波模拟多普勒雷达资料同化试验Ⅱ.考虑模式误差的情形

文章的第Ⅰ部分(兰伟仁等,2010),利用模拟雷达资料在假定模式无误差的情况下进行了一系列的集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)敏感性试验,验证了EnKF方法在风暴尺度天气资料同化中的作用.本文继续探讨EnKF在有显著模式误差的情况下同化模拟多普勒雷达资料的效果问题.试验中假定模式误差主要来源于微物理过程参数化的不确定性.结果表明:模式误差在不同程度上影响了EnKF分析的效果,对微物理量的影响尤其明显;在EnKF分析中,利用微物理过程参数化集合的方法来考虑模式误差,对速度场、位温场以及比湿场有较明显的正作用,但对于微物理量场分析效果较差;若包含控制试验的微物理过程参数化方案,则EnKF对所有变量都有正效果,随着同化循环次数的增加,分析结果更加合理;只考虑冰相过程的微物理过程参数化方案的集合,分析效果进一步提高.     

Hybrid ETKF-3DVAR方法同化多普勒雷达速度观测资料Ⅰ:模拟资料试验

利用WRF(Weather research and forecasting)模式及模式模拟的资料,采用Hybrid ETKF-3DVAR(ensemble transform Kalman filter-three-dimensional variational data assimilation)方法同化模拟雷达观测资料。该混合同化方法将集合转换卡尔曼滤波(ensemble transform Kalman filter)得到的集合样本扰动通过转换矩阵直接作用到背景场上,利用顺序滤波的思想得到分析扰动场;然后通过增加额外控制变量的方式把"流依赖"的集合协方差信息引入到变分目标函数中去,在3DVAR框架基础下与观测数据进行融合,从而给出分析场的最优估计。试验结果表明,Hybrid ETKF-3DVAR同化方法相比传统3DVAR可以提供更为准确的分析场,Hybrid方法雷达资料初始化模拟的台风涡旋结构与位置比3DVAR更加接近"真实场",对台风路径预报也有明显改进。通过对比Hybrid S试验与Hybrid F试验发现,Hybrid的正效果主要来源于混合背景误差协方差中的"流依赖"信息,集合平均场代替确定性背景场带来的效果并不显著。     

GRAPES区域集合预报尺度混合初始扰动构造的新方案

集合预报初始扰动能否准确反映预报误差的结构特征是决定区域集合预报质量的关键因素之一。本文针对GRAPES区域数值预报模式,发展设计了一种基于资料同化思想的混合尺度初始扰动构造新方案。该方案以全球大尺度信息为背景场,区域模式预报作为观测资料,借助GRAPES三维变分同化系统,将高质量的全球大尺度信息与区域模式预报中质量较高的中小尺度信息有效融合,构造混合尺度区域集合预报初始扰动,并通过个例试验和批量试验,比较分析了新方案和原区域集合预报的性能。试验结果表明,基于资料同化构造的初始扰动能够有效融合全球大尺度信息和中小尺度天气系统的信息,其降水概率预报更具参考价值。总体上看,区域集合预报混合初始扰动新方案能够较好地改进区域集合预报质量,尤其是对高度场和温度场效果更为显著,但对风场的集合预报性能影响略小。     

Ideal Case Study of Adaptive Localization in Storm-scale Ensemble Kalman Filter Assimilation

This study explores the use of the hierarchical ensemble filter to determine the localized influence of ob-servations in the Weather Research and Forecasting ensemble square root filtering (WRF-EnSRF) assimilation system. With error correlations between observations and background field state variables considered, the adaptive localization approach is applied to conduct a series of ideal storm-scale data assimilation experiments using simulated Doppler radar data. Comparisons between adaptive and empirical localization methods are made, and the feasibility of adaptive locali-zation for storm-scale ensemble Kalman filter assimilation is demonstrated. Unlike empirical localization, which relies on prior knowledge of distance between observations and background field, the hierarchical ensemble filter provides con-tinuously updating localization influence weights adaptively. The adaptive scheme improves assimilation quality during rapid storm development and enhances assimilation of reflectivity observations. The characteristics of both the observation type and the storm development stage should be considered when identifying the most appropriate localization method. Ultimately, combining empirical and adaptive methods can optimize assimilation quality.     

集合卡尔曼滤波同化探空资料的数值试验

应用集合卡尔曼滤波（Ensemble Kalman Filter;EnKF）方法,同化了2005年7月一次暴雨过程的探空观测资料,并用非静力中尺度模式MM5进行数值模拟试验。结果表明：在理想模式的假设下,即假设真实模拟和所产生的集合用的是同一个模式并有相同的初始误差,EnKF方法同化的分析结果较好。如果不运用EnKF方法同化探空观测资料,则集合预报结果和不加扰动的单个数值预报结果都没有EnKF方法同化过的好。     

集合卡尔曼滤波同化多普勒雷达资料的数值试验

利用集合卡尔曼滤波(EnKF)在云数值模式中同化模拟多普勒雷达资料,并考察了不同条件下EnKF同化方法的性能.结果显示,经过几个同化周期后,EnKF分析结果非常接近真值.单多普勒雷达资料EnKF同化对雷达位置不太敏感,双雷达资料同化结果在同化的初期阶段比单雷达资料同化结果准确.同化由反射率导出的雨水比直接同化反射率资料更有效,联合同化径向速度和雨水有利于提高同化分析效果.协方差对EnKF同化效果起着非常重要的作用,考虑模式全部预报变量与径向速度协方差的同化效果比仅考虑速度场与径向速度协方差的同化效果好.雷达资料缺值降低了同化效果,此时增加地面常规观测资料的同化可以明显提高同化分析效果.EnKF同化技术对雷达观测资料误差不太敏感.初始集合对同化分析有较大影响.EnKF同化受集合大小和观测资料影响半径.同化对模式误差较敏感.利用EnKF同化双多普勒雷达资料,分析了一次梅雨锋暴雨过程的中尺度结构.结果表明,EnKF同化技术能够从双多普勒雷达资料反演暴雨中尺度系统的动力场、热力场和微物理场,反演的风场是较准确的,反演的热力场和微物理场分布也是基本合理的.中低层切变线是此次暴雨的主要动力特征,对流云表现为低层辐合、高层辐散并有垂直上升运动伴随,其热力特征表现为低层是低压区,高层为高压区,中部为暖区而上、下部为冷区,水汽、云水和雨水分别集中在对流云体内、上升气流区和强回波区.     

Coupling Ensemble Kalman Filter with Four-dimensional Variational Data Assimilation

This study examines the performance of coupling the deterministic four-dimensional variational assimilation system (4DVAR) with an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) to produce a superior hybrid approach for data assimilation. The coupled assimilation scheme (E4DVAR) benefits from using the state-dependent uncertainty provided by EnKF while taking advantage of 4DVAR in preventing filter divergence: the 4DVAR analysis produces posterior maximum likelihood solutions through minimization of a cost function about which the ensemble perturbations are transformed, and the resulting ensemble analysis can be propagated forward both for the next assimilation cycle and as a basis for ensemble forecasting. The feasibility and effectiveness of this coupled approach are demonstrated in an idealized model with simulated observations. It is found that the E4DVAR is capable of outperforming both 4DVAR and the EnKF under both perfect- and imperfect-model scenarios. The performance of the coupled scheme is also less sensitive to either the ensemble size or the assimilation window length than those for standard EnKF or 4DVAR implementations.     

微物理方案及其参数对EnSRF资料同化的影响研究

利用自主构建的基于风暴尺度的WRF-En SRF系统同化模拟多普勒雷达资料,讨论了微物理方案及其参数的不确定性对同化效果的影响。试验采用组合微物理方案以及扰动微物理方案中的参数的方法,结果表明,模式误差非常小甚至可以忽略时,使用单个微物理方案并扰动参数能够使真实风暴的主要特征在分析场中较未扰动参数得到更好地反映;存在模式误差时,使用单个微物理方案并扰动参数后,分析场中的各要素的分布较未扰动参数更加接近真实风暴,同化效果得到改进,且改进效果比模式误差非常小时更为明显;存在模式误差时,组合微物理方案并扰动参数后,分析场中对流云团的形态较未组合方案或未扰动参数更接近真实风暴,主要要素场的配置最能反映真实风暴的特征,同化效果最为理想。结果也表明,扰动参数时、参数扰动范围较小时,同化效果较优。     

An Ensemble-Based Three-Dimensional Variational Assimilation Method for Land Data Assimilation

Land surface models are often highly nonlinear with model physics that contain parameterized discontinuities. These model attributes severely limit the application of advanced variational data assimilation methods into land data assimilation. The ensemble Kalman filter （EnKF） has been widely employed for land data assimilation because of its simple conceptual formulation and relative ease of implementation. An updated ensemble-based three-dimensional variational assimilation （En3-DVar） method is proposed for land data assimilation This new method incorporates Monte Carlo sampling strategies into the 3-D variational data assimilation framework. The proper orthogonal decomposition （POD） technique is used to efficiently approximate a forecast ensemble produced by the Monte Carlo method in a 3-D space that uses a set of base vectors that span the ensemble. The data assimilation process is thus significantly simplified. Our assimilation experiments indicate that this new En3-DVar method considerably outperforms the EnKF method by increasing assimilation precision. Furthermore, computational costs for the new En3-DVar method are much lower than for the EnKF method.     

The Impact of Satellite Radiance Data Assimilation within a Frequently Updated Regional Forecast System Using a GSI-based Ensemble Kalman Filter

A regional ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) data assimilation (DA) and forecast system was recently established based on the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) analysis system. The EnKF DA system was tested with continuous threehourly updated cycles followed by 18-h deterministic forecasts from every three-hourly ensemble mean analysis. Initial tests showed negative to neutral impacts of assimilating satellite radiance data due to the improper bias correction procedure. In this study, two bias correction schemes within the established EnKF DA system are investigated and the impact of assimilating additional polar-orbiting satellite radiance is also investigated. Two group experiments are conducted. The purpose of the first group is to evaluate the bias correction procedure. Two online bias correction methods based on GSI 3DVar and EnKF algorithms are used to assimilate AMSU-A radiance data. Results show that both variational and EnKF-based bias correction procedures effectively reduce the observation and background radiance differences, achieving positive impacts on forecasts. With proper bias correction, we assimilate full radiance observations including AMSU-A, AMSU-B, AIRS, HIRS3/4, and MHS in the second group. The relative percentage improvements(RPIs) for all forecast variables compared to those without radiance data assimilation are mostly positive, with the RPI of upper-air relative humidity being the largest. Additionally, precipitation forecasts on a downscaled 13-km grid from 40-km EnKF analyses are also improved by radiance assimilation for almost all forecast hours.     

Estimating the Soil Moisture Profile by Assimilating Near-Surface Observations with the Ensemble Kalman Filter （EnKF）

The paper investigates the ability to retrieve the true soil moisture profile by assimilating near-surface soil moisture into a soil moisture model with an ensemble Kalman filter （EnKF） assimilation scheme, including the effect of ensemble size, update interval and nonlinearities in the profile retrieval, the required time for full retrieval of the soil moisture profiles, and the possible influence of the depth of the soil moisture observation. These questions are addressed by a desktop study using synthetic data. The ＂true＂ soil moisture profiles are generated from the soil moisture model under the boundary condition of 0.5 cm d^-1 evaporation. To test the assimilation schemes, the model is initialized with a poor initial guess of the soil moisture profile, and different ensemble sizes are tested showing that an ensemble of 40 members is enough to represent the covariance of the model forecasts. Also compared are the results with those from the direct insertion assimilation scheme, showing that the EnKF is superior to the direct insertion assimilation scheme, for hourly observations, with retrieval of the soil moisture profile being achieved in 16 h as compared to 12 days or more. For daily observations, the true soil moisture profile is achieved in about 15 days with the EnKF, but it is impossible to approximate the true moisture within 18 days by using direct insertion. It is also found that observation depth does not have a significant effect on profile retrieval time for the EnKF. The nonlinearities have some negative influence on the optimal estimates of soil moisture profile but not very seriously.